• International Journal of Arrhythmia
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.285-339
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• 2018

Catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation (AF) is one of the most complex interventional electrophysiological procedures. The success of AF ablation is based in large part on freedom from AF recurrence based on electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring. Arrhythmia monitoring can be performed with the use of noncontinuous or continuous ECG monitoring tools. AF ablation is an invasive procedure that entails risks, most of which are present during the acute procedural period. However, complications can also occur in the weeks or months following ablation. Recognizing common symptoms after AF ablation and distinguishing those that require urgent evaluation and referral to an electrophysiologist is an important part of follow-up after AF ablation. This section reviews the complications associated with catheter ablation procedures performed to treat AF. The types and incidence of complications are presented, their mechanisms are explored, and the optimal approach to prevention and treatment is discussed. Finally, surgical and hybrid AF ablation technology and the indications for concomitant open or closed surgical ablation of AF, stand-alone and hybrid surgical ablation of AF are covered in this section.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.372-380
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• 2018

The manual handling of people (MHP) is known to be associated with high incidence of musculoskeletal disorders for aged care staff. Environment-related MHP interventions, such as appropriate seated heights to aid sit-to-stand transfers, can reduce staff injury while improving the patient's mobility. Promoting patient mobility within the manual handling interaction is an endorsed MHP risk control intervention strategy. This article provides a narrative review of the types of MHP environmental controls that can improve mobility, as well as the extent to which these environmental controls are considered in MHP risk management and assessment tools. Although a range of possible environmental interventions exist, current tools only consider these in a limited manner. Development of an assessment tool that more comprehensively covers environmental strategies in MHP risk management could help reduce staff injury and improve resident mobility through auditing existing practices and guiding the design of new and refurbished aged care facilities.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.90-94
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• 2022

Metal 3D-printing technology enables the manufacture of complex features or internal structures, which is not possible in fabrication by conventional cutting methods. The most successful types of metal 3D printing have been powder bed diffusion and directed energy deposition, which use laser heads exploiting high-power laser sintering metal powder. In this study, a cost-effective optical design was proposed for a 2-kW-level fiber laser head. Only two commercial lenses, a beamsplitter and a window, are used in the laser head, satisfying the technological requirements. According to the optical design, the spot size was 2.54 mm, and the stand-off distance from the laser head was 295 mm. The intensity distribution was Gaussian. Thus, smooth power sintering was possible without any laser spot marks. Monte Carlo analysis was employed to verify the consistency of the optical performance under conventional assembly tolerance.

• International Journal of Contents
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.40-55
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• 2022

Kung fu films stand out among many types of films and are sought after by a large number of loyal audiences. In order to explore the mystery, we use the theory of uses and gratifications theory to study kung fu films in order to explore the audience's viewing needs of kung fu films In the existing research, most scholars adopt qualitative research and Chinese culture contained in kung fu movies. Few people use quantitative research, and this area of research is almost blank. Therefore, we conducted a quantitative research on kung fu films based on the methodology of uses and gratifications. The questions revolve around: Can kung fu movies meet audiences' needs? What is the purpose of watching a kung fu movie? After analysis with SPSS, interesting results emerged. In the regression analysis, we found that the psychological need for compensation has a positive impact on Viewing satisfaction, while the social need has a significant negative impact on viewing intention. At the end of the article, we also put forward my own solutions. We also hope to provide better suggestions for the development of Chinese kung fu films through my research, so as to make kung fu films more perfect.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.111-122
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• 2011

