• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.423-426
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• 2014

Aim: To evaluate the agreement between colposcopic diagnosis and cervical pathology a retrospective chart review was performed. Materials and Methods: This study included 437 patients who underwent colposcopy and cervical biopsy or conization at Siriraj Hospital from October 2010 - December 2012. The patient clinical characteristics, cervical cytology results, colposcopic diagnoses, cervical pathology results were recorded and correlations between variables were analyzed. Results: Agreement of colposcopic diagnosis and cervical pathology was matched in 253 patients (57.9%). The strength of agreement with weighted Kappa statistic was 0.494 (p<0.001). Colposcopic diagnoses more often overestimated (31.1%) than underestimated (11%) the cervical pathology. Agreement of colposcopic diagnosis and cervical pathology within 1 grade was found in 411 patients (94.1%). Positive predictive value (PPV) of high grade colposcopy or more was 75.5%, whereas the negative predictive value (NPV) of insignificant and low grade colposcopy was 83.8%. False positives of high grade colposcopy or more were 21%. False negatives of insignificant or low grade colposcopy were 19.1%. Conclusions: Strength of agreement between colposcopic diagnosis and cervical pathology was found to be only moderate. A biopsy at colposcopy should be performed at a gold standard level to detect high grade lesions.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.88-98
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• 2023

Purpose: Children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) frequently undergo clinical assessments, involving triadic communication between clinician, parent, and child. During such encounters parents are traditionally the main communicator of information on their child's IBD, including subjective symptom reports. The level of agreement between children and their parents for IBD symptoms is poorly understood, and this study aimed to examine this factor. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study among children with IBD, and one parent. A validated paediatric IBD symptom report tool (IBDnow) enabled children and their parent to rate seven pain, well-being, and stool metrics, with dyads completing the tool concurrently. Results were assessed using: Individual agreement: proportion of identical symptom reports by each dyad (ideal score >0.7); Category agreement: percentage of identical reports for IBDnow metrics for the cohort; Inter-rater reliability: Gwet's AC1 coefficient with higher scores indicating better reliability (maximum=1). Results: Seventy-four parent/child dyads participated; child's mean age 12.2 years (standard deviation [SD] 2.9, range 6-16), mean time since diagnosis 2.8 years (SD 3), 54% female, 73% had Crohn's Disease. Mean individual agreement level was 0.6, with 27% of dyads agreeing on ≥6/7 IBDnow metrics. Category agreement was reported by 61% of dyads, 20% of parents overestimated, and 19% underestimated, their child's symptoms. Inter-rater reliability ranged from fair to good. Conclusion: These results should improve clinician awareness of how IBD symptom reports from parents may introduce bias. Children should be considered the most important source of symptom reports, and tools such as IBDnow utilised to enhance communication.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.9
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• pp.277-298
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• 1997

Air transportation industry was established on a basis of liability limitation from the outset. Many treaties, however, had to be drafted since 1960' s to meet the need of the Unites States, who argued full compensation without limitation like other torts cases, but most of them were in vain. The Japanese Initiative in 1992, though being aimed to lower a level of compensation in air crash cases to that of other transportation accidents, showed a way to the U.S. how to solve the issue. Instead of obtaining an multilateral agreement through ICAO, the U.S. persuaded IATA to organize intercarrier consensus for voluntary waive the limitation. IATA succeeded in adopting Intercarrier Liability Agreement in 1995, in which carriers agreed not to use Warsaw limitation and accepted strict liability up to 100,000SDRs. Through a series of negotiation to implement the Intercarrier agreement, US DOT tried to insert a domicile standard provision to the agreement which enable US victims to be compensated according to the law of the U.S. regardless of the situation. IATA opposed the intent aggressively. The U.S. set back to the starting point remaining issues for further discussion. The liability limitation under the Warsaw system is being collapsed. It is the result of a simple logic; liability limitation cannot be maintained without appropriate compensation.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.429-453
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• 2010

The purpose of this paper is to examine the significances of choosing the place of arbitration, the principles of fixing the place, which the major international arbitration institutions(including the ICC, LCIA, AAA, CIETAC and so on) have in their arbitration rules, and the methods of drafting the place of arbitration in arbitration agreements. When the contract parties have agreed on the place of the arbitration, the institutions have no role regarding the selection of the place of arbitration. But the parties have not agreed on the place of arbitration, it is fixed by the rules of selected institution, by considering the lists of criteria including local laws, N.Y. Convention, neutrality, convenience and so on. This author suggested four alternatives on how to designate the place of arbitration, and advantages and disadvantages of each one: the place of claimant, the place of respondent, the place agreed on in advance in Bilateral Agreement between two Arbitration Institutions established in two countries or the third country. In conclusion, the decision of all elements in the international contract is greatly influenced by the power of negotiation, and the place of arbitration in arbitration agreement has a lot of influential significances on both parties when resolving the disputes. So it is advisable for the parties to fix the place according to the global standard(the place of respondent), the arbitration rules of major international arbitration institutes and the result of the negotiation between parties.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics A
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• v.32A no.1
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• pp.53-60
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• 1995

