• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.71-80
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• 2012

To improve the $NO_X$ conversion over a SCR (selective catalytic reduction) catalyst, the DOC (diesel oxidation catalyst) is usually placed upstream of the SCR catalyst to enhance the fast SCR reaction ($4NH_3+2NO+2NO_2{\rightarrow}4N_2+6H_2O$) using equimolar amounts of NO and $NO_2$. Here, a ratio of $NO_2/NO_X$ above 50% should be avoided, because the reaction with $NO_2$ only ($4NH_3+4NO+O_2{\rightarrow}4N_2+6H_2O$) is slower than the standard SCR reaction ($4NH_3+4NO+O_2{\rightarrow}4N_2+6H_2O$). In order to accurately predict the performance characteristics of SCR catalysts, it is therefore desired to develop a more simple and reliable mathematical and kinetic models on the oxidation kinetics of nitric oxide over a DOC. In the present work, the prediction accuracy and limit of three different chemical reaction kinetics models are presented to describe the chemicophysical characteristics and conversion performance of DOCs. Steady-state experiments with DOCs mounted on a light-duty four-cylinder 2.0-L turbocharged diesel engine then are performed, using an engine-dynamometer system to calibrate the kinetic parameters such as activation energies and preexponential factors of heterogeneous reactions. The reaction kinetics for NO oxidation over Pt-based catalysts is determined in conjunction with a transient one-dimensional (1D) heterogeneous plug flow reactor (PFR) model with diesel exhaust gas temperatures in the range of 115~$525^{\circ}C$ and space velocities in the range of $(0.4{\sim}6.5){\times}10^5\;h^{-1}$.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.701-718
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• 2015

The joint distribution of wind speed and wind direction at a bridge site is vital to the estimation of the basic wind speed, and hence to the wind-induced vibration analysis of long-span bridges. Instead of the conventional way relying on the weather stations, this study proposed an alternate approach to obtain the original records of wind speed and the corresponding directions based on field measurement supported by the Structural Health Monitoring System (SHMS). Specifically, SHMS of Sutong Cable-stayed Bridge (SCB) is utilized to study the basic wind speed with directional information. Four anemometers are installed in the SHMS of SCB: upstream and downstream of the main deck center, top of the north and south tower respectively. Using the recorded wind data from SHMS, the joint distribution of wind speed and direction is investigated based on statistical methods, and then the basic wind speeds in 10-year and 100-year recurrence intervals at these four key positions are calculated. Analytical results verify the reliability of the recorded wind data from SHMS, and indicate that the joint probability model for the extreme wind speed at SCB site fits well with the Weibull model. It is shown that the calculated basic wind speed is reduced by considering the influence of wind direction. Compared to the design basic wind speed in the Specification of China, basic wind speed considering the influence of direction or not is much smaller, indicating a high safety coefficient in the design of SCB. The results obtained in this study can provide not only references for further wind-resistance research of SCB, but also improve the understanding of the safety coefficient for wind-resistance design of other engineering structures in the similar area.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.746-753
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 원격 제어 시스템에 있어 조작자와 기계사이의 시각적 또는 근육지각운동의 연결에 있어서 조작자의 안정된 작업환경을 확보하기 위해 가상 모델을 이용하고, 또한 가변 시간 지연의 추정 및 예측 기법을 적용함으로써 원격조작의 실현성을 향상시키기 위한 방법을 제시하고 있다. 원격제어시스템에서의 실현성 향상을 위해 가상 모델을 설계하고, 가상의 모델이 원격의 로봇과 시간적으로 동일한 움직임을 할 수 있도록 구성함으로서 조작자는 원격의 로봇을 가상의 모델을 통해 조작할 수 있도록 시스템을 구성하였다. 시뮬레이션과 실험을 통하여 원격조작으로 가상의 모델을 제어함으로써 원격의 로봇을 제어하고, 가상의 모델을 통해 원격의 로봇의 실시간 제어에 가능성을 제시하였다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권10호
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• pp.3858-3874
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• 2021

