• 대기
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.533-540
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• 2014

Statistical forecast models for the prediction of the summertime Changma precipitation have been developed in this study. As effective predictors for the Changma precipitation, the springtime sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies over the North Atlantic (NA1), the North Pacific (NPC) and the tropical Pacific Ocean (CNINO) has been suggested in Lee and Seo (2013). To further improve the performance of the statistical prediction scheme, we select other potential predictors and construct 2 additional statistical models. The selected predictors are the Northern Indian Ocean (NIO) and the Bering Sea (BS) SST anomalies, and the spring Eurasian snow cover anomaly (EUSC). Then, using the total three statistical prediction models, a simple ensemble-mean prediction is performed. The resulting correlation skill score reaches as high as ~0.90 for the last 21 years, which is ~16% increase in the skill compared to the prediction model by Lee and Seo (2013). The EUSC and BS predictors are related to a strengthening of the Okhotsk high, leading to an enhancement of the Changma front. The NIO predictor induces the cyclonic anomalies to the southwest of the Korean peninsula and southeasterly flows toward the peninsula, giving rise to an increase in the Changma precipitation.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.833-838
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• 2004

The analysis of Pb in both PM$_{2.5}$ and PM$_{10}$ fraction of aerosols was made consecutively for every spring season during four year period of 2001 through 2004. To diagnose the impact of the Asian Dust (AD) on metal concentration levels, we compared our Pb measurement data after dividing the whole data sets into AD and NAD period. The results of our analysis indicated that the concentrations of coarse particles increased significantly during the AD period, whereas an increase in the fine counterpart was of moderate degree. However, when Pb concentrations between AD and NAD were compared, the patterns were quite different. From all particle fractions, the Pb concentrations of NAD were slightly or moderately higher than those of AD. The overall results of our study suggest that an increase in particle concentrations during the AD period can cause a rather slight reduction in Pb concentration levels; this can be explained by the dilution effect associated with the increase of Pb-depleted coarse particles.s.s.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.16-22
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• 1986

Effective air-drying days for four seasons and districts were calculated from average monthly temperature, relative humidity and wind speed records for 24 districts in Korea and air-drying calendars were prepared. And these districts were divided into zones of effective air-drying days. These results were as follows. 1. Effective air-drying days for four seasons were 20 to 23 days in springtime, 30 days in summertime, 21 to 26 days in autumntime, and 8 to 17 days in wintertime. 2. Effective air-drying days variated from district to district and was 237 days, the shortest period, in Ch'unch$\breve{o}$n, and was 288 days, the longest period, in-S$\breve{o}$gwipo. 3. Effective air-drying days were primarilly related to the difference in temperature from month to month, and secondarily, especially in September, were related to the differences in relative humidity, and were not related to wind speed. 4. South Korea was divided into 4 zones of effective air-drying days and these zones had it little difference compared with meteorological zones.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.294-299
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• 2002

PM (Particulate Matter) samples contained fungal spores were collected in the ambient air of Seosan, west Korea, in springtime of 2000 and 2001. PM concentrations were $199.8\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 1st Asian Dust Storm period (March, 23 ~ 24) and $249.4\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ in the 2nd period (April, 7~9), 2000. Compared with the concentrations in 2000, relatively low PM concentration ($157.3\mu{g}\;m^{-3}$ ) was measured in the Asian Dust Storm period (April, 24 ~ 20) of 2001. Although there were somewhat differences for the total PM concentrations among the three periods, majorities of the PM were composed of coarse particles sized about 5 ~ 6 $\mu{m}$ over the periods of the two years. Diverse molds grown from fungal aerosols were observed in the PM samples and identified at the genus level. All the genera, Fusarium, Aspergillus, Penicillium, Basipetospora, Epicoccum and Monotospora are hyphomycetes in the division Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota). Especially, morphologically more diversified mycelia of hyphomycetes were grown on the fine PM sample (1.1 ~ 2.1 $\mu{m}$) than coarse PM samples in the periods of 2000. Furthermore, some molds were grown on even the background PM sample less than 0.43 $\mu{m}$ in the period of 2001. It was thought that some kinds of ultra fine sized fungal spores were transported by the Asian Dust Storm and suspended in the ambient air of study area during the events.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.785-792
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• 2015

