• 한국사회정책
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.9-46
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• 2013

사회보장법에 나타나는 위임의 정도는 의회의원후보공천방식과 의회상임위원회제도의 운영방식과 관련이 있다. 위임이 적은 사회보장법 구조는 상향식 공천방식과 지속적으로 임기를 보장하는 상임위원회제도와 친화적이다. 독일과 같이 당원이 연방의원후보를 결정하는 과정에서 중요한 역할을 하는 상향식 공천방식과 지속적인 임기를 보장하는 상임위원회제도는 위임이 적은 독일의 사회법과 친화성을 갖는다. 반면에 위임이 많은 사회보장법 구조는 하향식 공천방식과 지속적인 임기를 보장하지 않는 상임위원회제도와 친화적이다. 우리나라와 같이 국회의원후보자를 중앙당에서 주도적으로 결정하는 하향식 공천방식과 지속적인 임기를 보장하지 않는 상임위원회제도는 위임이 많은 우리나라의 사회보장법과 친화성을 갖는다.

• 대한물리의학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.77-85
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• 2012

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of trunk exercises on the balancing ability of elderly Hansen's disease patients with lower extremity dysfunction. Method : A total of 24 elderly Hansen's disease patients were divided into two groups: 10 without lower extremity dysfunction and 14 with lower extremity dysfunction. The groups exercised for 60 minutes, two days a week, for a total 12 weeks; balancing ability was measured with the one leg standing test, tandem walking test, and timed up-and-go test. The patients were tested and their results were compared both before and after the completion of their exercise programs. Lower extremity dysfunction was assessed according to the following criteria: unilateral foot-drop, toe-loss, and below-knee amputation. Results : After the exercises, participants in both groups showed a positive, statistically significant difference in balance, compared with before the exercises (the one leg standing test, tandem walking test, and timed up-and-go test; p<.05). For comparison purposes, the group with dysfunction and the group without dysfunction were tested before and after the completion of their exercises. Before the exercises, there was a statistically significant difference in the one leg standing test, tandem walking test, and timed up-and-go test (p<.05). However, after the exercises, there was no significant difference in the one leg standing test, tandem walking test, and timed up-and-go test (p>.05). Conclusion : Ultimately, balancing ability was improved in both of the groups after trunk exercises were performed. Although balancing ability was improved, elements of lower extremity dysfunction remained, such as unilateral foot-drop, toe-loss, and below-knee amputation.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.197-200
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• 2020

Objective: The purpose of this study was to develop and investigate the feasibility of a sit-to-stand assistive chair using a pneumatic cylinder. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: The sit-to-stand assistive chair was developed to assist the sit-to-stand movement by rising up of the chair by a pneumatic cylinder. After the user is seated on the chair, if the pneumatic cylinder pulls the seat plate when standing up, the spring of the pneumatic cylinder, which has been stretched, assists in rising the rear end of the seat plate so that the user can stand conveniently and comfortably. A feasibility test was performed in 10 heathy adults. The electromyographic muscle activation of the trunk and lower extremity muscles was analyzed, which included the erector spinae, rectus abdominis, quadriceps, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius when standing up from sitting using the developed chair and standing up without using the developed chair. Results: As a result, the sit-to-stand assistive chair using a pneumatic cylinder was developed. In the feasibility test, the use of the developed chair had a decrease in rectus abdominis, quadriceps, tibialis anterior activation compared to those who did not use the device in the healthy adults. Conclusions: The sit-to-stand assistive chair using a pneumatic cylinder may be helpful to reduce the activation of the rectus abdominis, quadriceps, tibialis anterior muscles when performing a sit-to-stand movement. Through the results, the efficacy of the sit-to-stand assistive chair can be confirmed. In the future, further studies are warranted to investigate for the safety and efficacy of its use in the elderly population or those who are disabled.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2012

