• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.57-78
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• 2004

The economic crisis in $1997{\sim}1998$ caused massive unemployment and unprecedentedly increased the number of the poor in Korea. As many unemployed families fell into poverty, the poverty rate skyrocketed to higher than 10 percent. Not later than 2000, unemployment late got back to normal and real average income among urban households approached to the income level prior to the economic crisis. Although the economic crisis has been passed through, poverty was not decreased to the low level prior to the crisis by 2000. Why does it remain high? This study attempts to provide an answer to this question by analysing the poverty trend over the 1990s. Data come from the National Survey of Household Income and Expenditures 1991, 1996, and 20001. Results show that poverty was rapidly reduced in the first half period of the 1990s. This reduction in poverty is largely explained by steady and rapid economic growth. Modest improvement in income inequality also contributed. In contrast, the poverty rate considerably increased in the latter half of the 1990s. Average income was not fully recovered to its prior level, which reflected the economic crisis and the subsequent economic stagnation. Worsened income inequality led to higher poverty rate too. In addition, demographic changes increased the share of economically vulnerable types of families, such as families headed by single parents and the elderly. The most significant factor in explaining the higher poverty rate was extended income differential among non-elderly adults, while the next was the increased number of the elderly families. Yet, findings a little differ depending on which concepts of poverty to adopt. In the analyses based on the concept of absolute poverty, economic growth the most significantly affected the poverty trends in the 1999s. Changes in income inequality played the most important role in explaining the trend in relative poverty. Adopting the concepts of quasi-absolute poverty, which is preferred in this study, results show that rapid economic growth significantly reduced poverty in the first half of the 1990s and both worsened income inequality and stagnated economic growth increased poverty in the latter 1990s.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-24
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• 2015

The trade balance for the information and communications technology (ICT) industries in 2014 have reached 863 hundred million dollars as the main export products such as smart phone and semi-conductor increase, since the ICT industries have played an important role in economic growth in Korea. Until now, the consistent supporting of government and investment of company have been doing with the growth of ICT industries, as a result, Korea marked as the first in the UN electronic government preparing index, and rank 12 in the network preparing index through the policy of national information and basic plan of inter-industry convergence. However, as the unstable international economic circumstances, ICT industries is faced with the stagnation, and then preemptive development of products and services for ICT convergence industries is needed to continually get definite ICT Korea image. In this paper, the ICT convergence industry is analyzed and forecasted. In specific, the international and domestic market for cloud, 3D convergence, and internet of things is diagnosed. The market for ICT convergence industries is predicted to be 3.6 trillion dollar in the world, and 110 trillion won in domestic. From the analytical results for technology and services development, the preemptive supporting of the technology development and policy for the internet of things and 3D convergence industries is required. In addition to, through the future forecasting by socio-tech matrix method, the policy supporting for the ICT convergence area of healthcare, fintech, artificial intelligence, body platform, and human security is needed.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.339-345
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• 2016

While a game market has been growing consistently world widely, a market of arcade or video game has been detained. In this stagnation, the latest one in 2015, "Super Mario Maker" of Mario series that's been running in good for 30 years, the notable sale and growth of which are extraordinary. As for a study in customizing, a literature of game customizing and studies that are foregone were mostly handling contents about a game character. In the survey that's done in this thesis about knowledge and needs in customizinge game users have, it was shown they want to customize sides of a rule and a character. I analyzed what the main factors are in this game which uses a main concept of customizing and the reason for high profits and popularity. As a result of the analysis, four features, possibility to customize a game rule, share data among users, collaboration in marketing with NFC figure characters, offering updates with sustained and new customizing features were found out. I am certain a game customizing will be helping to meet users and be used for various industries without limit of existing character.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 1995

In order to provide the basic information for the water quality modeling, the water pollution indicators of Sin stream and Keumho river flowing through Taegu city were measured, and the Periodical variations of these indicators were studied under the condition of stagnating for 19 days. For this experiment, three sampling sites(Sungpook bridge, Mutae bridge and Gangchang bridge) were selected. Sungpook bridge is located most down the Sin stream, Mutae bridge and Gangchang bridge are located on the lower Keumho river. The results were as follows. 1. The values of water pollution indicators measured at Mutae bridge were pH 8.7, TSS 51mg/1, TS 383mg/1, Cl- 60.68mg/1, turbidity 32FTU, DO 8.58mg/1, oxygen deficit 2.02mg/1, COD 16.32mg/1, organic carbon 13.60mg/1. 2. At Gangchang bridge located down more than Mutae bridge, the values of these indicators were pH 8.0, TSS 26mg/1, TS 737mg/1, Cl- 90.59mg/1, turbidity 37FTU,DO 3.49mg/1, oxygen deficit 7.11mg/1, COD 28.02mg/1, organic carbon 14.28mg/1. 3. At Sungpook bridge, the values of these indicators were pH 8.3, TSS 145mg/1, TS 344mg/1, Cl- 32.51mg/1, turbidity 60FTU, DO 6.53mg/1, oxygen deficit 4.07mg/1, COD 43.79mg/1, organic carbon 11.03mg/1. 4. At Mutae bridge and Sungpook bridge of which initial DOs were high, DOs have decreased under the condition of stagnating for 7 days and increased after that time. On the contrary, at Gangchang bridge of which oxygen deficit was very high(7.11mg/l), DO have increased under the condition of stagnating for 13 days and decreased after that time 5. All the samples showed the quick decrease of CODs and organic carbons under the condition of stagnating for 19 days. Nevertheless, at Sungpook bridge ·of which initial COD was yeW high(43.79mg/1), the value of COD measured at the last day of experiment was still high(21.35mg/1) because of a large quantity of reducing inorganic matters. 6. All the samples didn't show the distinct decrease of turbidities because of a large quantity of nonbiodegradable inorganic solids.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.140-153
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• 2008

