• 대한기계학회논문집B
• /
• 제22권11호
• /
• pp.1625-1634
• /
• 1998

The objective of this study is to establish geometric guidelines for design of impaction parts prepared for removing undesirable effects of fuel deposition on a wall in small direct-injection diesel engines. In order to get the guidelines a new wall geometry is introduced and assessed, which has a flat top and a slant edge. The size of the flat top and the angle of the slant edge are varied and tested in same chamber condition, then their effects on spray dispersions and drop sizes are discussed. The results show that the case of 3.0mm flat top and $60^{\circ}$ edge angle gives the best spray characteristics for a small combustion chamber in the test conditions chosen in this paper.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.39-48
• /
• 2006

In this research, in order to study the spray, combustion, and emission characteristics of the common rail DME engine, the target engine was disassembled, and 3D CAD file was constructed using a 3D measurement machine and a rapid prototyping machine. Using the obtained 3D geometry, fine moving meshes are generated, and three dimensional non-steady turbulence flow field and combustion phenomenon including spray were numerically analyzed. As a result, IMEP of DME and diesel in medium and high speed revolution showed similar performance. As the DME fuel start to burn in spray area, the vaporized fuel rapidly spreads squish area in low speed revolution. In the case of DME engine, CO and NOx are relatively consistent with experiment results. It was found that the break-up, evaporation, collision model of DME fuel need to be properly adjusted through matching the characteristics of fuel and injector for further improvement.

• 대한환경공학회지
• /
• 제31권10호
• /
• pp.933-940
• /
• 2009

본 연구에서는 분무화염의 기초적인 물리현상을 해명하기 위하여 층류 대향류장에 형성된 분무 화염에 2차원 직접 수치계산(Direct numerical simulation, DNS)을 적용하여, 당량비 및 연료종이 분무화염 구조에 미치는 영향에 대하여 관찰하였다. 기상에 대해서는 질량 보존식, 운동량 보존식, 에너지 보존식을 오일리안(Eulerian) 법으로 계산하였으며, 액적에 대해서는 화염중의 모든 개개의 유적을 라그란지안(Lagrangian) 법으로 추적하였다. 액체 연료로는 n-데칸 ($C_{10}H_{22}$)과 n-헵탄($C_7H_{16}$)을 이용하였으며, 연소반응 모델에는 총괄반응식을 이용하였다. 당량비가 증가함에 따라 착화가 빠르며, 고온영역도 넓게 분포하고 있다. 그러나, 최대 온도치는 당량비가 증가함에 따라 한번 증가한 후 감소하는 경향을 나타내고 있다. 당량비가 클수록 최대 온도가 감소하는 것은 분무화염 내부의 군연소 거동에 의한 냉각효과 때문이라고 생각된다. 또한, n-헵탄은 n-데칸과 비교하여 증발속도가 빠르기 때문에 넓은 고온 영역을 형성하지만 최대 온도는 거의 같은 값을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
• /
• 제24권1호
• /
• pp.53-63
• /
• 2006

Nano and micro capsulation (NM capsulation) involve the incorporation for nanofood materials, enzymes, cells or other materials in small capsules. Since Kim D. M. (2001) showed that a new type of food called firstly the name of nanofood, which means nanotechnology for food, and the encapsulated materials can be protected from moisture, heat or other extreme conditions, thus enhancing their stability and maintaining viability applications for this nanofood technique have increased in the food. NM capsules for nanofood is also utilized to mask odours or tastes. Various techniques are employed to form the capsules, including spray drying, spray chilling or spray cooling, extrusion coating, fluidized bed coating, liposome entrapment, coacervation, inclusion complexation, centrifugal extrusion and rotational suspension separation. Each of these techniques is discussed in this review. A wide variety of nanofood is NM capsulated - flavouring agents, acids, bases, artificial sweeteners, colourants, preservatives, leavening agents, antioxidants, agents with undesirable flavours, odours and nutrients, among others. The use of NM capsulation for sweeteners such as aspartame and flavors in chewing gum is well known. Fats, starches, dextrins, alginates, protein and lipid materials can be employed as encapsulating materials. Various methods exist to release the ingredients from the capsules. Release can be site-specific, stage-specific or signaled by changes in pH, temperature, irradiation or osmotic shock. NM capsulation for the nanofood, the most common method is by solvent-activated release. The addition of water to dry beverages or cake mixes is an example. Liposomes have been applied in cheese-making, and its use in the preparation of nanofood emulsions such as spreads, margarine and mayonnaise is a developing area. Most recent developments include the NM capsulation for nanofood in the areas of controlled release, carrier materials, preparation methods and sweetener immobilization. New markets are being developed and current research is underway to reduce the high production costs and lack of food-grade materials.

• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제21권6호
• /
• pp.573-583
• /
• 2005

Fugitive dust, which is emitted in the ambient air without first passing through a stack or duct designed to control flow, is frequently generated by means of wind erosion from storage yards at Pohang Steel Wokrs. The size distribution of fugitive dust is mostly in the range of coarse particulate which is deposited as soon as emitted and less harm to human health; however $20\%$ of fugitive dust contains PM 10 known as one of most harmful airborne pollutant. Consequently, effective control and reduction of fugitive dust is strongly requested by the local society, but it is not easy so far because the generation and dispersion of fugitive dust highly depends on meteorological conditions, and it being occurred for irregularity. This research presented a fugitive dust control system for each meteorological condition by providing statistical prediction data obtained from a statistical analysis on the probability of generating the threshold velocity at which the fugitive dust begins to occur, and the frequency occurring by season and by time of the wind direction that can generate atmospheric pollution when the dispersed dust spreads to adjacent residential areas. The research also built a fugitive dust detection system which monitors the weather conditions surrounding storage yards and the changes in air quality on a real-time basis and issues a warning message by identifying a situation where the fugitive dust disperses outside the site boundary line so that appropriate measures can be taken on a timely basis. Furthermore, in respect to the spraying of water to prevent the generation of fugitive dust from the storage piles at the storage yard, an advanced statistical meteorological analysis on the weather conditions in Pohang area and a case study of fugitive dust dispersion toward outside of working field during $2002\∼2003$ were carried out in order to decide an optimal water-spraying time and the number of spraying that can prevent the origin of fugitive dust emission. The results of this research are expected to create extremely significant effects in improving surrounding environment through actual reduction of the fugitive dust produced from the storage yard of Pohang Steel Works by providing a high-tech warning system capable of constantly monitoring the leakage of fugitive dust and water-spray guidance that can maximize the water-spraying effects.

• 식물병연구
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.39-42
• /
• 2005

Sphaerotheca aphanis var. aphanis에 의한 딸기 흰가루 병은 수확기에 발생하여 국내에서 가장 큰 문제가 되고 있는 중요한 병해이다. 딸기 흰가루병은 초기에 적절히 방제하지 않았으 경우 급격히 전반되어 방제가 어렵기 때문에 재배초기의 적절한 약제처리가 흰가루병 방제에 필수적이다. 이 연구는 효과적인 수확기 흰가루병 방제를 위한 최적의 약제처리시기를 밝혀내고자 감수성 품종인 'Akihime'와 'Dochiodome'를 대상으로 개화 전 약제 처리체계에 따른 방제효과를 비교, 분석하였다. Strobilulin 계통의 azoxystrobin과 kresoxim-methyl 및 유기동제인 DBEDC를 처리시기와 방법을 달리하여 딸기 수확기까지 처리하였다. 여러 가지 처리조합 가운데 딸기 묘를 정식 전 DBEDC에 침지 처리한 후 개화 전 멀칭시기에 kresoximmethyl 엽면살포하는 방법이 흰가루병 방제에 가장 효과적이었다. 이 방제체계는 촉성재배시 수확기 흰가루병 방제에서 처리시기의 중요성을 제시할 뿐만 아니라 재배자에게도 저농약 재배방법을 제공하고 경영비도 감소시켜 줄 것이다.

• 대한치과의료관리학회지
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2020

Dental settings have unique characteristics that warrant specific infection control considerations, including (1) prioritizing the most critical dental services and provide care in a way that minimizes harm to patients due to delayed care, or harm to personnel from potential exposure to persons infected with the COVID-19 disease, and (2) proactively communicate to both personnel and patients the need for them to stay at home if sick. For health care, an interim infection prevention and control recommendation (COVID-19) is recommended for patients suspected of having coronavirus or those whose status has been confirmed. SARS-CoV-2, which is the virus that causes COVID-19, is thought to be spread primarily between people who are in close contact with one another (within 6 feet) through respiratory droplets that are produced when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or talks. Airborne transmission from person-to-person over long distances is unlikely. However, COVID-19 is a new disease, and there remain uncertainties about its mode of spreads and the severity of illness it causes. The virus has been shown to persist in aerosols for several hours, and on some surfaces for days under laboratory conditions. COVID-19 may also be spread by people who are asymptomatic. The practice of dentistry involves the use of rotary dental and surgical instruments, such as handpieces or ultrasonic scalers, and air-water syringes. These instruments create a visible spray that can contain particle droplets of water, saliva, blood, microorganisms, and other debris. While KF 94 masks protect the mucous membranes of the mouth and nose from droplet spatter, they do not provide complete protection against the inhalation of airborne infectious agents. If the patient is afebrile (temperature <100.4°F)* and otherwise without symptoms consistent with COVID-19, then dental care may be provided using appropriate engineering and administrative controls, work practices, and infection control considerations. It is necessary to provide supplies for respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, including alcohol-based hand rub (ABHR) with 60%~95% alcohol, tissues, and no-touch receptacles for disposal, at healthcare facility entrances, waiting rooms, and patient check-ins. There is also the need to install physical barriers (e.g., glass or plastic windows) in reception areas to limit close contact between triage personnel and potentially infectious patients. Ideally, dental treatment should be provided in individual rooms whenever possible, with a spacing of at least 6 feet between the patient chairs. Further, the use of easy-to-clean floor-to-ceiling barriers will enhance the effectiveness of portable HEPA air filtration systems. Before and after all patient contact, contact with potentially infectious material, and before putting on and after removing personal protective equipment, including gloves, hand hygiene after removal is particularly important to remove any pathogens that may have been transferred to the bare hands during the removal process. ABHR with 60~95% alcohol is to be used, or hands should be washed with soap and water for at least 20 s.