• Title/Summary/Keyword: Standardized Mortality

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Epidemiology of Suicide by Hanging in Fars Province, Iran (2011-2019): A Population-based Cross-sectional Study

  • Leila Moftakhar;Alireza Mirahmadizadeh;Sanaz Amiri;Fariba Rezaei;Habibollah Azarbakhsh
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.56 no.3
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    • pp.264-271
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    • 2023
  • Objectives: Hanging is a common method of attempted suicide. This study investigated the epidemiological profile of attempted and completed suicides by hanging in southern Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1167 suicide attempts by hanging between 2011 and 2019. All data related to suicide attempts by hanging were collected from the Fars Suicide Surveillance System. The trends in suicide cases and the mean age of attempted and completed suicides were plotted. The chi-square test was used to identify suicide-related factors. Crude rates of incidence, mortality, and standardized fatality during the study period were calculated. Finally, logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of death in individuals who attempted suicide. Results: The mean age of those who attempted suicide was 33.21±16.82 years; the majority were male (80.5%). The rate of attempted and completed suicide by hanging were 3.50 and 2.79 per 100 000 people, respectively. The case-fatality rate was calculated as 79.34%. The results of our study indicated an increasing trend in suicide attempts by hanging. The likelihood of death was 2.28 times higher in individuals with a previous history of suicide attempts and 1.85 times higher in those with a psychological disorder. Conclusions: The findings of this study suggest an increasing trend in attempted and completed suicide by hanging, especially among individuals with a history of suicide attempts and psychological disorders. It is necessary to take action to reduce the rate of suicide attempts and identify the underlying causes of suicide attempts by hanging.

Suicide in the Australian Mining Industry: Assessment of Rates among Male Workers Using 19 Years of Coronial Data

  • Tania King;Humaira Maheen;Yamna Taouk;Anthony D. LaMontagne
    • Safety and Health at Work
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    • v.14 no.2
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    • pp.193-200
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    • 2023
  • Background: International evidence shows that mining workers are at greater risk of suicide than other workers; however, it is not known whether this applies to the Australian mining sector. Methods: Using data from the National Coronial Information System, rates of suicide among male mining workers were compared to those of three comparators: construction workers, mining and construction workers combined, and all other workers. Age-standardized suicide rates were calculated for 2001-2019 and across three intervals '2001-2006', '2007-2011', and '2012-2019'. Incidence rate ratios for suicide were calculated to compare incidence rates for mining workers, to those of the three comparative groups. Results: The suicide rate for male mining workers in Australia was estimated to be between 11 and 25 per 100,000 (likely closer to 25 per 100,000) over the period of 2001-2019. There was also evidence that the suicide rate among mining workers is increasing, and the suicide rate among mining workers for the period 2012-2019 was significantly higher than the other worker group. Conclusions: Based on available data, we tentatively deduce that suicide mortality among male mining workers is of concern. More information is needed on both industry and occupation of suicide decedents in order to better assess whether, and the extent to which, mining workers (and other industries and occupations) are at increased risk of suicide.

Hospital-Acquired Measles: A Systematic Review Using the Outbreak Reports and Intervention Studies of Nosocomial Infection (ORION) Statement

  • Erdenetuya Bolormaa;Cho Ryok Kang;Han Ho Kim;Young June Choe
    • Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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    • v.31 no.1
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    • pp.64-74
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    • 2024
  • Purpose: Despite the recent increased number of nosocomial measles, the outbreak investigation reports are not usually standardized, thus posing unclear understanding of magnitude of its public health burden. We used the Outbreak Reports and Intervention Studies of Nosocomial Infection (ORION) statement, to compare nosocomial outbreaks and synthesize evidence to prevent hospital transmission of measles. Methods: A PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus, and Cochrane search in English, using the medical subject headings "measles," "nosocomial," "hospital," and "healthcare," was performed. We evaluated the quality of outbreak reports of nosocomial measles infection worldwide using the ORION statement findings and recommendations. Results: We reviewed 24 studies in accordance to the ORION statement. Measles transmission in healthcare settings is a significant burden on the morbidity, mortality, and economy of measles. The healthcare workers' booster vaccination guidelines should be monitored and enhanced during the post-elimination period of measles. The outcomes of infections must be explicit for outbreak reports. Conclusions: This study identified the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of nosocomial measles infections and provided strong evidence for infection control policies in hospitals.