The purpose of this study is to survey the successful cases of small and medium Business Systematization Cognition by examining their entrepreneurial characteristics and analysing the factors affecting their success. To that end, previous studies on the association types of small businesses were studied. A research model was developed, and research hypotheses for an empirical analysis were established upon it. Suh et al. (2010) insist on the importance of Small Business Systematization in Korea but also show that small business performance is suffering: they are too small to stand alone. That is why association is so crucial for them: they must stand together. Unfortunately, association is difficult, as they have few specific links and little motivation. Even in franchising networks, association tends to be initiated by big franchisers, not small ones. In that sense, association among small businesses is crucial for their long-term survival. With this in mind, this study examines how they think and feel about the issue of 'Industrial Classification', how important Industrial Classification is to their business success, and what kinds of problems it raises in the markets. This study seeks the different cognitions among the association types of small businesses from the perspectives of participation motivation, systematization expectation, policy demand level, and management performance. We assume that different industrial classification types of small businesses will have different cognitions concerning these factors. There are four basic industrial classification types of small businesses: retail sales, restaurant, service, and manufacturing. To date, most of the studies in this area have focused on collecting data on the external environments of small businesses or performing statistical analyses on their status. In this study, we surveyed 4 market areas in Busan, Masan, and Changwon in Korea, where business associations consist of merchants, shop owners, and traders. We surveyed 330 shops and merchants by sending a questionnaire or visiting. Finally, 268 questionnaires were collected and used for the analysis. An ANOVA, T-test, and regression analyses were conducted to test the research hypotheses. The results demonstrate that there are differences in cognition depending upon the industrial classification type. Restaurants generally have a higher cognition concerning job offer problems and a lower cognition concerning their competitiveness. Restaurants also depend more on systematization expectation than do the other industrial classification types. On the policy demand level, restaurants have a higher cognition. This study identifies several factors that are contributing to management performance through differences in cognition that depend upon association type: systematization expectation and policy demand level have positive effects on management performance; participation motivation has a negative effect on management performance. We confirm also that the image factors of different cognitions are linked to an awareness of the value of systematization and that these factors show sequential and continual patterns in the course of generating performances. In conclusion, this study carries significant implications in its classifying of small businesses into the four different associational types (retail sales, restaurant, services, and manufacturing). We believe our study to be the first one to conduct an empirical survey in this subject area. More studies in this area will likely use our research frameworks. The data show that regionally based industrial classification associations such as those in rural cities or less developed areas tend to suffer more problems than those in urban areas. Moreover, restaurants suffer more problems than the norm. Most of the problems raised in this study concern the act of 'associating itself'. Most associations have serious difficulties in associating. On the other hand, the area where they have the least policy demand is that of service types. This study contributes to the argument that associating, rather than financial assistance or management consulting, promotes the start-up and managerial performance of small businesses. This study also has some limitations. The main limitation is the number of questionnaires. We could not survey all the industrial classification types across the country because of budget and time limitations. If we had, we could have produced many more useful results and enhanced the precision of our analysis. The history of systemization is very short and the number of industrial classification associations is relatively low in Korea. We should keep in mind, though, that this is very crucial to systemization entrepreneurs starting their businesses, as it can heavily affect their chances of success. Being strongly associated with each other might be critical to the business success of industrial classification members. Thus, the government needs to put more effort and resources into supporting the drive of industrial classification members to become more strongly associated.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.249-258
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• 2020

This study aims to provide reference material for effective forest management techniques at the catchment scale, based on the field investigation of large woody debris (LWD) in 11 streams within a third-order forest catchment in Gangwon Province, Korea. To achieve this aim, we analyzed the morphological features of LWD pieces, and the storage and distribution status of LWD by stream order throughout the entire investigation. As a result, a total of 1,207 individual pieces of LWD were categorized into three types as follows: (ⅰ) 1,142 pieces (95%) as only trunk and 65 pieces (5%) as a trunk with root wad, (ⅱ) 1,015 pieces (84%) as non-thinned and 192 pieces (16%) as the thinned, and (ⅲ) 1,050 pieces (87%) as conifer and 157 pieces (13%) as broadleaf. Additionally, in-stream LWD loads (㎥/ha) decreased with increasing stream order, yielding 105.4, 71.3, and 35.6 for first-, second-, and third-order streams, respectively. On the other hand, the ratio of LWD jams to the total LWD volume increased with increasing stream order, yielding 11%, 43%, and 49% for first-, second-, and third-order streams, respectively. Finally, a comparison of the in-stream LWD load with previous studies in several countries around the world indicated that in-stream LWD load was positively correlated with forest stand age even though the climate, topography, forest soil type, forest composition, stand growth rate, disturbance regime, and forest management practices were different. These results could contribute to understanding the significance of LWD as a by-product of forest ecosystems and an indicator of riparian forest disturbance. Based on this, we conclude that advanced forest management techniques, including treatment of thinning slash and stand density control of riparian forest by site location (hillslope and riparian zone, or stream order), should be established in the future, taking the forest ecosystem and the aquatic environment from headwater streams to low land rivers into consideration.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.100 no.2
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• pp.142-148
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• 2011

