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Analysis of Sensitivity to Prediction of Particulate Matters and Related Meteorological Fields Using the WRF-Chem Model during Asian Dust Episode Days (황사 발생 기간 동안 WRF-Chem 모델을 이용한 미세먼지 예측과 관련 기상장에 대한 민감도 분석)

  • Moon, Yun Seob;Koo, Youn Seo;Jung, Ok Jin
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.35 no.1
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    • pp.1-18
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    • 2014
  • The purpose of this study was to analyze the sensitivity of meteorological fields and the variation of concentration of particulate matters (PMs) due to aerosol schemes and dust options within the WRF-Chem model to estimate Asian dusts affected on 29 May 2008 in the Korean peninsula. The anthropogenic emissions within the model were adopted by the $0.5^{\circ}{\pm}0.5^{\circ}$ RETRO of the global emissions, and the photolysis option was by Fast-J photolysis. Also, three scenarios such as the RADM2 chemical mechanism and MADE/SORGAM aerosol, the MOSAIC 8 section aerosol, and the GOCART dust erosion were simulated for calculating Asian dust emissions. As a result, the scenario of the RADM2 chemical mechanism & MADE/SORGAM aerosol depicted higher concentration than the others' in both Asian dusts and the background concentration of PMs. By comparing of the daily mean of PM10 measured at each air quality monitoring site in Seoul with the scenario results, the correlation coefficient was 0.67, and the root mean square error was $44{\mu}gm^{-3}$. In addition, the air temperature, the wind speed, the planetary boundary layer height, and the outgoing long-wave radiation were simulated under conditions of no chemical option with these three scenarios within the WRF or WRF-Chem model. Both the spatial distributions of the PBL height and the wind speed of u component among the meteorological factors were similar to those of the Asia dusts in range of 1,800-3,000 m and $2-16ms^{-1}$, respectively. And, it was shown that both scenarios of the RADM2 chemical mechanism and MADE/SORGAM aerosol and the GOCART dust erosion were interacted on-line between meteorological factors and Asian dusts or aerosols within the model because the outgoing long-wave radiation was changed to lower than the others.

Comparison of Multi-Satellite Sea Surface Temperatures and In-situ Temperatures from Ieodo Ocean Research Station (이어도 해양과학기지 관측 수온과 위성 해수면온도 합성장 자료와의 비교)

  • Woo, Hye-Jin;Park, Kyung-Ae;Choi, Do-Young;Byun, Do-Seung;Jeong, Kwang-Yeong;Lee, Eun-Il
    • Journal of the Korean earth science society
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    • v.40 no.6
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    • pp.613-623
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    • 2019
  • Over the past decades, daily sea surface temperature (SST) composite data have been produced using periodically and extensively observed satellite SST data, and have been used for a variety of purposes, including climate change monitoring and oceanic and atmospheric forecasting. In this study, we evaluated the accuracy and analyzed the error characteristic of the SST composite data in the sea around the Korean Peninsula for optimal utilization in the regional seas. We evaluated the four types of multi-satellite SST composite data including OSTIA (Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis), OISST (Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature), CMC (Canadian Meteorological Centre) SST, and MURSST (Multi-scale Ultra-high Resolution Sea Surface Temperature) collected from January 2016 to December 2016 by using in-situ temperature data measured from the Ieodo Ocean Research Station (IORS). Each SST composite data showed biases of the minimum of 0.12℃ (OISST) and the maximum of 0.55℃ (MURSST) and root mean square errors (RMSE) of the minimum of 0.77℃ (CMC SST) and the maximum of 0.96℃ (MURSST) for the in-situ temperature measurements from the IORS. Inter-comparison between the SST composite fields exhibited biases of -0.38-0.38℃ and RMSE of 0.55-0.82℃. The OSTIA and CMC SST data showed the smallest error while the OISST and MURSST data showed the most obvious error. The results of comparing time series by extracting the SST data at the closest point to the IORS showed that there was an apparent seasonal variation not only in the in-situ temperature from the IORS but also in all the SST composite data. In spring, however, SST composite data tended to be overestimated compared to the in-situ temperature observed from the IORS.

