• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.205-216
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• 2010

Few spring sowing have been conducted on winter cereal crops for whole-crop silage use. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. The objectives of this study were compared the spring sowing with the optimum season's sowing on growth, yield and feed quality in five winter cereal crops. The treatments consisted of 5 winter cereal crops, Youngyang (Barley, Spring habit I), Keumkang (Wheat, Spring habit II), Gogu(Rye, Spring habit estimated III), Shinyoung (Triticale, Spring habit estimated III), Samhan(Oat, Spring habit estimated II), and 3 planting dates, 18 October (optimum season's sowing), 23 February and 10 March in spring. Heading days as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season sowing were delayed by 16~20 days in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, and 9 days in oat. The clipping dates at the optimal harvesting stage of each crop for round-baled silage in spring sowing was 8 June (yellow ripe stage) in barley, 25 May (10 days after heading) in rye, and 17 June in wheat (yellow ripe stage), triticale (milky stage) and oat (milky stage). The accumulative temperature from emergence to heading was significantly decreased as affected by spring sowing compared to optimum season's sowing, but that of sowing to emergence and that of heading to maturing was similar. The rate of spikes per tillering surveyed at each clipping date was 62.0-73.1 percent in barley, wheat, triticale and oat, and 56.0 percent in rye compared to that of optimum season sowing. The dry matter yield in spring sowing compared to 18 October was obtained about 71.7 percent in barley, 60.6 percent in wheat, 46.2 percent in rye, 70.2 percent in triticale and 110.9 percent in oat. It were increased in acid detergent fiber (ADF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein content, but decreased in digestible dry matter content(DDM) and relative feed value (RFV). The yield of DDM by spring sowing was decreased in barley, wheat, rye and triticale, but increased in oat. The yield of dry matter and DDM were higher in oat and triticale than that of barley, wheat and oat. So, regardless to clipping dates and cropping system, the appropriated crop for spring sowing was oat, and subsequently triticale and barley. It was not adopted for spring sowing in rye because of low rate of no. of spikes per tillers and yield. It was necessary eliminated winter growing nature by earlier sowing at the late of February after overwinter.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.525-532
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• 1990

The values of blood composition were analyzed by age, season, and sex from Chejuhorse in Korea. The results obtained were summarized as follow; 1. The values of white blood cell(WBC), packed cell volume(PCV), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC) were significantly different between age. The WBC value was decreased with the progress of age and the PCV value was lower in the early age of 1,2 to 3 years than in the higher age of 4 to 5, and over 6 years. 2. The mean value of MCV was increased with the progress of age but the adverse was true in MCHC. 3. In the case of seasons, the values of red blood cell(RBC), WBC, hemoglobin(Hb) PCV, MCV, mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), MCHC, globulin(Glo), albumin/globulin(A/G) ratio, inorganic phosphorus(Pi), cholesterol(Chol), and chlorine(Cl) showed significant differences. The number of RBC was not varied from winter to summer but decreased in autumn. The number of WBC was high in summer and autumn, but low in winter and spring. 4. The values of MCV were high in autumn and winter, but low in spring and summer. 5. The values of MCH and MCHC were similar in spring and summer, but strikingly increased in autumn. 6. The values of Glo and A/G ratio were negatively correlated with the season; The value of A/G ratio was lowest in summer but no differences were observed in spring, autumn and winter. On the other hand, the value of Glo was highest in summer but no differences were observed in spring, autumn, and winter. 7. The values of Pi, Chol, and CI were high in summer and winter, but low in spring and autumn. 8. The values of RBC, MCV, and MCH were significantly different between sex. The value of the RBC count in male was higer than the female, but the adverse is true in MCV, and MCH.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2011

The temporal variability of spring (March, April, May) monthly precipitation, precipitation effectiveness, monthly maximum precipitation, monthly precipitation of different durations, and the precipitation days over several threshold (i.e. 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mm/day) of 59 weather stations between 1973 and 2009 were analyzed. Also to analyze the regional characteristics of temporal variability, 59 weather stations were classified by elevations, latitudes, longitudes, river basins, inland or shore (east sea, south sea, west sea) area and the level of urbanization. Results demonstrated that trends of variables increase in April and decrease in May except precipitation day. Overall trend of precipitation amount and precipitation effectiveness is same but precipitation effectiveness of several sites decrease despite the trend of precipitation amount increases which may be caused by the air temperature increase. Therefore more effective water supply strategy is essential for Spring season. Regional characteristics of Spring precipitation variability can be summarized that increase trend during May become stronger with the increase of latitude and elevation which is similar to that of Summer season. The temporal variability of variables showed different behaviors according to river basins, inland or shore (east sea, south sea, west sea) area and the level of urbanization.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.325-328
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• 2007

Mesophilic aerobic bacterial counts were measured and compared for seasoned soybean sprouts produced in different seasons and sold in different market types. Very significant differences in microbial counts were found among seasoned soybean sprouts produced in different seasons (winter, spring, and summer) and among different market types (a traditional market, discount store, and department store). However, there was no significant difference among the stores within each market group. The interactions were significant at a 1% significance level. The variance of summer counts was much lower than spring and winter counts. Discount and department stores showed a higher variation in microbial counts than traditional markets. The microbial counts differed substantially from season to season in the same market group (summer > spring > winter) except between spring and summer in traditional markets. The microbial loads in the winter and spring seasons of seasoned soybean sprouts in traditional markets were clearly higher than in other market groups, while discount stores had the highest microbial count in summer.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2004