This study was carried out to clarify the change characteristics of stream water quality by type of forest from June to August, 2009 in three stands (Castanea crenata, Pinus densiflora and Plantation Land) of Samgye-ri Naedong-myeon Jinju-si Gyeongsangnam-do. The pH of stream water in three stands was highest in Pinus densiflora (pH 7.18) followed by Castanea crenata (pH 6.90) and Plantation land (pH 6.90) while the electrical conductivity of stream water was highest in Plantation land followed by Castanea crenata stand and Pinus densiflora stand was the lowest. Cations contents of stream water in three stands were high in order of $Ca^{2+}$, $Na^{+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $K^{+}$, and $NH_{4}{^{+}}$. But anions of stream water in Castanea crenata stand and Pinus densiflora stand were high in order of $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$, $Cl^{-}$ and $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ while those of stream water in Plantation land were high in order of $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$, $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ and $C\lambda^{-}$. The stream water in three stands was significant at pH, EC, $NO{^{3-}}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Na^{+}$, $Cl^{-}$, TNU and Color by duncan test. These results indicate that quality of stream water have a difference among three stands. The level of pH, $NH_{4}{^{+}}$, $Cl^{-}$, $SO_{4}{^{2-}}$ and $NO_{3}{^{-}}$ of stream water in three stands were within the domestic use standard for drinking water. but turbidity and color of stream water were more than that of domestic use standard for drinking water. Therefore, non-point sources like urban forest watersheds which are soil erosion and fertilizer application lands should be taken to the appropriate mitigation measures if they are to be used as source of drinking water.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.97-113
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• 2002

This research is an attempt to establish a basic material in discovering the subjective types of the dental coordinators occupational consciousness, utilizing the Q-Method Theory, which is capable of measuring the subjective nature of human being by scientific and systematic method. The characteristics of each type were analyzed so as to have the dental coordinator to possess the desirable understanding of the occupational view together for them to have self-confidence as a lifetime specialty occupation. Upon completion of the study, it was found that there are three types of subjective views pertaining to the occupational consciousness on the dental coordinator. The result on the analysis of the characteristics is as follows : Type 1 is the Taking Serious View on the Patient Service, which priority is placed on kindness and looking after any difficulties of the patient, namely, it is the type that puts the importance on the high level medical examination and treatment based on good service. Because of the kind service to the patient, those under this category considered their job satisfaction have been improved. It goes without saying that they were developing the services, which satisfy themselves, and it was confirmed that they thought that they should make things smooth for any development of problems that may arise between the patient and the dentist. Type 2 is the Taking Serious View on Career and Organizational Strength. This is a type that aims on the systematic nature of the internal job, namely, organizational strength itself viewed from the stand point thai either self-confident or work merit is proportional to experience. This type is to actively treat the problem and endeavor to solve the issue when dissatisfaction is held by the dental hospital system, which is either followed according to the work responsibility or by an organization having an appropriate system on remuneration, Type 3 is the Placing of Importance on the Overall Circumstances. This is the type that places importance on the overall now of the dental hospital, and it is the type, that most greatly recognizes the importance of the role of the dental coordinator. The dental coordinator should provide the sense of reliability to both the dentist and to the staff of the medical examination and treatment and should be able to adjust smoothly the overall now of the medical treatment. The dental coordinator is expected to be a medical service specialist, who is capable to solve the problems of the staff of the medical treatment intuitively and to adjust the relation between the employees. With the above result, it was found that although there was no mutual exclusiveness between the respective types, there are particular characteristics among each type. Therefore, this research has discovered and analyzed the subjective view types relative to the occupational consciousness of the dental coordinator for the proper understanding on the characteristics of each type to enable the dental sanitary students and the graduates of the Dental Sanitary Department, who are aspiring to become dental coordinator, as the basic guide material to be actively utilized.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.415-428
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• 2004