The changes in signal-averaged electrocardiogram after surgical correction of congenital heart disease (선천성 심장병의 개심술 후 신호 평준화 심전도의 변화)

  • Kim, Yeo Hyang;Choe, Hee Jung;Kim, Gun Jik;Cho, Joon Yong;Hyun, Myung Chul;Lee, Sang Bum
    • Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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    • v.52 no.12
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    • pp.1364-1369
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    • 2009
  • Purpose : To analyze abnormal ventricular activation in childhood congenital heart disease induced by postoperative changes in ventricular volume and pressure and ventricular scar formation using signal-averaged electrocardiography (SAECG). Methods : Fifty-two patients who had undergone open heart surgery (OHS) were enrolled. Patients were divided into the following 3 groups: right ventricular volume overload (atrial septal defect, group1), left ventricular volume overload (ventricular septal defect, group2), and right ventricular pressure overload (tetralogy of Fallot, group 3). The patients were monitored by standard 12-lead ECG and SAECG before and 2 months after the operation. QRS duration, QT and QTc intervals, filtered QRS (f-QRS), high frequency low amplitude potential (HFLA), and root mean square (RMS) voltage in the terminal 40 ms of SAECG were determined. Results : In the preoperative period, group1 showed significant increase in QRS (P=0.011) compared to those of the other 2 groups. In the postoperative period, group3 showed significant increase in the QTc interval (P=0.004) compared to those in the other 2 groups. SAECG parameters showed no significant differences among the groups in the pre- or postoperative period. Of the 52 patients, 12 (23%) in the preoperative period and 21 (40%) in the postoperative period had at least 1 SAECG abnormality. The prevalence of SAECG abnormalities was significantly higher in the postoperative group 2 and group 3 (preoperative: 20% versus postoperative: 28%, P<0.001, preoperative: 14% versus postoperative: 64%, P<0.001, respectively). Conclusion : Abnormal SAECG patterns may be attributed to postoperative scars, OHS itself, and/or ventricular overload.

A Study on Retrieval of Storage Heat Flux in Urban Area (우리나라 도심지에서의 저장열 산출에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Darae;Kim, Honghee;Lee, Sang-Hyun;Lee, Doo-Il;Hong, Jinkyu;Hong, Je-Woo;Lee, Keunmin;Lee, Kyeong-sang;Seo, Minji;Han, Kyung-Soo
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.34 no.2_1
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    • pp.301-306
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    • 2018
  • Urbanization causes urban floods and urban heat island in the summer, so it is necessary to understanding the changes of the thermal environment through urban climate and energy balance. This can be explained by the energy balance, but in urban areas, unlike the typical energy balance, the storage heat flux saved in the building or artificial land cover should be considered. Since the environment of each city is different, there is a difficulty in applying the method of retrieving the storage heat flux of the previous research. Especially, most of the previous studies are focused on the overseas cities, so it is necessary to study the storage heat retrieval suitable for various land cover and building characteristics of the urban areas in Korea. Therefore, the object of this study, it is to derive the regression formula which can quantitatively retrieve the storage heat using the data of the area where various surface types exist. To this end, nonlinear regression analysis was performed using net radiation and surface temperature data as independent variables and flux tower based storage heat estimates as dependent variables. The retrieved regression coefficients were applied to each independent variable to derive the storage heat retrieval regression formula. As a result of time series analysis with flux tower based storage heat estimates, it was well simulated high peak at day time and the value at night. Moreover storage heat retrieved in this study was possible continuous retrieval than flux tower based storage heat estimates. As a result of scatter plot analysis, accuracy of retrieved storage heat was found to be significant at $50.14Wm^{-2}$ and bias $-0.94Wm^{-2}$.