The recent stagnation of construction market draw more attention to construction technology development which is believed to be playing a important role in increasing the competitiveness of the construction industry. Thus, increasing pressures has been on the government playing a catalytic role of strengthen technology competitiveness. Hereupon, this study analyzed technology skill evaluation items of the Pre-Qualification system to facilitate construction technology development at the national level and tried to show the correlation between the PQ system and patent application through multilateral analysis of patent applications. Analysis results are intended to provide basic reference in decision-making process related to governmental regulation improvement especially on the PQ system. This research also attempted to draw implications to increase the use of technology related regulations such as patent & utility model based on PQ system analysis results. To do so, a comprehensive trend Analysis on the PQ system has been conducted from the view points of construction technology. Similar analysis has been done with the patent system & Utility model system. Based on Analysis result, implications of regulation improvements was outlined to promote construction technology development, due to eventually increase the competitiveness of Korean construction industry.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.402-410
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• 2010

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the air quality surrounding an indoor swimming pool, to estimate the cancer risk based on the airborne exposure to trihalomethanes (THMs), and to examine the ventilation efficiency by Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). Chlorine and THMs were measured poolside, and in the staff room and reception area. The indoor swimming pool was modeled using the Airpak program, with ventilation drawings and actual survey data. Temperature, flow and mean age of the air were analyzed. Levels of chlorine poolside, and in the staff room, and reception area were $203\;{\mu}g/m^3$, $5\;{\mu}g/m^3$, and $10\;{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Chloroform was the dominant THM in all sampling sites and mean concentrations were $16.30\;{\mu}g/m^3$, $0.51\;{\mu}g/m^3$, and $0.06\;{\mu}g/m^3$ poolside, in the staff room and reception area, respectively. Bromodichloromethane and Dibromochloromethane levels were respectively estimated as $10.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $1.7\;{\mu}g/m^3$ poolside, $1.3\;{\mu}g/m^3$ and $0.1\;{\mu}g/m^3$ in the staff room, and were not detected in the reception area. The cancer risks from inhalation exposure to THMs were estimated between $3.37{\times}10^{-7}$ and $1.84{\times}10^{-5}$. A short circulation phenomenon was observed from the supply air vents to the exhaust air vents located in the ceiling. A high temperature layer was formed within one meter of the ceiling, and a low temperature layer was formed under this layer due to the low velocity and high temperature of the supply air, and the improper locations of the supply air vents and exhaust air vents. The stagnation was evident at the above adult pool and the mean age of the air was 22 minutes. Disinfection by-products in the indoor swimming pool were present in higher concentrations than in the outdoor air. In order to increase the removal of pollutants, adjustment was required of the supply air volume and the supply/exhaust position.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.630-640
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• 2012

Recently, the range of meridian muscle has expanded to muscular membranes, tendons and sinews as well as muscles, comprehending the modern manual therapy and its theories. So, in this study, the movement of body is explained through the assignment of meridian muscles into 3 Yins and 3 Yangs, and the modern manual therapy is understood with body's movement principles rather than with simple muscular movements. For this, the ground that the meridian muscles can expand to muscular membranes, tendons and sinews is researched in newest papers and studies rather than in the conventional studies that have analyzed the meridian muscles just in anatomic viewpoints. And, to find out how it can be applied to the actual clinic, its relationship with modern manual therapies such as Positional Release Therapy and Muscle Energy Techniques which are in the spotlight lately is also researched, getting the following results: Modern manual therapy is to keep the mutual balance of Yin-Yang meridian muscles after all and secure the stability of body to relieve the pains due to the stagnation of energy and blood. In the main body, they can be allotted into the opening of Great Yang/Great Yin, the closing of Bright Yang(陽明)/Small Yin, and the pivoting of Small Yang/Growing Yin (厥陰). The bending and stretching of meridian muscles as well as the movement of body can be explained according to the principle of opening, closing and pivoting. When the body is divided into 3 Yins and 3 Yangs, the viewpoint of Yin-Yang-Inside-Outside can be applied to the protagonist and antagonist muscles, giving a theoretic basis to the modern manual therapy. In the process to understand Positional Release Therapy and Muscle Energy Techniques in the viewpoint of Meridian Muscle, it turned out that the meridian muscle theory of Oriental Medicine which used to be known only in documents can well explain the movement mechanism of human body. The stress reaction through the reciprocal inhibition in Positional Release Therapy and Muscle Energy Techniques can also be understood with Yin-Yang-Inside-Outside.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.38 no.8 s.157
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• pp.675-689
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• 2005

