• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.43-59
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• 1977

The Community Health Service considers the family as a service unit and places the emphasis of its service on the health problems and the nursing needs of the family rather than the individual. From the conceptual point of view that tile community health service is both health maintenance and health promotion of the family, the community health nurse should have a knowledge of the growth and development of the family and be responsible for the comprehensive support of normal family development. The community health nurse often is in a position to make a real contribution to normal family development. In order to investigate the relationship between the areas of nursing need and family development, the following objectives were established 1. To discover the general characteristics of the study population by the stage of family development. 2. To discover specific nursing needs in relation to the family developmental stage, and to determine the intensity of the nursing needs and the ability of the family to cope with these needs. 3. To discover overall family health nursing problems in relation to the family developmental stage and determine the intensity of the nursing need and the problem solving ability of family. Definitions : The family developmental stages as classified by Dually were used stage 1. Married couples(without children) stage 2. Childbearing Families (oldest child birth to 30 months of age) stage 3. Families with preschool children (oldest child 2½-to 6 years) stage 4. Families with schoolchildren (oldest child 6 to 13 years). stage 5. Families with teenagers (oldest child 13 to 20 years) stage 6. Families as launching centers (first child gone to last child′s leaving home). stage 7. Middle- aged parents (empty nest to retirement) stage 8. Aging family member (retirement to death of both spouses) The areas of nursing need were defined as those used in the study, "A Comprehensive Study about Health and Nursing Need and a Social Diagram of the Community", by tile Nursing research Institute and Center for population. and Family Planning, July 1974. The study population defiled and selected were 260 nuclear families ill two myron of Kang Hwa Island. Percent, mean value and F- test were utilized in tile statistical analysis of the study result. Findings : 1. General characteristics of the study population by tile family developmental stage ; 1)The study population was distributed by the family developmental stage as follows : stage 1 : 3 families stage 2 : 13 families stage 3 : 24 families stage 4 : 41 families stage 5 : 50 families stage 6 : 106 families stage 7 : 13 families stage 8 : 10 families 2) Most families had 4 or 5 members except for those in stage, 1, 7, and 8. 3) The parents′ present age was older in the higher developmental stage and their age at marriage was also younger in the higher developmental stages. 4) The educational level of parents was primarily less than elementary school irrespective of the developmental stage. 5) More than half of parents′ occupations were listed as laborers irrespective of the developmental stage, 6) More than half of the parents were atheists irrespective of the developmental stage. 7) The higher the developmental stage(from stage 2 to stage 6 ), the wider the distribution of children′s ages. 8) More than half of the families were of middle or lower socio-economic level. 2. Problems in specific areas of nursing need by family developmental stage, the intensity of nursing need and the problem solving ability of the family : 1) As a whole, many problems, irrespective of the developmental stage, occurred in tile areas of Housing and Sanitation, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping, Preventive Measures and Dental care. Problems occurring ill particular stages included the following ; stage 1 : Prevention of Accident stage 2 : Preventive Vaccination, Family Planning. stage 3 : Preventive Vaccination, Maternal Health, Family Planning, Health of Infant and Preschooler. stage 4, 5 : Preventive Vaccination, Family Planning, Health of School Children. stage 6 : Preventive Vaccination, Health of School Children. 2) The intensity of the nursing need in the area of Acute and Chronic Diseases was generally of moderate degree or above irrespective of the developmental stages except for stage 1. Other areas of need listed as moderate or above were found in the following stages: stage 1 : Maternal Health stage 3 . Horsing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident. stage 4 . Housing and Sanitation. stage 5 : Housing and Sanitation, Diagnostic and Medical Care. stage 6 : Diagnostic and Medical care stage 7 : Diagnostic and Medical Care, Housekeeping. stage 8 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Dental Care, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping. 3) Areas of need with moderate problem solving ability or less were as follows : stage 1 : Diagnostic and Medical Care, Maternal Health. stage 2 : Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Dental Care. stage 3 : Housing and Sanitation, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Maternal Health, Health of Infant and preschooler, Eating Patterns. stage 4 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Maternal Health, Health of New Born, Health of Infant and Preschooler, Health of school Children, Eating Patterns, Housekeeping. stage 5 . Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measure, Dental Care, Preventive Vaccination, Maternal Health, Eating Patterns. stage 7, 8 : Housing and Sanitation, Prevention of Accident, Acute and Chronic Disease, Diagnostic and Medical Care, Preventive Measures, Dental Care, Preventive Vaccination, Eating Patterns , Housekeeping. Problem occurrence, the degree of nursing need and the degree of problem solving ability 1 nursing need areas for the family as a whole were as follows : 1) The higher the stages(except stage 1 ), the lower the rate of problem occurrence. 2) The higher the stage becomes, the lower the intensity of the nursing need becomes. 3) The higher the stages (except stages 7 and 8), the higher. the problem solving ability. Conclusions ; 1) When the nursing care plan for the family is drawn up, depending upon the stage of family development, higher priority should be give to nursing need areas ① at which problems were shown to occur ② where the nursing need is shown to be above moderate degree and ③ where the problem solving ability was shown to be of moderate degree. 2) The priority of the nursing service should be Placed ① not on those families in the high developmental stage but on those families in the low developmental stage ② and on those areas of need shown in stages 7 and 8 where the degree nursing need was high and the ability to cope low.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.887-890
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• 2014