Climate Change Impact on Nonpoint Source Pollution in a Rural Small Watershed (기후변화에 따른 농촌 소유역에서의 비점오염 영향 분석)

  • Hwang, Sye-Woon;Jang, Tae-Il;Park, Seung-Woo
    • Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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    • v.8 no.4
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    • pp.209-221
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    • 2006
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of climate change on the nonpoint source pollution in a small watershed using a mid-range model. The study area is a basin in a rural area that covers 384 ha with a composition of 50% forest and 19% paddy. The hydrologic and water quality data were monitored from 1996 to 2004, and the feasibility of the GWLF (Generalized Watershed Loading function) model was examined in the agricultural small watershed using the data obtained from the study area. As one of the studies on climate change, KEI (Korea Environment Institute) has presented the monthly variation ratio of rainfall in Korea based on the climate change scenario for rainfall and temperature. These values and observed daily rainfall data of forty-one years from 1964 to 2004 in Suwon were used to generate daily weather data using the stochastic weather generator model (WGEN). Stream runoff was calibrated by the data of $1996{\sim}1999$ and was verified in $2002{\sim}2004$. The results were determination coeff, ($R^2$) of $0.70{\sim}0.91$ and root mean square error (RMSE) of $2.11{\sim}5.71$. Water quality simulation for SS, TN and TP showed $R^2$ values of 0.58, 0.47 and 0.62, respectively, The results for the impact of climate change on nonpoint source pollution show that if the factors of watershed are maintained as in the present circumstances, pollutant TN loads and TP would be expected to increase remarkably for the rainy season in the next fifty years.

Research on the Effect of the Control Methods of Irrigation Water on the Growth and Yield of Paddy Rice. (한발기에 있어서 용수관리 방법이 수도생육과 그 수량에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • 김시원
    • Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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    • v.13 no.1
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    • pp.2177-2190
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    • 1971
  • This experiment was made to determienthe effect of various soil moisture contents in simulated drought conditions on different stages of rice growth. The drought conditions were developed at such three rice-growing stages as transplanting, immediately after transplanting and young ear forming. Three different lengths of drought periods, which are ten days, twenty days and thirty days, were applied for each growing stage of rice. The rice variety used this experiment is Nong-rim 29. This experiment was conducted at the university farm of the Kon-Kuk University during the period of $1968{\sim}1970$. Three reprications for each of 12 treatments and split plot design were employed in this study. Bottomless wood square boxes, $1^m{\times}1^m{\times}1^m$, were burried in the test plot and box top was covered with poloyethylene sheets to avoid natural rainfall drops. Standard plots were irrigated continuously with a water depth of 40mm/day and those of drought treatments were irrigated continuously up to the beginning of the planned drought period, and they were irrigated again with a depth of 40mm/day up to the maturing stage of rice. Other methods for rice raising followed those methods developed by the Field Crops Experiment Station of the Office of Rural Development. During this experiments, climatic conditions in regard to rainfalls, sunshine hours, and temperatures were observed. According to this observation, those values measured deviate slightly from the annual means. However the growing condition of rice plants were normal. The pH value of irritation water is nearly neutral, and soils in the test plots are relatively fertile, being similar to ordinary paddy soils. Analysis of variances for number of stalks, plan-height, ear sprouting date, length of stalks, ear length, number of ears per plant, fertility, grain weitght, weight of plant, and yield were carried out. The variances for plant height, ear sprouting date, length of stalk ear length, and yield has statistical significance under drought treatments applied at three different growing stages. The variance showing the effect of lengths of drought period is highly significant for all the treatments studied except that of grain weight. The interaction between drought periods and drought treatments at different growing stages is significant for plant height, stalk length, ear length, number of ears, fertility and yield, these results indicated that droughts at different growing stages have influence on plant height, ear length, yield, and length of drought period also has strong influence on all factors studied except grain weight. The combination of drought treatments at different rice growing stages and lengths of drought periods has different effects on various agronomic characteristics, including yield. Plant height under drought treatment practiced at transplanting stage is the lowest, and drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting resulted in the least number of stalks. The effect of different lengths of drought periods on plant height and number of stalks depends signis ficantly on increasing days of drought. Ear sprouting date tends to be delayed for one or two days undedrought treatments at transplanting period and with increasing days of drought. Better yield is secured in drought treatment applied immediately after transplanting. Adverse effect war observed when drought treatment was applied at ear forming period. These effects may be attributed to the alternation of irrigation and drought causing vigorous root activity. In general, yield linearly decreases as the length of the drought period increases. The results obtained in this study demonstrate that, in order to mimimize damage due to drought, and, to save irrigation water, paddy fields, immediately after transplanting, may be not irrigated, since there is sufficient moisture in the soil, and that sufficient irrigation water should be applied again in the ear forming stage of rice plant.