Autonomic Neurocardiac Function in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder - Using a Heart Rate Variability Test Battery - (주요우울장애 환자에서의 자율신경심장기능 - Heart Rate Variability 검사를 사용하여 -)

  • Park, Young-Su;Lee, Kang-Joon;Kim, Hyun;Chung, Young-Cho
    • Sleep Medicine and Psychophysiology
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.100-105
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    • 2004
  • Objectives: Major depression is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular mortality. One possible explanation for this association is that major depression influences autonomic neurocardiac regulation. However, previous studies on the relationship between heart rate variability (HRV) and major depression have revealed conflicting results. The purpose of this study is to clarify that major depressive patients compared to healthy controls show a reduction in HRV as an expression of reduced modulation of vagal activity to the heart. Methods: According to DSM-IV, the time and frequency domain HRV indices (5-min resting study) of 30 patients with major depressive disorder were compared with those of 30 healthy controls. Standardized HRV tests enable quantitative estimation of autonomic nervous system function. Results: After controlling for age and gender, subjects with major depression showed a higher heart rate and significantly lower modulation of cardiovagal activity compared to controls. The total power (TP) band, very low frequency (VLF: 0.003-0.04 Hz) band, low frequency (LF: 0.04-0.15 Hz) band, and high frequency (HF: 0.15-0.4 Hz) band were significantly reduced in subjects with major depression compared to control subjects. Conclusion: Patients with major depression may suffer from functional disturbances in the interaction between the sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic systems.

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A Comparison of Growth and Reproduction of Lumbricus rubellus and Eisenia foetida Cultured in Three Kinds of Artificial Soil Substrates (몇가지 인공토양에서 사육한 Lumbricus rubellus와 Eisenia foetida의 성장인자의 차이)

  • Lee, Sung-Kyu
    • Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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    • v.14 no.1
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    • pp.82-87
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    • 1995
  • The standardization of test procedures and reproducibility of the toxicity data are prerequisite for the toxicity testing with the earthworm culturing in the laboratory. No in-depth study on culturing conditions of earthworms has been conducted in Korea, even of massive cultural practice is common for composting and production of biochemicals. The earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus and Eisenia foetida, were cultured in three kinds of artificial soil substrates(I, II and III) based on the OECD Guideline, which consist of different ratios of components (sand, sphagnum peat and kaolinite), and fed with a mixture of grain powders. During the period of culturing, the body weight and reproduction parameters were measured. L. rubellus showed the best results for increasing body weight and cocoon production in the artificial soil substrate(I) compared with E. foetida. The cocoon production was significantly high in both species cultured in the artificial soil substrate(I) among the three kinds of soil substrates, but the cumulative cocoon production of L. rubellus was 11 cocoon per worm compared with 3.7 cocoons per worm of E.foetida. L. rubellus, therefore, was more prolific than E. foetida in these culture schemes. The cumulative mortality in both species was less than 10%, and the number of juvenile worms per cocoon ranged from 1.5 to 2.3 and thus did not show any relationships with soil substrates or species. From these data, the culture of L. rubellus in the laboratory could be standardized, but for E. foetida, further study would be necessary to establish the optimal growth conditions in the laboratory.