As an essential part of the urban transportation system, precise perception of the traffic flow parameters at the traffic signal intersection ensures traffic safety and fully improves the intersection's capacity. Traditional detection methods of road traffic flow parameter can be divided into the micro and the macro. The microscopic detection methods include geomagnetic induction coil technology, aerial detection technology based on the unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) and camera video detection technology based on the fixed scene. The macroscopic detection methods include floating car data analysis technology. All the above methods have their advantages and disadvantages. Recently, indoor location methods based on wireless signals have attracted wide attention due to their applicability and low cost. This paper extends the wireless signal indoor location method to the outdoor intersection scene for traffic flow parameter estimation. In this paper, the detection scene is constructed at the intersection based on the received signal strength indication (RSSI) ranging technology extracted from the wireless signal. We extracted the RSSI data from the wireless signals sent to the road side unit (RSU) by the vehicle nodes, calibrated the RSSI ranging model, and finally obtained the traffic flow parameters of the intersection entrance road. We measured the average speed of traffic flow through multiple simulation experiments, the trajectory of traffic flow, and the spatiotemporal map at a single intersection inlet. Finally, we obtained the queue length of the inlet lane at the intersection. The simulation results of the experiment show that the RSSI ranging positioning method based on wireless signals can accurately estimate the traffic flow parameters at the intersection, which also provides a foundation for accurately estimating the traffic flow state in the future era of the Internet of Vehicles.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.75-87
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• 2007

광릉 슈퍼사이트 내 원두부 소유역에서 지하수위변동법, 이온수지법, 수문곡선분리법 등 세가지 방법을 적용하여 지하수 함양률을 평가하고, 방법별 결과들을 비교하였다. 이를 위한 자료는 우기에 해당하는 2005년 6월부터 9월까지 취득하였다. 두 가지 다른 지하수위변동법으로는 각각 25.9%, 23.6%의 지하수 함양률이 산출되었고, 염소를 이용한 이온수지법은 평균 13.4%의 함양률이, 그리고 6개의 수문곡선과 염소 이온자료를 이용한 기저유출 분리법은 평균 14.0%의 순기저유출률이 산출되었다. 장기적으로 지하수 저장량의 변화가 없는 정류상태를 가정하는 이온수지법과 수문곡선 분리법에서 산출된 지하수 함양률이 지하수 함양으로 인해 지하수위의 상승과 저장량의 변화를 고려하는 지하수위변동법에서 산출된 지하수 함양률보다 작게 산정되었다. 따라서 수문순환의 동력학적 특성을 이해하는 측면에서는, 지하수위변동법에 의한 지하수 함양률 평가가 다른 방법들보다 우월함을 보인다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.50-57
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• 2006

도로 확충으로 인한 도로 사면 및 터널 시공의 증가, 핵폐기물, 원유, LPG 저장을 위한 지하 저장 비축기지 개발, 지하 발전소의 개발 등이 갈수록 증가하고 있다. 이들 구조물 개발의 증가와 함께 구조물 주위를 구성하고 있는 암반의 상태를 적절하게 판단할 수 있는 방법도 필요하게 되었다. 이러한 목적에 기인하여 작고 가벼우면서 사용이 간편한 탄성파 검층 시스템을 개발하였다. 탄성파 검층법은 다양한 형태의 암반 상태를 평가하기 위하여 사용될 수 있는 검층법 중의 하나로써 원위치에서 비교적 간편하게 정밀한 자료를 수집할 수 있다. 또한 탄성파 검층법은 지보재가 설치되기 전후 구조물의 거동을 평가하는데도 유용하게 사용될 수 있다. 본 연구를 통하여 얻은 결과에 의하면 첫째, 탄성파 검층법을 이용하여 화약발파로 인한 암반사면 내의 손상 정도를 정량적으로 평가하는 것이 가능하였으며, 암반사면 내의 손상대 범위도 합리적으로 결정할 수 있었다. 둘째, 탄성파 검층의 조사 결과를 이용하면 지보재의 설치 심도를 보다 효과적이고 경제적으로 결정할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. 마지막으로, 탄성파 검층법은 지보재의 설치 전후에 대한 구조물의 안전 관리에도 적용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.35-45
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• 2013

