• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.760-766
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• 2016

This study explored the effects of heating temperature and laminae thicknesses on the time required to heat the center of air-dried Paulownia tomentosa, Pinus sp., Abies sp., and Larix sp. laminae to $56^{\circ}C$, which is a minimum core temperature of wood packaging materials defined by ISPM 15 standard, and maintain for 30 minutes in dry heat treatment schedule. Heating times were different among wood species and were Pinus sp. ${\geq}$ Abies sp. > Paulownia tomentosa > Larix sp. in decreasing order. The differences in heating times of some species were significantly different statistically, but were not different enough in practical terms to warrant heating four species separately. Heating times decreased as heating temperature increased and followed approximately power-function relationship. Also, heating times increased linearly with increasing laminae thickness. These relationships make it possible to calculate intermediate heating times relative to experimentally observed heating times. The results of this study will serve as a guideline for heat sterilization of Chinese laminae species to meet heat treatment requirements for protection against invasive pests.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.165-185
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• 2018

The purpose of the study was to show the development process of the total instructional alignment based on the 2015 revised technology home economics curriculum, and to present the detailed aspects of this task. The results of this study were as follows: First, the clarity phase of the performance established the annual evaluation plan to ensure the consistency of the achievement standard, the learning objectives and the assessment objectives through an analysis of the curriculum. Second, the development phase of the performance tasks and the grading criteria analyzed the contents area and determined the performance assessment task. The performance assessment consisted of a portfolio and project activity types, and also comprised of knowledge markets, as well as e-NIE tasks, including individual tasks and collective tasks. Third, the performance assessment and the results phase were conducted after planning the class operation according to the instructors' directions and arrangement of the schedule into block classes. Afterwards, the performance assessment tasks were revised by the teaching-learning community and class reflection on practical application. As these results demonstrate, developing performance tasks that are centered on the learner's development processes can contribute to teachers' expertise and improvement of instruction.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.5 no.6 s.22
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• pp.90-100
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• 2004

The importance of information management has been emphasized in Korean construction industry, Both public and private have invested to establish and operate construction CALS, construction management (CM), computer integrated construction(CIC), and earned value management system(EVMS). A standard construction information classification system is essential to operate the systems mentioned above. Therefore, Korean government released Integrated Construction Information Classification System(ICICS) in 2001. However, the ICICS is not widely used in construction due to: 1) difficulty of changing existing system, 2) insufficient publicity of the ICICS, and 3) no legal binding force. Especially, participants in construction do not recognize applicability of the ICICS. This research surveyed the degree of recognition and utilization of the ICICS. This survey includes both customized classification systems used by companies and the ICICS and investigates the degree of utilization and drawbacks. The results show some construction companies use their own classification systems and the others use the ICICS prepared by the government. Furthermore, the degree of recognition is in sufficient. The degree of use in design management, specifications, cost and schedule management is very limited. The publicity and education are critical to induce the utilization of the ICICS. The necessity of revision was recommended based on pilot project study that is performed to measure the degree of application of ICICS on the projects. Therefore, this research proposes the measurement model for information application and analyzes the degree of utilization of the ICICS in different phases of construction.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.91-101
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• 2014

In this study, we presented a timing verification method for a passenger car diesel engine management system (EMS) using measurement-based worst-case execution time (WCET) analysis. In order to cope with AUTOSAR-compliant software architecture, a development process model is proposed. In the process model, a runnable is regarded as a test unit and its temporal behavior (i.e. maximum observed execution time, MOET) is obtained along with on-target functionality evaluation results during online unit test. Furthermore, a cost-effective framework for online unit test is proposed. Because the runtime environment layer and the standard calibration environment are utilized to implement test interface, additional resource consumption of the target processor is minimized. Using the proposed development process model and unit test framework, the MOETs of 86 runnables for diesel EMS are obtained with 213 unit test cases. Using the obtained MOETs of runnables, the WCETs of tasks are estimated and the schedulability is evaluated. From the schedulability analysis results, the problems of the initially designed schedule table is recognized and it is fixed by redesigning of the runnable mapping and task offset. Through the various test scenarios, the proposed method is validated.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.156-161
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• 2011