In this paper, it was analyzed the variation of hydraulic characteristics through changing discharge at main channel and lateral channel and state of hydraulic structure at the natural channel junction by experiment. The experimental area is chosen at the channel junction of Nam-Han river and Pyeongchang river. The scale of the experiment is 1/200 in horizontal, and 1/66.7 in vortical, so the distoration rate is 3. From the experiment, the reduction effect of the water level is $12\%$ in the case of removing intank dam, and $5\%$ at the hydro-electronic dam removing case. Furthermore, in the case of two hydraulic structures removing, the reduction effect of water level is $18\%$ at the channel junction. Also, the stagnation zone, which is cased diminution of the channel at the junction, is decreasing through removing the structures.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.1678-1727
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• 2006

This study was perfromed to develop the assessment guideline and endpoints for clinical trial with anticancer herbal medicine. The botanical products used to humans for long time may be applied to phase 3 clinical trial after submitting the evidences for safety and efficacy of them or completion of basic requirement of phase 1 and phase 2 for safety confirmation and dose determination. Syndrome improvement was chiefly evaluated by Zubrod and karnofsky(%) methods. We suggest the general clinical trial assessment with botanical products, by following assessment points, that is, tumor size for 50 points, survival fate for 10 points, major syndromes for 40 points. It is recommendable that the each symptom of Qi deficiency syndrome, blood deficiency syndrome and Qi stagnation syndrome was allocated by assessment points, Similarly, the each symptom was given the assessment points according to the severity of symptom, for example, slight for 3 points, moderate for 2 points and severe for 1 point in hepatocelluar carcinoma and lung cancer. Then, the efficacy of botanical products was evaluated by the difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment. Asking the neoplastic patients of questionnaire on physical, emotional, cognitive, social and role subjects availability, three more syndromes (Fatigue, Pain and Nausea/Vomit), quality of life(QOL) will be evaluated by GLM statistics. In addition, in case of lung cancer, 13 questions will be asked by the EORTC QLQ-C13 forms. As the assessment of endpoints for efficacy to reduce side effects induced by chemotherapy and radiotherapy, the data of image scanning and hemato-urinalysis can be usefully applied on immune response, weight loss, indigestion, hemopoietic damage and injury of liver and kidney, while the changes of syndromes of side effect can be evaluated by differentiation methods of Qi and blood and five viscera. However, it is still necessary to determine the ratio between scientific analytical method and Oriental differentiation method as well as confirm the Oriental assessment endpoints by clinical trial. In addition, we suggest the continuous development of assessment endpoints on other carcinomas except of hepatocelluar carcinoma and lung cancer in future.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.38 no.12
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• pp.1009-1015
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• 2014

The present study investigated the effects of non-equilibrium condensation with the angle of attack on the coefficients of pressure, lift, and drag in the transonic 2-D flow of NACA0012 by numerical analysis of the total variation diminishing (TVD) scheme. At $T_0=298k$ and ${\alpha}=3^{\circ}$, the lift coefficients for $M_{\infty}=0.78$ and 0.81 decreased monotonically with increasing ${\Phi}_0$. In contrast, for $M_{\infty}$ corresponding to the Mach number of the force break, $C_L$ increased with ${\Phi}_0$. For ${\alpha}=3^{\circ}$ and ${\Phi}_0=0%$, $C_D$ increased markedly as $M_{\infty}$ increased. However, at ${\Phi}_0=60%$ and ${\alpha}=3^{\circ}$, which corresponded to the case of the condensation having a large influence, $C_D$ increased slightly as $M_{\infty}$ increased. The decrease in profile drag by non-equilibrium condensation grew as the angle of attack and stagnation relative humidity increased for the same free stream transonic Mach number. At ${\Phi}_0=0%$, the coefficient of the wave drag increased with the attack angle and free stream Mach number. When ${\Phi}_0$ > 50%, the coefficient of the wave drag decreased as ${\alpha}$ and $M_{\infty}$ increased. Lowering ${\Phi}_0$ and increasing $M_{\infty}$ increased the maximum Mach number.