• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.55-76
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• 2012

Regardless of which country, all public libraries need facilities, collections, and funds. But how well the library system succeeds depends on the staff committed to providing the highest possible level of service to the community. The public library, therefore, should employ the appropriate number of full-time staff. In order to warrant such a work force, this study analyzed the juridical justification, logical validity, realistic fitness, and usefulness of current legal and recommended staffing standards. This study also suggested the revisions of total space of buildings and collection size as crucial variables for library staffing, division of legal service populations, basic staffing level, and additional staff in proportion to service populations for public libraries in Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.209-219
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• 2016

Purpose: To analyze the proportion of medical institutions meeting the legal standard for nurse staffing. Methods: Data collected from 29,282 institutions between 1996 and 2013 were analyzed. Nurse staffing was measured as daily patient census per registered nurse (RN). The standard for general hospitals, hospitals, and clinics is 2.5 or less, and that for long-term care hospitals is 6.0 or less of the daily patient census per RN. Clinics may substitute nursing assistants for RNs by 50% or 100% depending on their daily inpatient census; long-term care hospitals may substitute nursing assistants for RNs by two thirds of the required number of RNs. Results: The proportion of general hospitals, hospitals, clinics, and long-term care hospitals meeting the standards was 63%, 19%, 63%, and 94%, respectively, in 2013. While general hospitals had an increase in the proportion during the 1996-2013 period, small changes were found in hospitals and clinics. In 2013, nurses were estimated to care for 16 (interquartile range: 12~24) patients per shift in general hospitals. Three quarters of clinics had no RNs in 2013. Conclusion: Many medical institutions did not meet the legally mandated minimum staffing level. The government must implement policy actions for all medical institutions to meet the legal standards.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.380-389
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• 2013

The nurse staffing level in the acute care hospitals affects patient safety and performance, and the nurse staffing legislation can be an important tool to guarantee the minimum nurse staffing. In Korea, although the medical law suggests the nurse staffing standards, it is necessary to revise the medical law for quality of nursing care and patient safety. Firstly, the nurse staffing standards in the current medical law enacted in 1962 needs to be revised to reflect changes in health care environment. Secondly, legal nurse staffing standards in the medical law are the minimum nurse staffing that medical institutions should comply with and thus must be managed so that all medical institutions should abide by them. Thirdly, the nurse staffing standards should apply on the basis of RN-to-patient ratios per shift in order to help patients understanding and ensure the easy management. Fourthly, the information of nursing staff level by the nursing unit and nursing shift in hospitals shall be released.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.183-201
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine the current staffing practices in public libraries and to analyze the relevance of legal standards of public library staffing. It analyzed the national library statistical data to obtain the national average staffing rate, reviewed related literature to understand the rationales that established the key attributes that construct the current legal standards, and compared the placement rates of the three standards, namely the current legal standards, Korean Library Association's standards, and IFLA staffing standards, to determine the optimacy of the legal standards. It found the current placement rate in the legal standard was only 18.2%, marking the lowest rates among the three compared standards, indicating the current legal standards being unnecessarily high. The study attributes the problem to the structure of the current legal standards that calculate the staffing size based on the building and collection size rather than service populations. The findings of this study suggest a revision of the current standard based on service population while retaining the minimum staffing of three librarians even the smallest public library unit.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.399-412
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• 1996

Even though Korean medical law stipulates that number of patients attended by a nurse is 2.5 for hospitalization and 30 for ambulatory care, the number of patients cared by a nurse per day is much greater than the standard prescribed by the medical law. Current nursing productivity of nurses is not desirable unless the quality of care considered. Moreover. nursing manpower staffing based on neither current nurses' productivity nor standard of medical law cannot respond properly to dynamic situation of the medical services. As for the nurse scheduling, the critical problem of it in the hospital is determining the day-to-day shift assignments for each nurse for the specified period in a way that satisfies the given requirements of the hospital. Nurse scheduling, however, involves many factors and requirements, manual scheduling requires much time and effort to produce an adequate schedule. Under these backgrounds, the necessity of more efficient management of nursing manpower occupying 1/3 of total hospital workers has been recognized by many nursing administrators. This study was performed to develop a system computerizing nurse staffing and scheduling based on the patient classification. As a preliminary step for the system development, nursing workload in a secondary hospital was measured from Sep. to Oct. 1994. On the grounds of this result, computerization of nurse staffing and scheduling was proceeded with three options. First one is based on the current medical law. Second one is based on the assigned number of nursing staff. And the last is based on the request by patient classification. Computer languages used in this study were MS Visual Basic 3.0 for the staffing and Access 2.0 for the scheduling, respectively. Prospective users may operate this system easily because icons and mouse are used for easier graphic user interface and reducing the need for typing efforts. This system can help nurse administrators manage nursing manpower efficiently and nurses develop quick and easy schedule generation and allow more time for the patient care.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.354-362
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• 1998