The aims of this study are to evaluate the measurement capability of the electromagnetic power and to understand the current state of standard maintanance of the eight participants among the thirteen national calibration and test organizations. The calibration factors were measured at six test frequencies, 50, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000 MHz by organizations and KRISS on the basis of round robin test. The results were analyzed by calculating the standard deviation of the measured values from the standard values. The analysis shows good agreement within 1.0% for all participants at the measurement frequencies. Therefore, the measurement capability of all participants is good in the frequency range of 50 MHz to 10 GHz. For the four participants which specified standard deviations of repeated measurements in their reporst, the total uncertainties is less than 1.9% at the measurement frequencies.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to find out adolescents' and their mothers' responses to the minimum standard of age suggested by previous research not to share bedroom among parents and child, children of the opposite sex, or children of the same sex. The data from 310 pairs of junior school students and their mothers were analyzed. The results showed that the percentages of agreements to the suggested ages were not the same. Adolescents were in general more likely flexible to the minimum age than were their mothers. The age standard of the opposite sex children over 10 years old must not share a bedroom was the most agreeable both to child and mother. Both mother and adolescents' children were more likely flexible to the rule that parents should not should not share a bedroom with a child over age 5. However, they were serious about sharing a bedroom between same sex children regardless age. Further research should reveal precisely the age standard represent the high agreement among the family members.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.197-212
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to develop an automatic software system for bone age evaluation and to evaluate its accuracy in testing and feasibility in clinical practice. 20394 left-hand radiographs of healthy children (2-18 years old) were collected from China Skeletal Development Survey data of 1998 and China Skeletal Development Survey data of 2005. Three experienced radiologists and China-05 standard maker jointly evaluate the stages of bone development and the reference bone age was determined by consensus. 1020 from 20394 radiographs were picked randomly as test set and the remaining 19374 radiographs as training set and validation set. Accuracy of the automatic software system for bone age assessment is evaluated in test set and two clinical test sets. Compared with the reference standard, the automatic software system based on RUS-CHN for bone age assessment has a 0.04 years old mean difference, ±0.40 years old in 95% confidence interval by single reading, a 85.6% percentage agreement of ratings, a 93.7% bone age accuracy rate, 0.17 years old of MAD, 0.29 years old of RMS; Compared with the reference standard, the automatic software system based on TW3-C RUS has a 0.04 years old mean difference, a ±0.38 years old in 95% confidence interval by single reading, a 90.9% percentage agreement of ratings, a 93.2% bone age accuracy rate, a 0.16 years of MAD, and a 0.28 years of RMS. Automatic software system, AI-China-05 showed reliably accuracy in bone age estimation and steady determination in different clinical test sets.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.267-291
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• 2024

Since the introduction of the OA transformative agreement as a new way of licensing electronic resources, the number of OA transformative agreements has continued to grow. Despite the wide range of content that should be included in the agreement due to the nature of the OA transformative agreement, there is a lack of research on OA transformative agreements. As a basis for developing a standard for OA transformative agreements, this study examines the current status of OA transformative agreements and analyzes the differences between two types of OA transformative agreements and the subscription contract. It was found that the number of OA transformative agreements has increased significantly worldwide, but the disclosure of OA transformative agreements has not been universalized. The overall structure of two different types of OA transformative agreements and a subscription contract is similar, but there are differences in the detailed clauses. In the OA transformative agreement, the detailed clauses related to the characteristic of the transformative agreement were newly created, or the details of the transformative agreement were added to the existing clauses of the subscription agreement. There were also some differences between the two types of agreements, identifying clauses that differed in content regardless of the OA transformative agreement. The study concluded that it is important to standardize the OA transformative agreement, as the number of different clauses between agreement types may increase the burden on librarians. This study is significant in that it provides a basis for the development of standardized agreements by examining the overall status of OA transformative agreements and analyzing actual agreements.

• International Commerce and Information Review
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.165-193
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• 2016

This paper conducts a comparative analysis of the KORUS FTA and the TPP Agreement to assess the current state of affairs in international trade rules for the pharmaceutical industry. Intellectual property rights as well as public health related regulations have evolved to strengthen the position of innovator drug companies. In particular, the TPP Agreement which adopted data exclusivity for biologics for the first time, will set the standard for the future. Apart from this however, the TPP Agreement has not gone further than the KORUS FTA and in some respects, even contains greater policy flexibilities and provisions for market access than the KORUS FTA. Korea should take advantage of such differences when and if she must engage in negotiations to join the TPP Agreement or a renegotiation of the KORUS FTA.

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.1-31
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• 2014

The foundation of the arbitration jurisdiction is the arbitration agreement entered into by the parties to a contract. Usually, only the signatory parties to a contract and the disputes arising from a contract that includes an arbitration clause or to which the arbitration clause relates are the ones that can be submitted to arbitration. This article discusses some of the arguments for extending the arbitration clause in complex arbitrations, that is, in those cases where there are more than two parties, more than two contracts or more than two parties and contracts. Particularly, this paper addresses multiple contract arbitration when the contracts are related. One of the arguments used by the arbitral tribunal for the extension of jurisdiction is the existence of a link between the contracts. Additional arguments include implied consent, participation in the negotiation and performance of a contract and good faith. The article also discusses some of the typical cases of linked contracts in many civil law countries, such as subcontracts, third party beneficiaries and standard terms of contracts, from which arbitral jurisdictions problems may arise. Finally, special attention is given to Article 14 of the 2008 Peruvian Arbitration Law as the first provision in an arbitration law in Latin America that extends the arbitration agreement to non-signatory parties using for this a mixed approach.