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Estimation of Chlorophyll-a Concentrations in the Nakdong River Using High-Resolution Satellite Image (고해상도 위성영상을 이용한 낙동강 유역의 클로로필-a 농도 추정)

  • Choe, Eun-Young;Lee, Jae-Woon;Lee, Jae-Kwan
    • Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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    • v.27 no.5
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    • pp.613-623
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    • 2011
  • This study assessed the feasibility to apply Two-band and Three-band reflectance models for chlorophyll-a estimation in turbid productive waters whose scale is smaller and narrower than ocean using a high spatial resolution image. Those band ratio models were successfully applied to analyzing chlorophyll-a concentrations of ocean or coastal water using Moderate Imaging Spectroradiometer(MODIS), Sea-viewing Wide Field-fo-view Sensor(SeaWiFS), Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer(MERIS), etc. Two-band and Three-band models based on band ratio such as Red and NIR band were generally used for the Chl-a in turbid waters. Two-band modes using Red and NIR bands of RapidEye image showed no significant results with $R^2$ 0.38. To enhance a band ratio between absorption and reflection peak, We used red-edge band(710 nm) of RapidEye image for Twoband and Three-band models. Red-RE Two-band and Red-RE-NIR Three-band reflectance model (with cubic equation) for the RapidEye image provided significance performances with $R^2$ 0.66 and 0.73, respectively. Their performance showed the 'Approximate Prediction' with RPD, 1.39 and 1.29 and RMSE, 24.8, 22.4, respectively. Another three-band model with quadratic equation showed similar performances to Red-RE two-band model. The findings in this study demonstrated that Two-band and Three-band reflectance models using a red-edge band can approximately estimate chlorophyll-a concentrations in a turbid river water using high-resolution satellite image. In the distribution map of estimated Chl-a concentrations, three-band model with cubic equation showed lower values than twoband model. In the further works, quantification and correction of spectral interferences caused by suspended sediments and colored dissolved organic matters will improve the accuracy of chlorophyll-a estimation in turbid waters.

The Comparison of Existing Synthetic Unit Hydrograph Method in Korea (국내 기존 합성단위도 방법의 비교)

  • Jeong, Seong-Won;Mun, Jang-Won
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.34 no.6
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    • pp.659-672
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    • 2001
  • Generally, design flood for a hydraulic structure is estimated using statistical analysis of runoff data. However, due to the lack of runoff data, it is difficult that the statistical method is applied for estimation of design flood. In this case, the synthetic unit hydrograph method is used generally and the models such as NYMO method, Snyder method, SCS method, and HYMO method have been widely used in Korea. In this study, these methods and KICT method, which is developed in year 2000, are compared and analyzed in 10 study areas. Firstly, peak flow and peak time of representative unit hydrograph and synthetic unit hydrograph in study area are compared, and secondly, the shape of unit hydrograph is compared using a root mean square error(RMSE). In Nakayasu method developed in Japan, synthetic unit hydrograph is very different from peak flow, peak time, and the shape of representative unit hydrograph, and KICT method(2000) is superior to others. Also, KICT method(2000) is superior to others in the aspects of using hydrologic and topographical data. Therefore, Nakayasu method is not a proper in hydrological practice. Moreover, it is considered that KICT model is a better method for the estimation of design flood. However, if other model, i.e. SCS method, Nakayasu method, and HYMO method, is used, parameters or regression equations must be adjusted by analysis of real data in Korea.

