• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.279-291
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• 2013

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare old standard EN 954-1 and new standard EN ISO 13849-1 through case study and provide necessity of adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 in Korea. Background: International and EU harmonized standard EN ISO 13849 "safety of machinery - Safety-related parts of control system" is classified into Part 1: General principles for design and Part 2: Validation. EN ISO 13849-1 standard was introduced in Official Journal of the European Union on September 8, 2009 as harmonized standard, and old standard EN 954-1 was withdrawn on December 31, 2011. So, EU decided to use of EN ISO 13849-1 standard forcibly from January 1, 2012 for safety of machinery. New machines need to be CE marked if they are to be placed on the market in the European Economic Area(EEA), Switzerland or Turkey, and Korean machine builder should apply EN ISO 3849-1 standard for safety of machinery accordingly. However, current Korean Safety Certification system(KCs mark) for dangerous machinery is not referred to EN ISO 13849-1 standard as safety standard. There is a need of research for adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard in Korea as safety standards for new design of safety-related control system which use mostly electronic components. Method: Five case studies of representative designs for safety-related control system in accordance with EN 954-1were selected according to safety category from B to 4. And these five representative designs were tried to change new design in accordance with EN ISO 13849-1 standard. The results of comparison were analyzed in aspect of economy and technical complexity. Results: The results showed that EN ISO 13849-1 provided quantitative method of application and it enabled designers to create safety-related control systems that require fewer components and less wiring, with many of the components being to a lower specification and, therefore, less costly. Conclusion: EN ISO 13849-1 standard is good for electronic safety-related control systems compare to EN 954-1. By considering the importance of application of EN ISO 13849-1 and benefits, the application of EN ISO 13849-1 as safety standard for safety of machinery is urgent in Korea. Application: The results of comparing EN 954-1 and EN ISO 13849-1 standard might help to determine the adaptation of EN ISO 13849-1 standard for safety of industrial machinery in Korea.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.171-184
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• 2002

The present study was undertaken to develop the in vitro sunprotection factor(SPF) measurement method having good correlation with in vivo method. As in vitro method, 8% homomentyl salicylate, P3 reference standard and sunscreens on market were measured using SPF 290 analyzer and were compared the SPF with labed value. In vitro SPF of 8% HMS and P3 reference standard were 4.59 $\pm$ 0.12 and 14.94 $\pm$ 0.83. There are good correlation, correlation factor were 0.9506 and 0.9769 respectively, between the in vitro and in vivo SPF for the sunscreen creams and lotions examined. Correlation factors of makeup base & liquid goundation, lotion labled with “shake before use”, compact powder were 0.8812, 0.8632 and 0.5984. The best sample applied method of compact powder was 1:0.8 mixture with cream base. These results suggest that the in vitro test method could be used as an alternative method for SPF.

• Proceeding of Spring/Autumn Annual Conference of KHA
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• 2009.04a
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• pp.230-235
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• 2009

In our country, the application of the design method of face to face dimension in wall-slab apartment has passed 10 years. So MC design method has fixed in the design step to some degree. In Design and Work Execution of House the exclusive area of the apartment was calculated by face to face dimension. And the term of face to face dimension was known broadly to clients, construction company, etc. But design method of face to face dimension is not to simply extend the room size so far as wall depth in design process but to ensure the actual space should be considered with efficient use and assembly of building components. That is to say, Design method of face to face dimension is not to be defined by design step but to be related with construction and maintenance. However in construction process the point of face to face design method was not understood even now. So the purpose of this study was to extract the effect and question of face to face design method in construction process by survey of actual condition of structure and construction quality, and compare this result with existing construction method. The following project of this study is to survey of actual condition of interior components such as gypsum board, windows & doors etc. Therefore this study is to induce architectural long-life through architectural standardization construction and component's exchange, and, by the subject of the study on Apartment to have design guideline and basis for joining part between Gypsumboard and windows.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.31-38
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• 2009

In our country, the application of the design method of face to face dimension in wall-slab apartment has passed 10 years. So MC(Modular Coordination) design method has fixed in the design step to some degree. In Design and Work Execution of House the exclusive area of the apartment was calculated by face to face dimension. And the term of face to face dimension was known broadly to clients, construction company, etc. But design method of face to face dimension is not to simply extend the room size so far as wall depth in design process but to ensure the actual space should be considered with efficient use and assembly of building components. That is to say, Design method of face to face dimension is not to be defined by design step but to be related with construction and maintenance. However in construction process the point of face to face design method was not understood even now. So the purpose of this study was to extract the effect and question of face to face design method in construction process by survey of actual condition of structure and construction quality, and compare this result with existing construction method. The following project of this study is to survey of actual condition of interior components such as gypsum board, windows & doors etc. Therefore this study is to induce architectural long-life through architectural standardization construction and component's exchange, and, by the subject of the study on Apartment to have design guideline and basis for joining part between Gypsumboard and windows.