Purpose: Particle separation in solution is one of important process in a unit operation as well as in an extract preparation for biosensors. Contrary to centrifuge-type of mesh-type filter, using an ultrasonic standing wave make the filtering process continuous and free from maintenance. It is needed to investigate the characteristics of particle movement in the ultrasonic standing wave field. Methods: Through the computer simulation the effects of major design and driving parameters on the alignment characteristics of particles were investigated, and a cylindrical chamber with up-stream flow type was devised using two circular-shape PZTs on both sides of the chamber, one for transmitting ultrasonic wave and the other for just reflecting it. Then, the system performance was experimentally investigated as well. Results: The speed of a particle to reach pressure-node plane increased as the acoustic pressure and size of particle increased. The maximum allowable up-stream flow rate could be calculated as well. As expected, exact numbers of pressure-node planes were well formed at specific locations according to the wavelength of ultrasonic wave. As the driving frequency of PZT got close to its resonance frequency, the bands of particles were observed clearer, which meant the particles were trapped into narrower space. Higher excitation voltages to the PZT produced a greater acoustic force with which to trap particles in the pressure-node planes, so that the particles gathered could move upwards without disturbing their alignments even at a higher inlet flow rate. Conclusions: This research showed the feasibility of particle separation in solution in the continuous way by an ultrasonic standing wave. Further study is needed to develop a device to collect or harvest those separated particles.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.55-63
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• 2001

For spinal flexibility measurements to be meaningful to clinicians or researchers, they must have a normative information and an understanding of how different variables affect spinal range of motion (ROM). Normal spinal ROM measurements are influenced to differing degrees by many factors. These factors include age, gender, time of day, leisure activities, previous history of low back pain, warming up, and the techniques with which normative data are collected. The additional variables of standing height, ratio of standing height to sitting height, and obesity had not been previously studied extensively and were shown to have a significant effect on flexibility in the sagittal plane. These relationship cannot be explained easily. Thus, the purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between spinal flexibility and individual factors (weight, standing height, and ratio of standing height to sitting height) that influence it. Fifteen healthy subjects between the ages of 20 and 27 years were studied. Two physical therapists measured independently the spinal forward bending ROM in the sagittal plane by Remodified Schober test and Finger-to-floor test. In order to determine the statistical significance of the result the Pearson's correlation was applied at the .05 level of significance. The results of this study were as follows: 1) Significant relationship was not identified between spinal flexibility and weight. 2) Significant relationship was not identified between spinal flexibility and standing height. 3) Significant relationship was not identified between spinal flexibility and ratio of standing height to sitting height.

• PNF and Movement
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.351-358
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to determine the correlation between the effects of contract-relax-antagonist-contract (CRAC) and contract-relax (CR) forms of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation (PNF) stretching on balance during single-leg standing in elderly people. Methods: The participants were 20 elderly people in healthy condition and divided equally into two groups: the CRAC stretching group and the CR stretching group. Subjects were made to walk on a treadmill for 6 minutes before the stretching as a warm-up. CR and CRAC stretching were performed on the soleus. The dependent variables used to assess single-leg standing balance were overall stability(OSI), anterior/posterior(A/P) movement, and medial/lateral(M/L) movement. The statistical methods used to assess the differences between groups were verified using the Mann-Whitney U test and the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: The CRAC group had significantly increased OSI, A/P and M/L after the PNF stretching intervention (p < 0.05). The CR group had significantly increased OSI and A/P after the PNF stretching intervention (p < 0.05), but M/L did not significantly increase (p > 0.05). There was no significant difference in stretching between CRAC and CR (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study revealed that CR and CRAC PNF stretching improved single-leg standing balance. CARC stretching before exercise is helpful for elderly people, as it improves balance.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.95-102
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• 2009

Ten young females were participated in this study to investigate the effects of types of shoes (sneakers, high heels, kill heels), types of tasks (standing, walking floor, step up and down), and areas of foot (fore foot, middle foot, rear foot) on foot pressures as well as subjective discomfort ratings. Results showed that kill heels had the most discomfort shoes, followed by high heels and sneakers. Generally, as the heel was higher, the discomfort of foot increased. For the analyses of task types, generally discomfort ratings were highest for the step down and up, followed by walking floor and standing. Especially discomfort ratings of high heels and kill heels were more evident in case of step up and step down than standing and walking floor. Standing task was rated as the lowest levels of discomfort on users' foot. Peak and mean foot pressures were also evaluated in this study. The findings represented that there was no significant differences between types of shoes in both peak and mean foot pressures. The peak pressure (82.14kPa) and mean pressure (40.32kPa) for standing task were significantly lower than those of other tasks [walking floor (190.55kPa, 55.46kPa), step up (191.43kPa, 53.80kPa), and step down (200.66kPa, 52.62kPa)]. Generally discomfort ratings and peak/mean pressures associated with foot showed that fore foot had higher discomfort ratings as well as peak and mean pressures than middle and rear foots. In particularly, this trend was more obvious in case of high heels and kill heels. For the high heels and kill heels, the peak pressures of fore foot were 4.5~4.8 times and 2.3~2.5 times greater than that of middle foot and rear foot, respectively, whereas the peak pressures of fore foot were 2.9 times and 1.7 times greater than that of middle and rear foots, respectively, in case of sneakers.