This study was undertaken to compare surgical outcomes and survival rates of patients with the 2009 International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) stage IIA1 versus IIA2 cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy (RHPL). Patients with stage IIA cervical cancer undergoing primary RHPL between January 2003 and December 2012 at Chiang Mai University Hospital were retrospectively reviewed. The analysis included clinicopathologic variables, i.e. nodal metastasis, parametrial involvement, positive surgical margins, deep stromal invasion (DSI)), lymph-vascular space invasion (LVSI), adjuvant treatment, and 5-year survival. The chi square test, Kaplan-Meier method and log-rank test were used for statistical analysis. During the study period, 133 women with stage IIA cervical cancer, 101 (75.9 %) stage IIA1, and 32 (24.1 %) stage IIA2 underwent RHPL. The clinicopathologic variables of stage IIA1 compared with stage IIA2 were as follows: nodal metastasis (38.6% vs 40.6%, p=0.84), parametrial involvement (10.9% vs 15.6%, p=0.47), positive surgical margins (31.7% vs 31.3%, p=1.0), DSI (39.6% vs 53.1%, p=0.18), LVSI (52.5% vs 71.9%, p=0.05) and adjuvant radiation (72.3% vs 84.4%, p=0.33). With a median follow-up of 60 months, the 5-year disease-free survival (84.6% vs 88.7%, p=0.67) and the 5-year overall survival (83.4% vs 90.0%, P=0.49) did not significantly differ between stage IIA1 and stage IIA2 cervical cancer. In conclusion, patients with stage IIA1 and stage IIA2 cervical cancer have comparable rates of locoregional spread and survival. The need for receiving adjuvant radiation was very high in both substages. The revised 2009 FIGO system did not demonstrate significant survival differences in stage IIA cervical cancer treated with radical hysterectomy. Concurrent chemoradiation should be considered a more suitable treatment for patients with stage IIA cervical cancer.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.201-210
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• 1986

The cycle of the seminiferous epithelia in the testis of mature Korean native cattle was divided into twelve stages, using criteria the morphological changes in the acrosomic system and the nuclei of developing spematids and germ cells. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The minimum number of tripe A spermatogonia were the average of 1.8 in both at stages I and VI, while maximum numbers were the average of 4.2 at stage XII. Some type A spermatogonia divided at stage XII to produce the type intermediate(IN) spermatogonia at following stage I. The intermediate type spermatogonia divided at stage IV to produce the type B spermatogonia at stage V. 2. The type B spermatogonia divided at stage VII to produce the preleptotene primary spermatocytes at stage XII. The pachytene primary spermatocytes divided at stage XI to produce the secondary spermatocytes at stage VII. The secondary spermatocytes observed at stag XII divided to give rise to the round spermatids at following stage I. Each numbers of the first spermatocytes and of spermatids were almost constant, respectively, through the cycle of the seminiferous epitherium. 3. The relative frequencies of each stage among stages I to XII of the cycle of the seminiferous epithelia were 6.1, 3.7, 5.2, 7.8, 2.2. 3.3, 13.8, 18.4, 11.8, 7.2, 18.1% and 2.4%, respectively.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.163-173
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• 2019