This study investigates weekday/weekend characteristics of $PM_{10}$ concentration and chemical composition of water-soluble ions in Busan in the spring of 2013. Contribution rate of water-soluble ions to PM10 concentration in weekday/weekend were 41.5% and 38.5%, respectively. Contribution rate of SO_4{^{2-}}$ to total ion mass in weekday/weekend were 30.4% and 33.8%, respectively. Contribution rate of total inorganic water-soluble ions in PM10 in weekday/weekend were 42.2% and 39.1% (mean 41.4%), respectively. $[NO_3{^-}/SO_4{^{2-}}]$ ratio in weekday/weekend were 1.01 and 0.97(mean 0.99), respectively, which indicated that weekday ratio was higher. Contribution rate of sea salts and $Cl^-/Na^+$ ratio in PM10 in weekday/weekend were 8.1% and 7.6%, 0.37% and 0.41%, respectively. This research will help understand chemical composition of water-soluble ions during the weekday/weekend and will be able to measure the contribution level of artificial anthropogenic source on urban air.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권7호
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• pp.669-677
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the characteristics of role of transport on aerosol concentration at Crate Lake, Oregon USA for 1988.3~1999. 5. The IMPROVE program is a cooperative measurement effort governed by a steering committee composed of representatives from USA federal and regional-state organizations. Also IMPROVE sampler is designed to obtain a complete signature of the composition of the airborne particles affecting visibility. According to 10-day backward isentropic trajectory analysis, the frequency of local, marine and Asian trajectory showed 33.1%(335 cases), 47%(478 cases), 5.2%(53 cases) respectively. The monthly variation of nss $SO_4^{2-}$, nss S, $NO_3^-$, K and C showed the double peak pattern, high in April~May and August~september and showed the lowest concentration in Winter. The other constituents concentration except for Cl$^{[-10]}$ , Na, Mg was high in local trajectory than marine trajectory. A ratio nss $SO_4^{2-}$ to $SO_4^{2-}$ was 90.5% in marine trajectory and 98% in local trajectory. It suggest that the aerosol in Crater Lake was effected by salt. The annual mean concentration of nss $SO_4^{2-}$ and nss S decreased but the springtime concentration increased.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권5호
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• pp.715-726
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• 2016

This study investigates the characteristics of metallic and ionic elements concentration, concentration according to transport path, and factor analysis in $PM_{10}$ at Guducsan in Busan in the springtime of 2015. $PM_{10}$ concentration in Guducsan and Gwaebeopdong were $59.5{\pm}9.04{\mu}g/m^3$ and $87.5{\pm}20.2{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively. Contribution rate of water-soluble ions and secondary ion in $PM_{10}$ concentration in Guducsan were 37.0% and 27.8% respectively. [$NO_3{^-}/SO{_4}^{2-}$] ratio and contribution rate of sea salt of $PM_{10}$ in Guducsan and Gwaebeopdong were 0.91 and 1.12, 7.0% and 5.3%, respectively. The results of the backward trajectory analysis indicates that $PM_{10}$ concentration, total inorganic water-soluble ions and total secondary ions were high when the air parcels moved from Sandong region in China than non-Sandong and northen China to Busan area. The results of the factor analysis at Guducsan indicates that factor 1 was anthropogenic source effects such as automobile emissions and industrial combustion processes, factor 2 was marine sources such as sea salts from sea, and factor 3 was soil component sources.