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The Relationship between Local Fiscal Indices and Standardized Mortality rate (지역 재정지표와 표준화 사망률의 관련성)

  • Han, Ji-Yeon;Na, Bak-Ju;Lee, Moo-Sik;Hong, Jee-Young;Lim, Nam-Gu
    • Proceedings of the KAIS Fall Conference
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    • 2010.05b
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    • pp.1072-1076
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    • 2010
  • 본 지역 재정지표와 표준화사망률간의 관계에 대한 것으로, 연구대상지역은 1998년부터 2007년까지의 전국 232개 시 군 구이며 이를 5개 광역권과 4개 도시 종류에 따라 분류하였다. 지역 재정지표는 1인당 지방세부담액과 재정자립도, 재정자주도, 의존재원비율을 활용하였고, 지역 총사망률은1998년에서 2007년까지의 통계청 사망 원자료 상의 사망자수를 분자로, 주민등록인구를 분모로 직접 표준화법을 사용하여 연구대상 지역의 성 연령표준화사망률을 산출하였다. 자료의 분석은 SPSS 12.0K를 이용하여 상관분석, 일원배치분산분석(Tukey b 사후검정) 및 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 주요 결과로는 첫째, 재정지표와 표준화사망률간의 상관분석을 실시하여 연도별로 계수 값을 구한 결과 1인당 지방세부담액을 제외하고 재정자립도, 재정자주도, 의존재원비율 모두 남자, 여자, 전체 모두가 전 연도에 걸쳐 상관계수 값이 통계적으로 유의하였으며, 남자가 여자보다 높은 상관관계를 보였다. 둘째, 재정자립도, 재정자주도 각각을 표준화사망률과 단순 회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 표준화사망률 남자, 여자, 전체가 전 연도에서 통계적으로 유의하였고, 재정자립도와 재정자주도가 낮을수록 사망률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 광역권역, 도시 종류까지 고려한 재정지표의 다중회귀분석을 실시한 결과, 1인당 지방세부담액과 의존재원비율, 광역권역과 도시 종류에 따른 지역을 고려하고도 재정자주도의 효과는 전체사망과 남자, 여자, 전 연도에 걸쳐 모두 통계적으로 매우 유의하여 재정자주도가 높을수록 사망률이 낮은 것으로 나타났고 이런 경향은 여자보다 남자에서 더욱 강하게 나타났다. 넷째, 광역권별 분석의 경우, 충청권은 수도권에 비해서 표준화사망률에서 유의한 차이는 없었으며 호남권과 영남권은 전체 표준화사망률의 경우 전체 연도의 절반 이상에서 수도권에 비해서 통계적으로 유의하게 높았고, 남자와 여자에서는 이런 경향이 약해졌다. 강원 제주권은 전체 사망에서 수도권에 비해 전체 연도의 절반 이상이 유의하게 사망률이 낮았으며, 여자도 이와 비슷한 양상을 보여주었다. 다섯째, 도시 종류에 따른 분석에서 대도시에 비해 중소도시는 통계적으로 유의한 차이는 없었으나, 전 연도에 걸쳐 도농통합도시와 군지역은 대도시에 비해 통계적으로 사망률이 높았다. 여섯째, 전 연도에 걸쳐 의존재원비율이 높아질수록 사망률이 유의하게 높아졌다. 이는 남자, 여자 모두에서 유사하게 나타났다. 마지막으로 연도별 분석 이후 1998년에서 2007년 전체 다중 회귀분석을 실시한 결과 전체 사망과 여자의 경우 1인당 지방세부담액을 제외한 모든 변수에서 통계적으로 유의하였다. 지역의 재정력이 성 연령 표준화사망률에 영향을 미치는 것으로 파악되었는데 이를 단서로 지역의 건강 격차가 발생하는 원인과 기전을 밝히기 위해 향후 보다 면밀한 후속 연구가 이뤄져야 하겠고 지역 간 건강 격차를 완화하기 위한 여러 방법론적 고찰 안에 지역간 재정력의 격차를 완화하려는 정책적인 접근도 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