Objectives: Tetrahydrofuran (THF) is a colorless, water-miscible organic liquid with low viscosity at standard temperature and pressure. THF has been used as a solvent and a precursor for various syntheses of polymers. However, THF is known to irritate to the eyes, skin and mucus membranes. Overexposure by inhalation, ingestion or skin contact may produce nausea, dizziness, headaches, respiratory irritation and possible skin burns. The purpose of this study is to evaluate of the worker exposure and characteristics of workers in the workplaces that use or manufacture THF. Methods: Sixteen factories in Korea, which manufacture or use THF, were selected for this study and a total of 130 air samples including 104 time-weighted average (TWA) samples and 26 short-term exposure limit (STEL) samples, were collected. Air samples were collected with charcoal tube (100mg/50mg) and analyzed by gas chromatograph/flame ionization detector(GC/FID). Results: The TWA concentration of THF was 16.05ppm (GM) at PS script printing, 2.32ppm (GM) at PVC stabilizer, 1.03ppm (GM) at Lithium triethylborohydride, 0.63ppm (GM) at Polytetramethylene ether glycol(PTMEG), 0.42ppm (GM) at Manufacturing THF, 0.13ppm (GM) at Glue and 0.12ppm (GM) at synthetic rubber/resins. Two out of sampes for PS script printing exceeded 50ppm as 8-hour exposure limit of MOEL. The short term exposure to THF was 54.77ppm (GM) at PS script printing, 17.10ppm (GM) at PTMEG, 13.76ppm (GM) at Manufacturing THF, 2.86ppm (GM) at Lithium triethylborohydride, 0.87ppm (GM) at synthetic rubber/resins and 0.13ppm (GM) Glue. We found that the highest exposure process for both the TWA and STEL samples was PS script process. Two samples exceeded 100ppm as short term exposure limit of Ministry of Employment and Labor(MOEL). Conclusions: Characteristic of STEL concentration for THF is considerably different from TWA concentration in workplaces because workers could exposure high concentration of THF in a moment when they work irregularly schedule. So exposure controls for momentary works have to be prepared, and considered the skin absorption and inhale of THF.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.38-49
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• 1974

Presently, the performance level of the college student has received a great deal of attention, particularly in the area of professional education. The problem of under achievement, especially in areas dealing with science and technology, has gone through considerable investigation by numerous Psychologists and Educators. Thus for, however, they have not been successful in determining conclusively the non-intellectual factors involved. The maladjustment problem of these students has been a thorn in the side of nursing education for some time. This topic has been discussed among nursing educators without any tangible results. Furthermore, the fact that the number of students who withdraw from nursing education programs before graduation has increased. This represents a major problem for nursing education. This problem area had increased attention drawn to it on October 1957, when Russia successfully launched to first satellite "Sputnik" into space. Various studies seem to indicate that factors related to over achievement and under.achievement can be found in the motivation of the students. This study is aimed at testing 3 hypotheses which hopefully will lead to a better understanding of the learning activities of nursing students and to determine some of their nonintellectually personality traits. Hypothesis I: learning activities in nursing students and persona1ity are correlated, there will be significant differences in personality need structures between 4 classes of nursing collegiate students. Sub-hypothesis: There will also be significant differences in the degree of student satisfaction in her major subject. Hypothesis I: If there is a special personality need structure which is required for the clinical learning activity in general, then there will be significant differences between the personality need structures of under-achievers and overachiever. Hypothesis II : If each clinical nursing subject requires different personality need structures, then there will be differences in personality need structure between the different clinical groups Methodology: 1. Tool: A Korean translation and correction of the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule of U.S.A. was used. 2. Subject and Test Method: Subjects were nursing students at Yonsei University, who enrolled for Fall semester of 1971. The Researcher herself executed the test for the test for the class as a group, and the absent students were tested indidually. Out of 307 students, 293 students (95.4%) were reported. 3. Statistical treatment: The mean and standard deviation for each of the 15 personality need variables were computed and the value of T-test was obtained to determine the differences in the personality need structures between each group. Results: 1, For the first hypothesis, the personality need structures between each of the 4 classes and the reported degree of satisfaction in major subject showed significant differences. Therefore the hypothesis I was accepted. 2. The comparison of personality need structure of under-achievers and over-achievers in clinical fields showed significant differences. Thus hypothesis II was accepted. 3. Personality need structure between clinical subject groups showed significant differences therefore the 3rd hypothesis was accepted.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.381-398
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• 1990

Nursing involves deep human interpersonal relationships between nurses and patients. But in modem Korea, the nurse - patient relationship tends to be ritualistic and mechanestic. Patients usually express the hope that nurses be more tender and kind. Patients expect nurses to express their warmth especially through nonverbal behaviour. This study was conducted to identify patients' preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth. Through the confirmation of these preferences, nurses may learn how to enhance their interpersonal relationships with patients. Subjects for the study were 73 patients who had been admitted to a university teaching hospital for at least three days and agreed to be interviewed by the investigator. The interactions were studied nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. The interview schedule was expecially designed by the investigator to measure the nurse's posture, the distance between the nurse and the patient, the nurse's eye contact, facial expression, hand motion and head nodding. Data analysis included frequencies, percentages and X²-test. The results of this study may be summerized as follows : 1. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds. Preferred nurse's posture was sitting(50.7%) or standing(49.3%) opposite the patient. Preferred distance between the nurse and the patient was close to the bed(93.2%), less than 1m. Preferred eye contact was directed to the patient's eyes or their affected part (41.1%). Preferred facial expression was a smile(97.3%). Preferred hand motions were light gestures(41.1%). Patients preferred head nodding which approved their own opinions(69.9%). 2. Patient's preferences for nurse's nonverval expressions of warmth during administration of oral medication. Preferred nurse's posture was standing and waiting to confirm that the medication had been taken(58.9%). Preferred distance from the patient was at arm's length, 0.5-1m(64.4%). Patients preferred direct eye contact(58.9%) and a smile(94.5%). Patients preferred that the nurse put the medicine directly the patient's hand(64.4%). Whether the nurse nodded her head or not was not considered important. 3. The relation of general characteristics and patient's preferences for nurse's nonverbal expressions of warmth during nursing rounds and administration of oral medication. During nursing rounds, the age of subjects(p＝0.010) and the standard of education(p＝0.026) related to the distance between the nurse and the patient. The sick hospital ward related to the eye contact(p＝0.017) and facial expression(p＝0.010). During administration of oral medication, the age of subjects(p＝0.044) and days of hospital treatment (p＝0.043) and the sick hospital ward(p＝0.0004) related to the facial expression. From this study, nurses can learn what kind nonverbal expressions of warmth are preferred by patients during rounds and administration and thus will enhance nurse- patient interpersonal relationships.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.35-43
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• 2015