본 논문에서는 통합홍수위험관리 측면에서 지역의 홍수위험도에 따라 지구를 구분할 수 있는 홍수위험지수(Flood Risk Index, FRI)의 산정 및 적용방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 낙동강 유역에대하여 시 군 구 단위의 공간해상도로 홍수위험지수(FRI)를 산정하기 위해 P-S-R(Pressure-State-Response) 구조로 분류하여 3개의 홍수지수인 압력지수(PI), 현상지수(SI), 대책지수(RI)를 대표하는 총 17개 세부지표들을 엄선하였다. 세부지표들은 각기 다른 범위와 단위로 측정된 값이므로, T-Score 방법을 사용하여 동일한 범위로 변환되었다. 또한 엔트로피(Entropy) 가중치 산정방법에 의한 가중치를 사용하여 가중치 적용에 따른 주관적인 판정을 최소화하였다. 압력지수(PI), 현상지수(SI), 대책지수(RI)의 3개 지수를 통합하여 지역의 전반적인 홍수위험 상태를 파악할 수 있는 홍수위험지수(FRI)를 산정하고, 가중치 적용 유 무에 따른 홍수위험지수 산정결과와 2010년에 고시된 자연재해위험지구 중 침수위험지구와의 비교를 통해 제안된 홍수위험지수의 적용성을 검토하였다. 충분히 검증된 홍수위험지수를 활용하면 과거 홍수의 원인 및 현상별 홍수재해에 대하여 지역적 방재대책 수립이 가능할 것이라 기대된다.

• 한국해안·해양공학회논문집
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.79-87
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• 2010

이 논문은 특수기초에 설치된 안벽의 외부 및 내부 안정성에 대한 신뢰성분석을 각각 다룬 2편의 연속 논문 중 첫 번째 논문이다. 이 논문에서는 심층혼합처리지반-안벽 시스템의 외부안정성에 대한 정량적 위험도를 평가할 수 있는 실용적인 신뢰성해석기법을 새로이 제안하였다. 제안된 기법은 다양한 설계변수들의 불확실성을 명확하게 고려할 수 있다. 외부안정성에 대한 위험도평가를 위해 개량지반-안벽의 활동, 전도 및 지지력 파괴모드에 대응하는 한계상태함수를 2차 확률변수 개념을 도입하여 명확히 정의하였다. 기본 확률변수와 2차 확률변수로 명확히 표현되는 세 한계상태함수에 대하여 대표적 신뢰성기법인 MVFOSM, FORM 및 MCS를 사용하여 파괴확률을 산정하였다. 해석결과로부터 3가지 방법은 일관된 파괴확률을 제공하고, 지진시 활동 파괴모드가 가장 위험한 파괴모드로 밝혀졌다. 또한 동적토압의 위상차를 고려한 신뢰성해석으로부터 위상차 파라메타의 평균과 분산이 파괴확률에 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 판명되었다.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.91-104
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• 2023