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Comparison of Meta-analysis Results with and Without Adjustment for Healthy Worker Effect on the Association Between Occupational Exposure to Trichloroethylene and Cancer Risk (건강근로자효과 보정 전후의 메타 분석 결과 비교 -직업적 트리클로로에틸렌 노출과 암의 연관성-)

  • Park, Tae Won;Hwang, Sung Ho;Lee, Kyoung-Mu
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.40 no.5
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    • pp.385-396
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    • 2014
  • Objectives: By conducting a meta-analysis of cohort studies reporting standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) for workers exposed to trichloroethylene, we attempted to adjust for healthy hired effect by applying the same methods as described in a recent report from the Agricultural Health Study. Methods: Among all cohort studies that evaluated the association between all cancer, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), kidney cancer, liver cancer and occupational exposure to trichloroethylene, a total of 10 studies reporting SMR values were selected. A random-effects model was used to estimate the summary SMRs or rSMRs and 95% confidence intervals. Relative SMR ($rSMR=SMR_x/SMR_{not\;x}$) was calculated comparing observed and expected counts for all cancer, NHL, kidney cancer, and liver cancer with an independent referent set of values consisting of the observed and expected counts for other causes. Results: The SMR values for all causes ranged from 0.68 to 1.03, suggesting moderate to weak healthy worker effect for the selected studies. When the healthy worker hire effect was taken into account, the summarized risk became statistically significant; the summary SMR of all cancer was 0.95 (0.91-1.00) and the summary rSMR of all cancer was 1.10 (1.04-1.15). The summary SMR of NHL was 1.04 (0.93-1.14) and the summary rSMR of NHL was 1.23 (1.04-1.46). The summary SMR of kidney cancer was 1.08 (0.88-1.33) and the summary rSMR of kidney cancer was 1.23 (1.02-1.49). The summary SMR of liver cancer was 0.88 (0.78-0.99), and the summary rSMR of liver cancer was 0.95 (0.84-1.07). Conclusion: The rSMR method is useful to determine summary risk adjusted for healthy worker effect through meta-analysis.

Histopathological and Neurobehavioral Characterization in Adult Mice Exposed to Traumatic Brain Injury (C57BL/6 쥐 외상성 뇌손상 모델에서 뇌 손상 정도에 따른 조직병리학적 변화 및 신경행동학적 특징)

  • Oh, Ki Young;Choi, Dong Won;Jang, Moon Soon;Lee, Ji Han;Kim, Sang Chul;Park, Jung Soo;Lee, Suk Woo;Kim, Hoon
    • Journal of The Korean Society of Emergency Medicine
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.457-466
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    • 2017
  • Purpose: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Severity of the initial insult is one of the most significant factors affecting outcome following TBI. In order to investigate the mechanisms of cellular injury and develop novel therapeutic strategies for TBI, we designed a standardized animal TBI model and evaluated histological and functional outcomes according to the degree of impact severity. Methods: Male adult C57Bl/6 mice underwent controlled cortical impact (CCI) at varying depths of deflection (1.0-2.0 mm). We performed hematoxylin and eosin staining at 7 days after recovery from TBI. Neurobehavioral characterization after TBI was analyzed by the Barnes maze test, passive avoidance test, open field test, rotarod test, tail suspension test, and light/dark test. Results: We observed a graded injury response according to the degree of deflection depths tested (diameter, 3 mm; velocity, 3 m/s; and duration, 500 ms) compared to sham controls. In the Barnes maze test, the severe TBI (2 mm depth) group showed reduced spatial memory as compared with the sham and mild TBI (1 mm depth) groups at 7 days after TBI. There was a significant difference in the results of the open field test and light/dark test among the three groups. Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that the graded injury responses following TBI resulted in differential histopathological and behavioral outcomes in a mouse experimental CCI model. Thus, a model of CCI with histologic/behavioral outcome analysis may offer a reliable and convenient design for preclinical TBI research involving mice.