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Validation of Extreme Rainfall Estimation in an Urban Area derived from Satellite Data : A Case Study on the Heavy Rainfall Event in July, 2011 (위성 자료를 이용한 도시지역 극치강우 모니터링: 2011년 7월 집중호우를 중심으로)

  • Yoon, Sun-Kwon;Park, Kyung-Won;Kim, Jong Pil;Jung, Il-Won
    • Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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    • v.47 no.4
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    • pp.371-384
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    • 2014
  • This study developed a new algorithm of extreme rainfall extraction based on the Communication, Ocean and Meteorological Satellite (COMS) and the Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission (TRMM) Satellite image data and evaluated its applicability for the heavy rainfall event in July-2011 in Seoul, South Korea. The power-series-regression-based Z-R relationship was employed for taking into account for empirical relationships between TRMM/PR, TRMM/VIRS, COMS, and Automatic Weather System(AWS) at each elevation. The estimated Z-R relationship ($Z=303R^{0.72}$) agreed well with observation from AWS (correlation coefficient=0.57). The estimated 10-minute rainfall intensities from the COMS satellite using the Z-R relationship generated underestimated rainfall intensities. For a small rainfall event the Z-R relationship tended to overestimated rainfall intensities. However, the overall patterns of estimated rainfall were very comparable with the observed data. The correlation coefficients and the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 10-minute rainfall series from COMS and AWS gave 0.517, and 3.146, respectively. In addition, the averaged error value of the spatial correlation matrix ranged from -0.530 to -0.228, indicating negative correlation. To reduce the error by extreme rainfall estimation using satellite datasets it is required to take into more extreme factors and improve the algorithm through further study. This study showed the potential utility of multi-geostationary satellite data for building up sub-daily rainfall and establishing the real-time flood alert system in ungauged watersheds.

Seasonal Variation of Thermal Effluents Dispersion from Kori Nuclear Power Plant Derived from Satellite Data (위성영상을 이용한 고리원자력발전소 온배수 확산의 계절변동)

  • Ahn, Ji-Suk;Kim, Sang-Woo;Park, Myung-Hee;Hwang, Jae-Dong;Lim, Jin-Wook
    • Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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    • v.17 no.4
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    • pp.52-68
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    • 2014
  • In this study, we investigated the seasonal variation of SST(Sea Surface Temperature) and thermal effluents estimated by using Landsat-7 ETM+ around the Kori Nuclear Power Plant for 10 years(2000~2010). Also, we analyzed the direction and range of thermal effluents dispersion by the tidal current and tide. The results are as follows, First, we figured out the algorithm to estimate SST through the linear regression analysis of Landsat DN(Digital Number) and NOAA SST. And then, the SST was verified by compared with the in situ measurement and NOAA SST. The determination coefficient is 0.97 and root mean square error is $1.05{\sim}1.24^{\circ}C$. Second, the SST distribution of Landsat-7 estimated by linear regression equation showed $12{\sim}13^{\circ}C$ in winter, $13{\sim}19^{\circ}C$ in spring, and $24{\sim}29^{\circ}C$ and $16{\sim}24^{\circ}C$ in summer and fall. The difference of between SST and thermal effluents temperature is $6{\sim}8^{\circ}C$ except for the summer season. The difference of SST is up to $2^{\circ}C$ in August. There is hardly any dispersion of thermal effluents in August. When it comes to the spread range of thermal effluents, the rise range of more than $1^{\circ}C$ in the sea surface temperature showed up to 7.56km from east to west and 8.43km from north to south. The maximum spread area was $11.65km^2$. It is expected that the findings of this study will be used as the foundational data for marine environment monitoring on the area around the nuclear power plant.