Simon's two-stage designs are frequently used in phase II single-arm trials for efficacy studies. A concern of safety studies is too many patients who experience an adverse event. We show that Simon's two-stage designs for efficacy studies can be similarly used to design a two-stage safety study by modifying some of the design parameters. Given the type I and II error rates and the proportion of adverse events experienced in the first stage cohort, we prescribe a procedure whether to terminate the trial or proceed with a stage 2 trial by recruiting additional patients. We study the relationship between a two-stage design with a safety endpoint and an efficacy endpoint as well as use simulation studies to ascertain their properties. We provide a real-life application and a free R package gen2stage to facilitate direct use of two-stage designs in a safety study.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.408-414
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• 1988

This thesis is 2nd thesis from "Mechanism of Intercalation Compounds in Graphite with Hydrogen sulfate(J. Korea Cer. Soc. Vol. 22. No.6, 1985). We have oxidized natural Graphite flakes(0.1~0.2mm., Kropfm hl passau in Deutchland. S40) with a solution of CrO3 in H2SO4. Whilst persulfate ions were intercalated, too, below 7$^{\circ}C$, no evidence for intercalation of a peroxo compound was found at 22$^{\circ}C$. The reaction was interrupted after various times by filtering and washing with concentrated H2SO4. X-ray diffraction showed that the 2nd stage compound had already been formed after 2 minutes. We could only follow further oxidation to the blue stage compound which was completed after 35 minutes. We have found six distinct intermediate stage between 2nd stage and 1 stage. Experiments are described on the formation of intermediate stage color and X-ray diffraction analysis.ysis.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.554-564
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• 2002

A newly designed combustion chamber of diesel engine with a modified piston crown was prepared for the purpose of investigation for reduction of NO emission. It was intended to realize 2-stage combustion that is to keep fuel rich condition during early stage of combustion and fuel lean condition during next stage. The engine was tested on various conditions concerning exhaust gas emissions especially about NO emission and simultaneously fuel consumption rate. It was found that the engine with 2-stage combustion type piston emits significantly low NO at various speed and torque compared with conventional engines, but it raised points at issue in CO and smoke emissions with fuel consumption rate. The increasing of injection pressure on 2 stage combustion type diesel engine affects on CO and smoke emission considerably to reduce but slightly on NO to increase. The effect of 2-stage combustion was better at low speed than at high speed.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.30-35
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• 2011

This paper describes experimental study and performance improvement of 2 stage Gifford-McMahon (G-M) type pulse tube cryocooler for cryopump. The objective of this study is to improve the efficiency of 2 stage pulse tube cryocooler for substituting 2 stage G-M cryocooler used in cryopump. The target cooling capacities are 5 W at 20 K and 35 W at 80 K for the $1^{st}$ and the $2^{nd}$ stage, respectively. These values are good cooling capacities for vacuum level in medium size ICP 200 cryopump. Design of the 2 stage pulse tube cryocooler is conducted by FZKPTR(Forschungs Zentrum Karlsruhe Pulse Tube Refrigerator) program. In order to improve the performance of 2 stage pulse tube cryocooler, U-type pulse tube cryocooler is fabricated and connecting tubes are minimized for reducing dead volumes and pressure losses. Also, to get larger capacities, orifice valves and double inlet valves are optimized and the compressor of 6 kW is used. On the latest unit, the lowest temperatures of 2 stage pulse tube cryocooler are 42 K ($1^{st}$ stage) and 8.3 K ($2^{nd}$ stage) and the cooling capacities are 40 W at 82.9 K ($1^{st}$ stage) and 10 W at 20.5 K ($2^{nd}$ stage) with 6.0 kW of compressor input power. This pulse tube cryocooler is suited for commercial medium size cryopump. In performance test of cryopump with 2 stage pulse tube cryocooler, pumping speed for gaseous nitrogen is 4,300 L/s and the ultimate vacuum pressure is $7.5{\times}10^{-10}$ mbar.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.29-33
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• 2010