It is important to have enough design and construction duration for infrastructure projects. However, recent water resource project in Korea shows several problems caused by their fast-tract schedule. National Audit Committee report several water resource projects have quality problems caused by insufficient project duration. Especially, water resource projects such as dam and water pipeline construction should have proper time to secure their structure quality. Normal project duration for these projects should be estimated based on previous similar projects' historical data analysis. However there is no standard model which can estimate normal project duration for water resource projects in Korea. There are several normal project duration estimation models for building project developed by public(LH) and private construction companies. However, there is no proper model for water resource projects. So, this study developed normal project duration model for dam and water pipeline projects using historical data and show application of models.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.59-67
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• 2013

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are powerful error-correcting codes used in diverse applications. Recently, algebraic soft-decision decoding algorithm for RS codes that can correct the errors beyond the error correcting bound has been proposed. The algorithm requires very intensive computations for interpolation, therefore an efficient VLSI architecture, which is realizable in hardware with a moderate hardware complexity, is mandatory for various applications. In this paper, we propose an efficient architecture with low hardware complexity for interpolation in soft-decision list decoding of Reed-Solomon codes. The proposed architecture processes the candidate polynomial in such a way that the terms of X degrees are processed in serial and the terms of Y degrees are processed in parallel. The processing order of candidate polynomials adaptively changes to increase the efficiency of memory access for coefficients; this minimizes the internal registers and the number of memory accesses and simplifies the memory structure by combining and storing data in memory. Also, the proposed architecture shows high hardware efficiency, since each module is balanced in terms of latency and the modules are maximally overlapped in schedule. The proposed interpolation architecture for the (255, 239) RS list decoder is designed and synthesized using the DongbuHitek $0.18{\mu}m$ standard cell library, the number of gate counts is 25.1K and the maximum operating frequency is 200 MHz.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.301-313
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop the frame for standardized manual for Sanhujoriwon by finding out the status of the management of women & newborn in Sanhujoriwon, like postpartum care center. The subjects were 95 staffs of 22 Sanhujoriwon agreed on oral consent, in Seoul and Bundang, Korea. Data were collected from Sep. 15 to Oct. 24, 2001. The instrument used for this study was a structured questionnaire consisted of 16 items of general characteristics & educational characteristics about postpartum care, 31 items of degree of management of women's postpartum care (Cronbach's $\alpha$.93 ), 24 items of degree of management of newborn's care(Cronbach's $\alpha$.94 ), 10 items of methods of management of women's postpartum care, 8 items of methods management of newborn's care. The data were analyzed by the SPSS/PC+ program using frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficient. The results of the study were as follows ; 1. The mean of the degree of management for postpartum women was 4.1. The mean score for the degree of management of general postpartum care for women was 4.00 & traditional postpartum care(Sanhujori) was 4.20. The degree of management of traditional postpartum care was higher than general postpartum care for women. 2. The degree of management for newborn : The mean score for the degree of management of newborn was 4.37. 3.There was a strong positive correlation between general postpartum care and traditional postpartum care($r=.744^{**}$), and postpartum mother care and newborn care($r=.798^{**}$). 4.The basic frame for the management of the women and newborn in Sanhujoriwon. 1) For women: Integrated postpartal care Physical management : Vital sign & BP check, contraction of uterus, form and amount of lochia, management of personal hygiene, management of breast & breast-feeding, management of postpartum exercise, prevention of infection, symptom & sign of high risk and prevention & management of high risk condition; Emotional-psychological management: assessment and management of mother-baby attachment, emotional state; Educational management : education of vaccination schedule, urinary incontinence, rearing infant, breast-feeding ; and Environmental management : temperature, humidity, disinfection, cleaning, light, infection control integrated with 6 principles of Sanhujori. 2) For newborn Physical management : check of vital sign, management of umbilical cord, jaundice, prevention of infection, management of diaper rash; Emotional-psychological management : assessment of sleep, crying, activity, response of mother-baby attachment; and Environmental management : temperature, humidity, disinfection, cleaning, light, infection control integrated with 6 principles of Sanhujori. In conclusion Sanhujoriwon must be health care center for the postpartum women and newborn. Therefore, the establishment of various laws and regulations in such a way to meet the realistic needs of Sanhujoriwon as a health care center for women and infants future health should be done. The standardized management manual based on the results is absolutely required above all.