The purpose of this thesis was to develop torso patterns according to the physical types of men in 20s. The procedure and results are as follows; 1. Of the men in 20s meeting the national average of physique, 4 men were selected and classified into 2 physical types according to their chest and waist circumference drops. One group had 20㎝ drop (Y type) while the other had 16㎝ drop (N type). Through evaluation performed by clothing construction professionals on the 4 upper bodice blocks drafted according to the existent drafting method and dressed on the 4 men, several problems have been found. These problems were adjusted and supplemented to make two new blocks. The fit of the new blocks were evaluated and proved to be satisfactory. 2. The following is the adjustments made to the existent men's torso patterns which had been utilized as the objects the first evaluation experiment. ① Though the back waist length of the pattern from the existent drafting method covered the center back length of the body in both Y type and N type, the front length did not causing it to stand away from the body. To adjust this, 2.0㎝ has been added to the center front length of each pattern so that the waist line could make a bar level to the ground. ② The shoulder line of the pattern from the existent drafting method had the tendency to fall backward. To make the shoulder line to fall in place, it has been moved 1.0㎝ to the front. 0.5㎝ has been added to the should length. ③ The neckline had a tendency to climb up. It has been lowered by 0.5㎝ until the line touched the center front neck point. ④ Though different in degree, the neck circumference did not allow enough width for both physique type causing the neckline to pull at side neck point with diagonal crease. To adjust this, 0.3㎝ and 0.6㎝ has been added to the Y type and N type respectively so that the neckline would touch the side neck point and the neckline could naturally fall into its original position. ⑤ Though different in degree, there was not enough space at the armhole causing wrinkles around this area. Therefore, 0.25㎝ and 0.5㎝ has been added to the front and back of the armholes of the Y and N types respectively. The armhole was made 1.0㎝ deeper only for the N type. ⑥ 1.0㎝ in the front and 0.5㎝ in the back were added to the side scam for the Y type while 0.5㎝ in the front and 0.25㎝ in the back were added for N type. This eliminated the unwanted wrinkles to give the silhouette a smooth look.

• The Korean Journal of Cytopathology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2007

Approximately 70% of cervical cancers are caused by HPV types 16/18 and thus the implementation of vaccination programmes with vaccines against HPV types 16/18 will have a major impact on the incidence of cervical cancer worldwide. However, this reduction will not be seen until several decades after full implementation of such vaccination programmes since the vaccines must be given to young adolescents before exposure to the virus and women who are already sexually active are not likely to be protected. Both GSK and Merck insist that even vaccinated women must continue to participate in regular cervical screening by the most sensitive method available since the vaccine can only give protection against up to 70% of cervical cancers. It is unlikely that the current vaccines will be modified to include additional high risk HPV types in the foreseeable future. While HPV testing is highly sensitive, it is not recommended for women under 30 years of age nor for vaccinated women. Additionally, HPV testing has poor specificity. The Digene Hybrid Capture 2 test is licensed for use only in conjunction with a cytology test, not as a stand-alone test, and the high risk panel has recognised cross reactivity with low risk HPV types. None of the other HPV test methods currently commercially available are FDA approved and all must be internally validated before use. This makes comparison of test results between laboratories difficult. The most sensitive and specific screening test currently available for women of all ages is the Cytyc ThinPrep System consisting of the ThinPrep Pap Test (TPPT) and the ThinPrep Imaging System (Imager). The TPPT was the first LBC system approved by the US FDA in 1996 and there are about 4,000 processors in use worldwide. The Imager was FDA approved in 2003 and over 350 systems are in routine use, mainly in the US. 40% of TPPT in the US are processed on Imager. There is clear evidence in peer reviewed literature that the Imager increases laboratory productivity by 100% and growing evidence that Imager detects more high grade SIL than the conventional smear or manual evaluation of TPPT. This aspect is particularly important since the number of cytological abnormalities will decrease as vaccination programmes are implemented. Cytotechnologists will see fewer and fewer abnormal smears and their skills will be put at risk. By doubling throughput, Imager will allow cytotechnologists to maintain their skills.