• Water for future
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.95-100
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• 1977

The empirical area-reduction method by W.M. Borland and C.R. Miller and its revised procedure by W.T. Moody were made of fitting the area and storage curves to the Van't Hul distributions. It should be noted that the reservoir is classified into one of the four standard types on the basis of the topographical feature of the reservoir in application of the method. In other words, this method did not take into account several considerafble factors affecting the mode of sediment deposition, but only the shape of the reservoir as a governign factor. This is why the method occasionally creates ambiguity in classification and accordingly leads to unexpected mode of deposition. This paper describes a generating an formula to decide the standard classification of four types Van's Hul distributions, taking into consideration quantitatively sediment-loss percent and capacity-inflow ratio as well as the shape of the reservoirs by multiple regression analysis using the least square method to get a better fit to the design curves. The result is expressed as $Y=-1.95+55.8X_1+0.14X_2+0.12X_3$ in which the the values of Y locate the standard type I through type IV in the range from ten to forty with the interval of ten. The regression analysis was correlated well with the standard errors of estimate of around two except for the case of the type IV. This formula does not give big difference from the Borland's work in general sityation, but it demonstrates acceptable results, giving somewhat precise replys for the specific reservoirs. Its application to the Soyang Lake, one of the largest reservoirs in the country, defined clearly the type II, while the original method located it in the boundary of the type II and type III.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.21-29
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• 1989

The metals present in atmospheric particulate come from various sources; natural or anthropogenic. Among various metals Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, and Mn are of particular concern in as much as they are not only present in large quantity, but toxic to human body. A simple, fast, and non-destructive analytical method for these metals in atmospheric particulate was developed and the analytical details were described herein. The method involves the measurements of X-ray fluorescence of sample contained in filters and comparing it with those for standards. The standard filters were prepared by applicating premeasured standard solution to the filters and then drying. The accuracy of the method was tested by analyzing standard reference materials and by independently analyzing samples using a different, previously accuracy-proven method, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry, and comparing the results obtained. Analytical sensitivities and detection limits of the present method were 62.9, 178.2, 82.9, 146.1, 37.2, 120.3 cps/$\mug/cm^2$ and 39.0 35.6, 137.5, 125.9, 182.6, 72.8 $ng/cm^2$ for Fe, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mn, and Ni respectively. The method was applied to Seoul atmospheric particulate and some results were reported.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.16 no.11 s.102
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• pp.1099-1105
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• 2005

TRL error correction method is widely used for measuring high frequency device mounted on PCB. In order to correct error more precisely, the characteristic impedance of standard transmission line should be known mounted for error correction. The capacitance per the unit length of transmission line is calculated by using standard transmission line which terminate resistor additionally at previous method and the characteristic impedance of standard transmission line is calculated with fitting method according to frequency, but the characteristic impedance extracted by a manufacturing inaccuracy is influenced. In this study, a novel method can reduce the manufacturing inaccuracy using measured s-parameters and can extract more accurate characteristic impedance than the previous method.

• Proceedings of the Korea Concrete Institute Conference
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• 2000.10b
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• pp.961-966
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• 2000

It is difficult to change or remedy concrete structure after hardened. It is usual to evaluate the quality of hardened concrete using several test method. This study was performed to make fundamental data that could be used to evaluate the quality of hardened concrete. This study is to estimate mix proportion of hardened concrete. Each elements of concrete needed different estimation methods. First, the cement that handled by the most important compounds measured by XRF(X-ray fluorecence) machine with scanning Ca-K${\alpha}$. Second, the coarse aggregate that divided by maximum size measured by the area comparison method that starts from the assumption of uniform distribution. Third, the fine aggregate measured by the weight comparison method that needs several prerequsite constants which concerned cement hydration reaction. Fourth, the water content would be estimated by expert system that has data base of design data, the contents of above estimation results, the characteristics of concrete strength. As the result of the above research, some conclusions are as follows. The cement estimation method resulted by reliability of mean 96.7%, standard deviation 3.92. The area comparison method resulted by reliability of mean 95.3%, standard deviation 2.08. The weight comparison method resulted by reliability of mean 93.3%, standard deviation 3.35.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.136-140
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• 2008

$TiO_2$ photocatalyst has been known to exhibit a notable disinfecting activity against a broad spectrum of microorganisms. A lot of commercial $TiO_2$ photocatalyst products have been developed for antimicrobial purposes. However, a standard method has not yet been proposed for use in testing antimicrobial activity. In this study, we developed a $TiO_2$ photocatalytic adhesion test method with film as the standard testing method for the evaluation of antimicrobial activity. This method was devised by modifying the previous antimicrobial products test method, which has been widely used, and considering the characteristics of $TiO_2$ photocatalytic reaction. The apparatus for testing the antimicrobial activity was composed of a Black Light Blue (BLB) lamp as UV-A light source, a Petri dish as the cover material, and a polypropylene film as the adhesion film. The standard $TiO_2$ photocatalyst sample, Degussa P25 $TiO_2$ - coated glass, could only be used once. The optimal initial concentration of the microorganism, proper light intensity, and light irradiation time were determined to be $10^6$ CFU/mL, 1.0 mW/$cm^2$, and 3 hr, respectively, for testing and evaluating antimicrobial activity on the $TiO_2$ surface.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.372-376
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• 2004

In this paper, the standard test methods at low temperature of rubber suspension components of railway vehicle are investigated and reviewed. In order to connect the TKR(Trans-Korean Railway)-TSR(Trans-Siberian Railway), it is necessary to evaluate the performance of rubber suspenion components of railway vehicle. In the current Korean Standard, the test method at low temperature of railway vehilce components and the test method of rubber bellows of air spring are specified. But, the specified test temperature is higher than the the operating temperature of TSR railway. So, the in-depth research for the test method and performance evaluation technique of rubber suspension component at low temperature is necessary and current KS code should be adjusted.