The records system is believed to have started in Italy in the 14th century in line with trade developments in Europe. In 1491, Luca Pacioli, a mathematician, and an Italian Franciscan monk wrote the first book that described double-entry accounting processes. In many countries, including Korea, the government accounting standards used single-entry bookkeeping rather than double-entry bookkeeping that can be aggregated by account subject. The cash-based and single-entry bookkeeping used by the government in the past had limitations in providing clear information on financial status and establishing a performance-oriented financial management system. Accordingly, the National Accounting Act (promulgated in October 2007) stipulated the introduction of double-entry bookkeeping and accrual accounting systems in the government sector from January 1, 2009. Furthermore, the Korean government has also introduced International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), and the System of National Accounts (SNA). Since 2014, Korea owned five national accounts. In Korea, valuation began with the 1968 National Wealth Statistics Survey. The academic origins of the valuation of national wealth statistics which had been investigated by due diligence every 10 years since 1968 are based on the 'Engineering Valuation' of professor Marston in the Department of Industrial Engineering at Iowa State University in the 1930s. This field has spread to economics, etc. In economics, it became the basis of capital stock estimation for positive economics such as econometrics. The valuation by the National Wealth Statistics Survey contributed greatly to converting the book value of accounting data into vintage data. And in 2000 National Statistical Office collected actual disposal data for the 1-digit asset class and obtained the ASL(average service life) by Iowa curve. Then, with the data on fixed capital formation centered on the National B/S Team of the Bank of Korea, the national wealth statistics were prepared by the Permanent Inventory Method(PIM). The asset classification was also classified into 59 types, including 2 types of residential buildings, 4 types of non-residential buildings, 14 types of structures, 9 types of transportation equipment, 28 types of machinery, and 2 types of intangible fixed assets. Tables of useful lives of tangible fixed assets published by the Korea Appraisal Board in 1999 and 2013 were made by the Iowa curve method. In Korea, the Iowa curve method has been adopted as a method of ASL estimation. There are three types of the Iowa curve method. The retirement rate method of the three types is the best because it is based on the collection and compilation of the data of all properties in service during a period of recent years, both properties retired and that are still in service. We hope the retirement rate method instead of the individual unit method is used in the estimation of ASL. Recently Korean government's accounting system has been developed. When revenue expenditure and capital expenditure were mixed in the past single-entry bookkeeping we would like to suggest that BOK and National Statistical Office have accumulated knowledge of a rational difference between revenue expenditure and capital expenditure. In particular, it is important when it is estimated capital stock by PIM. Korea also needs an empirical study on economic depreciation like Hulten & Wykoff Catalog A of the US BEA.

• International Journal of Railway
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.149-156
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• 2008

During maintenance or construction works in or at the tracks of railways, high risks for passengers and railway staff, especially for the workers on the construction site exist. The high risks result out of the movement of rail vehicles, like trains or construction vehicles, which must be faced by using any available technical and operational technologies for securing them against the environment. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the level of protection continuously and to identify new and innovative methods and technologies for the protection of the gang (construction worker, machines and material). Especially on construction sites at line sections with two or more parallel tracks but also with single tracks, there are still a lot of incidents and accidents mostly with seriously injured persons or fatalities. These were mainly gang members that breach the railway-loading gage. By using proper warning or protection systems, the avoidance of such accidents must be achieved. The latest developments. in gang protection systems concern on the one hand fixed barriers in the middle between the construction site and the operated track and on the other hand construction vehicles equipped with automatic warning systems. The disadvantage of such protection methods is that the gang can be warned against an approaching train but a monitoring of the gang members cannot be performed. Only one part of a potential dangerous situation will be detected. If the gang members will overhear the acoustic warning signal of the security staff and the workers will not leave the danger zone in the track, the driver of the approaching train had no chance to react to the dangerous situation. An accident is often inevitable. While the detection of acoustic warning signals by the gang members working on a construction site is very difficult, the acoustical planning of an automatic warning system has to be designed for an acoustic short range level of one meter besides the construction vehicle. The decision about the use of today's technical warning system (fixed systems, automatic warning systems, etc.) must be geared to the technical feasibility and the level of safety which is needed. Criteria for decision guidance to block a track should be developed by danger estimation and economical variables. To realize the actual jurisdiction and to minimize the hazards of railway operations by the use of construction vehicles near the tracks further developments are needed. This means, that the warning systems have to be enhanced to systems for protection, which monitor the realization of the warning signal as a precondition for giving a movement authority to a train. This method can protect against accidents caused by predictable wrongdoing. The actual state of the art technique of using a collective warning combined with additional security staff is no longer acceptable. Therefore, the Institute of Transportation System of the German Aerospace Center in Braunschweig (Germany) will develop a gang warning and protection system based upon imaging methods, with optical sensors such as video in visible and invisible ranges, radar, laser, and other. The advantage of such a system based on the possibility to monitor both the gang itself and the railway-loading gauge either of the parallel track or of the same track still in use. By monitoring both situations, the system will be able to generate a warning message for the approaching train, that there are obstacles in the track, so that the train can be stopped to prevent an accident. And also the gang workers will be warned, while they breach their area.