A new silkworm variety, Kumhwangjam, with a sex-limited cocoon color for spring rearing season is F$_1$ hybrid between Jam 309, a Japanese race bred from Y1/9153, and Jam 310, a Chinese race from Y1/8586. In the local adaptability test performed at 8 local areas in spring rearing season of 2003, major characteristics of Kumhwangjam were mainly similar to those of the check variety Kumokjam. The new silkworm variety, Kumhwangjam, showed a sex-limited cocoon color: yellow for female and white for male with elliptical cocoon shape. This sex-limited cocoon color can be used as a valuable marker for discrimination between female and male for various purposes.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.12-19
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• 1989

Experiments were conducted to investigate the optimum season for mulberry graftages harvesting before the period of natural leaf fall in autumn. Harvesting season was examined at 10 days intervals from September 30 to November 20, 1985 and 1986, at nine sites in eight provinces. The results were : 1. Diameter of graftages increased until October 30. 2. Early harvest of graftages decreased survived rate, number of shoots, and total shoot length the next spring. The October 30 harvest yielded the best growth the following spring. 3. Harvests after October 20 allowed for good survial of mulberry shoots and sprouting the following spring. 4. Total N and P in plants increased with late harvests, K decreased, and Ca content was not affected by harvest date. 5. Total N, P, and Ca were higher in stem cortex than root bark, while K appeared to be equally distributed between root and shoot bark.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.131-136
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• 2008

The variation of the particle size distribution and density as well as the chemical composition of aerosols is important to evaluate the particles. This study measured and analyzed airborne particles using a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) system and an aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) at the University of Seoul during every season. The highest particle number concentration of airborne particles less than $0.9\;{\mu}m$, occurred in winter, while the highest particle number concentration of airborne particles more than $0.9\;{\mu}m$, occurred in spring. Mass concentration appeared highest at spring. Also, when we compared $\beta$-ray's mass concentration with calculated mass concentration by using the SMPS-APS system during each season, density of the winter is $1.92\;g/cm^3$, spring density is $1.64\;g/cm^3$, fall density is $1.57\;g/cm^3$. We found out that PM10 density was differ every season. However, while the calculated density is whole density for PM10 the density of each diameter was different. In this study the density estimation equation of the QCM cascade impactor measured mass concentration of each diameter.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.53-61
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• 2000

The purpose of this study is to classify the characteristics of color communication tools and the color range applied in the Korean fashion industry. To collect the color sample and related references, a questionnaire was distributed during the time period, December, 1995 to June, 1996. From the responses, 2641 color samples used by 109 domestic brands, from 1993 spring/summer to 1996 spring/summer, were collected and analyzed. The data was measured by L*a*b*, and the H V/C formula found in the Munsell notation was used to calculate the data. To classify the color range served for the fashion industry, the distribution of colors are analyzed by difference of season and fabric. The results of this study are as follows : 1. Dominant colors in the Korean fashion industry are Red, Yellow-red, Yellow, purple-blue and low chromatic range colors. 2. While high value colors, such as pale, light greyish, light, dull, dark and vivid tone colors, are dominant in the spring/summer season, low value colors, such as greyish, dark greyish. and deep tone colors and warm colors such as Red, Yellow-red, are prevalent in the fall/winter season. 3. The number of colors commonly used for color planning is less than 20 colors, and both hue and tone are considered important when making color selections. 4. All brands take consumers' color preferences into consideration for color planning, and most of them also take color trends into account. 5. Hue and tone color characteristics analyzed by types of fabrics show more seasonal influence than the fabric itself.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.59-66
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• 2006

High concentration of chlorophyll a occurred around the Ulleung Warm Eddy off Ulleung Island in the East Sea of Korea in spring season. The abnormal distributions of chlorophyll a were captured by satellite remote sensing and measured field data. The temporal and spatial scale of the abnormal distributions were around 20days and 50km diameter off Ullung Island. The anomalies were quantified b)'estimated chlorophyll a derived from OCM and SeaWiFS ocean color data from 2000 to 2004. The origin of abnormal hish concentrations was estimated by this study. It was that suspended material discharged from the Nakdong River and the coastal water located in the southeastern part of Korean Peninsula moved to northeastern coast, and then moved to off Ullung island, The high chlorophyll a concentrations including inorganic materials were accumulated by anticyclonic eddy such as the Ullung Warm Eddy around Ullung island in the East Sea of Korea in spring season.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.658-667
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• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate frequently consumed menu patterns by the area and season, using the 24-hour recall method. Subjects were 1,041 living in five different Korean rural areas for the spring, autumn and winter. The purpose of this study is to suggest the menu pattern in rural areas for the basic data of the nutrition education program and nutrition intervention project by the area and season. The result are following : Most frequently used basic menu patterns, excluding side dishes, were rice＋soup in Yeoju, Hoensung and Jungup, rice＋stew in Ulsan, and only rice in Chungju. The most frequent menu pattern by the number of side dish was rice＋soup＋kimchi＋1 side dish in Yeoju and Ulsan were rice＋stew＋kimchi in Hoengsung, and was rice＋soup＋2 side dish in Chungju and Frequently used menu patterns by the kind of side dish weer rice＋soup＋kimchi＞rice＋stew＋kimch＞rice＋kimchi＞noodle＋kimchi in the order The most frequent menu pattern was rice＋soup＋kimchi in spring and autumn, and was rice＋stew＋kimchi in winter. The mean adequacy ratio(MAR) in spring and autumn was higher than that in winter. MAR in Ulsan is higher than that of other areas. With these results, we can conclude that there are difference in menu pattern by the season and area. For the nutrition program in the community, menu patterns should be carefully examined by the season and area. The results from this study can be used as basic data for nutrition education program in Korean rural areas.