• 대한인간공학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.125-137
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• 2009

Recently, the frequency in use of electric adjustable bed is going up by an increase in the elderly population. In bad ergonomic design for an electric adjustable bed causes some problems in the aspects of usability and safety. In particular, lots of accidents came from going up or going down an electric adjustable bed. In that case, the height of bed is very important factor for preventing an accident. This problem is related to its anthropometric factors. Therefore we carried out its anthropometric analysis and old people's standing action according the height of electric adjustable bed as an experimental study. As a result, we proposed some anthropometric design criteria and identified the effect of bed height when old people use it.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.84-94
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• 2018

The purpose of this study was to compare the balance ability at different foot positions using K A T 2000 (Berg, Inc, vista, CA.1994). Thirty (male 15, female 15) normal subjects participated in this study. All subjects were tested at a one leg position or a two leg position that were toe-in $25^{\circ}$, toe-out $25^{\circ}$, and $45^{\circ}$. The starting position was where the subject crossed their arms across the chest and flexed knees slightily. The results of each test were displayed on a screen in a score format, which indicated balance index. These collected data were analyzed by using one way ANOVA, and t-test. The results of this study were as follows: When changing the angle of the foot in the one-foot and two-foot standing positions, there was no statistically significant difference, but the balance performance with the foot rotated by $25^{\circ}$ was better than that with the foot rotated by $45^{\circ}$. When changing the direction of the foot in the one-foot and two-foot standing positions, there was no statistically significant difference, but the balance performance with the foot rotated laterally was better - except for the case when the foot was medially rotated by $25^{\circ}$ in the right-foot static standing position. When the feet were medially rotated by $25^{\circ}$ in the two-foot static standing position, and were medially rotated by $25^{\circ}$ and $45^{\circ}$ in the one-foot static standing position, the balance performance of females was better than that of males. In this study, it was found that the balance performance of the subjects changed when the position of the foot was shifted on an unstable base of support. However, there was little correlation between balance performance and the height, weight and foot length of the subjects. It is necessary to conduct a follow-up study targeting various age groups and those with various diseases using an unstable platform or applying different physical or visual conditions, such as the length of the legs. Physical therapists need to consider the position of the foot in clinical settings for a better balance training or assessment.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.53-65
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study was to a comparison of physical fitness according to the body mass index (BMI) of Chinese college students. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: According to the BMI, the research objects are divided into four types: underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. This research took 26,976 college students who participated in Jiujiang College. It examines BMI, 50m, vital capacity, standing long jump, sitting forward bend, sit-up (female), pull-up (male), 800m (female), 1000m (male) which is to research the correlation between different BMI and other indicators. Results: The physical qualities of students with normal weight are significantly better than those with other BMI groups. Pearson correlation analysis showed that male BMI was positively correlated with vital capacity (r=0.07, p<0.01), 50m (r=0.15, p<0.01) and 1000m (r=0.14, p<0.01), and negatively correlated with standing long jump (r=-0.12, p<0.01), sitting forward bend (r=-0.06, p<0.01) and pull-up (r=-0.13, p<0.01); Female BMI was positively correlated with vital capacity (r=0.03, p<0.01), 50m (r=0.21, p<0.01) and 800m (r=0.18, p<0.01), and negatively correlated with standing long jump (r=-0.07, p<0.01), sitting forward bend (r=-0.11, p<0.01) and sit-up (r=-0.10, p<0.01). Conclusion: Overweight and underweight will affect the physical quality of college students. Students should keep their BMI within the normal range for their health.