The purposes of this study were to develop standardized indices of staffing needs in each school, foodservice system through work sampling methodology . Conventional school foodservices were classified into 5 groups depending on size of meals served. Commissary school foodservices were also classified into 5 groups by cluster analysis using number of meals served, number of satellite schools, and time for transportation of food. Work measurement through work sampling methodology was conducted in 15 conventional and 21 commissary foodservices during 3 consecutive days from September to October in 1995. Statistical data analysis was completed using the SAS programs for descriptive analysis, cluster analysis, and simple linear regression. The results were as follows : Average points of leveling factors of conventional and commissary foodservices were 1.066 and 1.061 , respectively. Mean labor hours per work force was 328 minutes and 366 minutes in conventional and commissary foodservice , respectively. Standardized work time was calculated using leveling factor, ILO allowance rate (175) , and observational work time. The model for standardized indices of staffing needs was developed based on simple linear regression in each school foodservice system. In conventional school foodservice systems(for 100-1,900 meals per day) standardized staffing needs=3.2497 +0.005267$\times$number of meals served (F=273.1, R-square 0.9750, p<0.001). In commissary school foodservice systems (for 200-1,600 meals per day ) Standardized staffing needs=3.393384 +0.0063$\times$number of meals served (F=30.78, R-square 0.6580, p<0.001).

• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.312-326
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• 2023

Purpose: This study attempted to analyze the staffing level and critical care nursing fees of intensive care units at tertiary and general hospitals and to provide a professional judgment-based recommendation on staffing level and critical care nursing fee schedules. Methods: Staffing grades and critical care nursing fee schedules for the first quarter of 2017~2020 and the fourth quarter of 2020~2022 were analyzed. A survey was conducted on nursing managers and nurses about the current and appropriate staffing levels. A total of 77 nurse managers and 708 nurses working in Intensive Care Unit(ICU)s at tertiary and general hospitals participated in the study. Results: Grade 1 staffing increased from 25.6% in 2017 to 92.1% in 2022 at tertiary hospitals and from 0.8% in 2017 to 28.4% in 2022 at general hospitals. The current staffing ratios of tertiary and general hospitals were 1:2.21 and 1:2.77, respectively. The appropriate staffing ratio according to nurse managers and nurses was 1:1.00 in patients with more than a ventilator application and 1:2.00 in patients without any ventilator application in tertiary hospitals, and it was 1:1.25 in patients with more than a ventilator application and 1:2.00 in patients without any ventilator application in general hospitals, respectively. Conclusion: The appropriate staffing level was suggested from 1:1.0 to 1:2.0. The new nursing fee schedules were suggested from 1:1.0 (Grade 1) to 1:3.0 (Grade 5) and recommended to be paid based on the staffing grade, minimum number of nurses, and standard annual working days. It is expected to increase staffing levels and provide a better nursing work environment.

• Journal of Korean Critical Care Nursing
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.1-11
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• 2021

Purpose : The aim of this study was to propose appropriate nurse staffing of adult intensive care units considering patients' nursing care needs according to the Workload Management System for Critical Care Nurses (WMSCN). Methods : In a cross-sectional survey conducted in September 2017, 1,786 patients' WMSCN scores, surveys from 2,145 nurses, and administrative data from 118 units in 41 hospitals were analyzed. The means (standard deviations) of the aforementioned scores and nursing hours per patient day were presented. Nurse-to-patient ratios and nurse-to bed ratios for staffing to meet patients' nursing care needs were calculated. Results : The mean WMSCN scores were 109.50±17.17 in tertiary hospitals and 96.38±19.26 in general hospitals. Nursing hours per patient day were 12.47±2.80 in tertiary hospitals and 11.01±2.45 in general hospitals. Nursing hours per patient day correlated with WMSCN scores. Nurse-to-bed ratios required for the provision of ICU nursing care ranged from 1: 0.36 to 1: 0.48. Conclusion : Our findings provide evidence that current ICU nurse staffing is insufficient for meeting patients' nursing care needs. We suggest adjusting the legal standards for adequate nurse staffing considering these needs.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.73-95
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• 2011

The success or failure of the public library system depends upon the effective management of the human resources. It means that public library's staff is the most important resource in the operation and delivery of services. In order to provide the best service to the community, therefore, it is necessary to maintain excellent staff to make effective use of the information resources of the library and to meet the demands of the community. The goal of this study is to compare and analyse the staff standards and guidelines of public libraries in international organizations(IFLA/UNESCO, ISO), major developed countries(USA, UK, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, Japan), and Korea. In addition, the implications derived from this study will be used to provide a valuable theoretical background and rationale for the future research.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.5-28
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• 2011

The ultimate mission of the university library is to provide the various information services in support of the teaching, research, and public service missions of the university. The achievement of the mission requires the optimal development and timely revision of university library standard that can be used as an operating guidelines and assessment tools. On the basis of this justification, this study has compared the trend and feature of library standards in major countries(USA, Canada, UK, Japan, Taiwan), analysed the problems and limitations of legal and recommended standards in Korea, and suggested the revised plan of Korean university library standard focusing on collections, staffs, and facilities.