The experimental results of the 2 stage Gifford-McMahon(GM) type pulse tube refrigerator (PTR) or cryopump are presented in this paper. The objectives of his study are to develop design technology of the integral type 2 stage PTR which rotary valve is directly connected to he hot end of the regenerator and acquire its improved performance. Design of the 2 stage PTR is conducted by FZKPTR(Forschungs Zentrum Karlsruhe Pulse Tube Refrigerator) program for the design of pulse tube refrigerators. The fabricated PTR has U-type configuration and incorporates orifice valve, double-inlet valve and reservoir as phase control mechanism. Rotary valve is used to make pulsating pressure and is directly connected to inlet of $1^{st}$ stage regenerator. From experiments, cooling performance map and pressure waveform at each point were measured for different operating frequencies. Experimental results show the best cooling performance with 2 Hz operation in spite of small pressure amplitude. The lowest temperatures of the 2 stage PTR were 16.9 K at the second stage and 58.0 K at the first stage. The cooling capacities achieved were 14.4 W at 79 K, the first stage and 3.6 W at 29 K, the second stage.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.83-92
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• 2002

Purpose: This study was performed to identify the process of change, decisional balance and self-efficacy corresponding to the stage of exercise behavior using Transtheoretical Model in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Method: The study method was a survey in 100 type 2 DM patients at out-patients clinic of Y medical center from March 19, 2000 to October 30, 2000. Result: The results were as follows: The subjects were divided into five stages of exercise behavior ; 15.0% in pre-contemplation stage, 33.0% in contemplation stage, 17.0% in preparation stage, 16.0% in action stage and 19.0% in maintenance stage. The subjects in pre-contemplation stage used all processes of change in the least. "Dramatic relief(DR)", "Environmental reevaluation(ER)" and "Self reevaluation(SR)" were identified as main processes of change in contemplation stage. "Consciousness raising(CR)", "DR" were used higher than average in preparation stage. Helping relationships(HR)", "CR", "ER", "SR", "Social liberation(SL)", "Counter conditioning (CC)", "Reinforcement management(RM)", "Self iberation(SEL)" and "Stimulus control(SC)" were used higher than average in action stage. The subjects in maintenance stage used all process of change the highest except "DR"and "HR". "Cons" score of decisional balance was the highest in pre-contemplation stage, "Pros" score was the highest in action stage and "Self-efficacy" score was the highest in maintenance stage. Conclusion: This study can provide the basis of staged matching exercise program using TTM for more effective and useful intervention.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.177-192
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• 2011

Hollow fiber membrane using CTA polymers were prepared by the phase separation method for the separation and purification of biogas and the hollow fiber gas separation membrane modules with the effective surface area of 0.17 $m^2$ were prepared. The pure gas permeation properties of membrane modules for methane, oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured. The permeance of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$were 0.46 GPU and 18.52 GPU, respectively, therefore, the high $CO_2$/$CH_4$ selectivity of 40.4 was obtained. The separation and purification test for 4 different simulated mixed gases were carried out after the pure gas test and the gas concentration and flux of the permeate at the various stage-cut were measured from the 1 stage, 2 stage, and 3 stage cascade of membrane modules. In the 1 stage test, the concentration of $CH_4$ increased as the increase of the stage-cut, while the $CH_4$ recovery efficiency ratio decreased. In the 2 stage test, the $CH_4$ recovery efficiency ratio increased compared to the 1 stage. The 3 stage test was employed to reduce the loss of $CH_4$ in biogas and the result showed less than 5% of $CH_4$ recovery loss.