• 대기
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.405-420
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• 2021

Forest fire happens every year at Yeongdong, Gangwon-do, due to the strong local wind during the spring time and it causes a huge damage. This wind is named "Yangganjipung" or "Yanggangjipung" that blows along Yeongdong. However, the occurrence conditions of the wind have been still unclear. To identify the occurrence mechanism of local strong wind through three-dimensional observation data, Gangwon Regional Meteorological Administration performed Joint Gangwon-Yeongdong 3D Observation Project in 2020. The special observation was carried out for 6 times from March to April. The observation data was analyzed by focusing on the structure of synoptic pressure distribution and inversion layer. The result showed that the strength of wind is different depending on the latitude of low pressure, intensity of inversion layer, and changes on height in the south-high and north-low pressure distribution. As the interval of the upper and lower parts of the inversion layer was narrow, the strength of the wind became stronger, which is one of the observational characteristics of the springtime wind pattern at Yeongdong, Gangwon-do. In future, the clear mechanism of the local wind in the Yeongdong during the spring time is expected to be verified based on the accumulative observation data and close analysis.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.397-408
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• 1993

대기의 오존농도에 대한 민감도가 다른 스트로브 잣나무의 가스교환과 아스코르브산, 글루타치온의 농도변화를 1988년 6월부터 시작하여 10개월간 측정하였다. 오존에 의해 가시적 피래를 입은 나무의 당년잎의 건중량과 길이는 저항성이 있는 나무에 의해 각각 60~75%와 45~60% 작았다. 순광합성량과 잎의 전도율은 전체적으로 가스교환이 감소하기 시작하는 늦은 9월까지 저항성이 있는 나무에서 높은 값을 보였다. 증산작용도 비슷한 양상을 보였다. 당년잎의 아스코르브산과 글루타치온 농도는 여름, 가을 동안 계속 증가하여 겨울에 최고치를 나타내다가 봄에 감소하기 시작했다. 아스코르브산 농도는 4월에 감소하기 시작할 때 까지 일년 내내 저항성이 있는 나무에서 높은 농도를 나타내었다. 예민한 나무와 저항성이 있는 나무사이의 아스코르브산 농도차이는 겨울동안보다 (8~19%) 여름에 (25~30%)) 훨씬 컸다. 글루타치온의 농도는 에민한 나무와 저항성이 있는 나무에서 비슷한 결과를 보였다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.149-160
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• 2005

There is an increasing curiosity in Nordic as well as Far East Asian countries about senior cohousing, where the middle-aged and elderly people, 55+. form a community for independent living. What are the ideas behind senior cohousins? Why are people moving to senior cohousing community? What may senior cohousing provide and mean for individuals and groups of the elderly? Is senior cohousing a sustainable idea for future generations of elderly people? There is a curiosity among elderly people looking for interesting alternatives. Municipalities and state authorities hope that senior cohousing can contribute to the welfare of the elderly as the scope far support by the public sector is decreasing. Actors in the building sector are interested In investment and meeting the demands. In Denmark and Sweden the senior cohousing concept had a revival around 1985. In Denmark there has been a vivid discussion and plenty of books have been published. In Sweden there are few evaluations but an increasing interest. From different points of view, Danish, Swedish and Nordic as well as Far East Asian countries, there is a concern to explore and compare to get more facts and deeper understanding far further actions. This is a comparative study of inhabitants' life satisfaction in cohousing communities in Denmark and Sweden. The study is based on discussions with cohousing providers, study-visits in cohousing communities and a questionnaire to residents themselves. Study-visits took place during springtime and the questionnaires were handled spring and summer of 2002. 655 seniors responded to the questionnaire from 14 seniorbofae llesskaber (rented or housing cooperatives) in Denmark, 11 seniorhus within the SABO sector (municipality owned housing with rental apartments) and 8 housing cooperatives initiated by the Seniorgarden Housing Company in Sweden. Data were analyzed by SPSS program, using frequency, percentage, cross-tab and chi-square test. This paper focused three major areas of interest; 1)characteristics of the inhabitants. 2) participation in common activities and mutual cooperation among residents and 3) evaluative outcomes from the inhabitants' points of view. Mainly the inhabitants expressed quite positive experiences of their living environment and everyday lift and a few difference was found in life satisfaction between Denmark and Sweden.