Comparison of Clinical Progress between Single- and Multiple-dose Surfactant Treatment in Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome (신생아 호흡곤란증후군에서 폐 표면활성제 단일 투여군과 재투여군의 임상경과 비교)

  • Kil, Chang Hee;Jeon, Ho Sang;Bae, Chong Woo
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.48 no.10
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    • pp.1090-1095
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    • 2005
  • Purpose : In the case of serious respiratory distress syndrome(RDS) or relapse of clinical appearances after single treatment, we obtained more effective results with multiple-dose surfactant replacement therapy. We carried out this investigation for comparing and observing clinical progress between single-dose(group S) and multiple-dose(group M) pulmonary surfactant treatment group of neonatal RDS. Methods : We investigated 48 neonates who were diagnosed as RDS and treated with pulmonary surfactant(PS) replacement therapy in NICU of Kyunghee University hospital from January 2002 to March 2004, then we compared and verified clinical progress of 32 neonates in group S with that of 16 neonates in group M. Results : There were no significant statistical differences in average birth weights, average gestational periods, initial pH values of birth, whether operation of resuscitation at that time of birth was made or not, whether prenatal steroid prescription for mother, RDS classification standardized by Bomsel, and ventilation index(VI) before instillation of PS of two groups. However, there was significant statistical difference in a/A $PO_2$(P<0.05). We could observe changes of VI and a/A $PO_2$ within 72 hours have been continuously improved at group S rather than group M. In spite of relapses, group M changed for the better after second dose. There were also no significant differences between the two groups in duration of ventilator therapy, mortality within 28 days after birth, intraventricular hemorrhage by complication, retinopathy of premature, necrotizing enterocolitis, chronic lung diseases, sepsis, and DIC. Conclusion : In these relapse cases, as there were no significant differences in the mortality rate and the occurence of complication between group S and group M, the requirement of multiple-dose PS replacement therapy which brought improvement of prognosis was emphasized.

An Epidemiological Study on the Accidental Mortality in Various Industries in Busan Area (부산지역 산업인구의 사고사에 관한 역학적인 조사연구)

  • Chung, Young-Sun
    • Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.166-175
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    • 1977
  • The author have performed an epidemiological study on the accidental deaths at industry from 1970 to 1975, in order to seek for the preventive measures of industrial accident with the under-standing of its cause and characteristics of the accidental deaths. The obtained results were as follows; 1. Total number of deaths for 6 years were 361 (350 males, 11 females). and the mean death rate was 33.8 per 100,000 industrial workers during 6 years. By the highest as 52.9 was in 1974 and the lowest as 13.7 in 1970. By the industry group, the death rate of Electricity, Gas and Water was 149.3, Construction 83.9 and the lowest was Manufacturing as 18.3. 2. Standardized mortality rate of the cases by the age group showed that 20-29 years old group was 43.0, 40-49 years old group 38.1, 30-39 years old group 32.0, and the lowest as 17.9 was under 19 years old group. 3. The cumulative percentage of the cases by years of service showed that under 6 months was 60.4%, under 1 year 72.9%, under 2 years 83.1%. 4. By the month of occurrence, the highest was 15.8% which occurred in August and the lowest was 5.8% in February. The highest as 19.1% was on Friday and the lowest as 11.9% on Monday by the day of a week. 5. By the causes of accident, car accidents was 28.3%, fall accidents 19.1%, accidents by a crash 9.1% in that order. By the location of injury, head was 44.6%, multiple injuries 33.0%, chest 10.5%, and back was the lowest as 1.9%. The distribution of the cases by nature of injury shelved that cerebral contusion and hemorrhage was 39.4%, fracture and dislocation 33.2%, asphyxia 8.0% in that order. 6. The cumulative percentage of the cases by the duration from injury to death showed that the injuried day was 74.2%, within 3 days after injury 88.5%, within 7 days 96.1%. Therefore most of the cases were occurred within 7 days after injury. 7. Byythe daily mean wages, most of the cases as 91.7% were under 2,000 won, and more 4,000 won was 1.6% merely.

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