• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.76-84
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• 2010

The aim of this study is to analyze the effect of the ethanol blending in diesel-ethanol blended fuels on the spray and combustion characteristics in a common-rail four-cylinder diesel engine. For the analysis of the spray characteristics, the spray images were obtained using a high speed camera with metal-halide lamps. From these spray images, the macroscopic spray characteristics such as the spray tip penetration and spray cone angle were investigated. Also, the combustion characteristics including the combustion pressure and the rate of heat release were studied with the analysis of the exhaust emissions in diesel-ethanol blended fuel driven diesel engine. It can be confirmed from the experiment on spray characteristics of diesel-ethanol blended fuels that the increased ethanol blending ratio induced the decrease of the spray tip penetration after the end of the injection. The spray cone angle slightly increased by the blending of ethanol fuel. In the experiment on atomization characteristics, the ethanol blending caused the improvement of the diesel atomization performance. On the other hand, at the same engine load condition, the increase of the ethanol blending ratio lead to lengthen the ignition delays, and to decrease the peak combustion pressure and the rate of heat release. Totally, the combustion and emission characteristics of ULSD and DE10 showed similar characteristics. However, in the case of DE20, CO and HC rapidly increased, and $NO_x$ decreased. It can be believed that 20% ethanol disturbed the combustion of diesel-ethanol blended fuel due to the low cetane number and evaporation.

• Transactions of the Korean hydrogen and new energy society
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-225
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• 2018

This study was carried out to investigate the injection characteristics of 800 kPa compressed natural gas compressed natural gas (CNG) injector developed in Korea. The CNG injector with multi-holes, employed in this experiment, was designed to inject CNG in the manifold at high pressure of 800 kPa. The spray macroscopic visualization test was carried out via Schlieren photography to study fuel-air mixing process. The fundamental spray characteristics, such as spray penetration, spray cone angle and spray velocity, were evaluated in the constant volume combustion chamber (CVCC) with varying the constant back pressure in CVCC from 0 to 1.8 bar. For the safety reason, nitrogen ($N_2$) and an acetone tracer were utilized as a surrogate gas fuel instead of CNG. The surrogate gas fuel pressures were controlled at 3, 5.5, and 8 bar, respectively. Injection durations were set at 5 ms throughout the experiment. The simulating events of the low engine speed were arranged at 1,000 rpm. The spray images were recorded by using a high-speed camera with a frame rate of 10,000 f/s at $512{\times}256pixels$. The spray characteristics were analyzed by using the image processing (Matlab). The results showed the significant difference that higher injection pressure had more effect on the spray shape than the lower injection pressure. When the injection pressure was increased, the longer spray penetration occurred. Moreover, the linear relation between speed and time are dependent on the injection pressure as well.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.186-190
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the characteristics of a co-axial swirl injector. Especially to predict the initial liquid sheet thickness and spray cone angle of an outer orifice a concept of effective area was introduced from hydraulic analysis. In addition, the parameters determining the characteristics of a co-axial swirl injector were re-defined around outer orifice. The calculated results-SMD, spray cone angle, and spray thickness agreed well with the test results qualitatively.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.15-23
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• 1999

The use of LPG as clean fuel for Diesel engine is very attractive way to reduce soot and NOx emission. In this study, a numerical study has been done to know the transient behavior of LPG fuel in chamber pressures which is held at a pressure above (0.37MPa)and below(0.15MPa)the fuel vapor pressure. Results show that the vortex formed within the start of injection at the leading edge of the spray cone and was most apparent for 0.15MPa chamber pressure case. The high speed photographs and model results showed a narrower cone angle during the quasi-steady spray period at the 0.37MPa chamber pressure compared to the 0.15MPa case. And it can be shown that more realistic vaporization process is necessary to predict the spray length well.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.221-238
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• 2004

Wall interactions of direct injection spray were investigated using laser-sheet imaging, shadowgraphy, wetted footprint and phase Doppler interferometry techniques. A narrow-cone high-pressure swirl injector is used to inject iso-octane fuel onto a plate, which has three different impact angles inside a pressurized chamber. Heated air and plate conditions were compared with unheated cases. Injection interval was also varied in the heated case to compare dry- and wet- wall impingement behaviors. High-speed macroscopic Mie-scattering images showed that presence of wall and air temperature has only minor effect on the bulk spray structure and penetration speed for the narrow-cone injector tested. The overall bulk motions of the spray plume and its spatial position at a given time are basically unaffected until a few millimeters before impacting the wall. The surface properties of the impact surface, such as the temperature, the presence of a preexisting liquid film also have a small effect on the amount of wetting or the wetted footprint; however, they have strong influence on what occurs just after impact or after a film is formed. The shadowgraph in particular shows that the plate temperature has a significant effect on vapor phase propagation. Generally, 10-20% faster horizontal vapor phase propagation is observed along the wall at elevated temperature condition. For impingement onto a preexisting film, more splash and evaporation were also observed. Contrary to some preconceptions, there is no significant splashing and droplet rebounding from surfaces that are interposed in the path of the DI gasoline spray, especially for the oblique impact angle cases. There also appears to be a dense spray front consists of large sac spray droplets in the oblique impact angle cases. The bulk of the spray is not impacted on the surface, but rather is deflected by it The microscopic details as depicted by phase Doppler measurements show that the outcome of the droplet impaction events can be significantly influenced. Only droplets at the spray front have high enough Weber numbers for wall impact to wet, splash or rebound. Using the sign of vertical velocity, the time-resolved downward droplets and upward droplets are compared. The Weber number of upward moving droplets, which seldom exceeds unity, also decreases as the impact angle decreases, as the droplets tend to impact less and move along the wall in the deflected spray plume.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.73-80
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• 2002

Dimethyl ether (DM) is one of the most attractive alternative fuel far compression ignition engine. Its main advantage in diesel engine application is high efficiency of diesel cycle with soot free combustion though conventional fuel injection system has to be modified due to the intrinsic properties of DME. Experimental study of DME and conventional diesel spray employing a common-rail type fuel injection system with a 5-holes sac type injector (hole diameter 0.168 ㎜/hole) was performed in a high pressure chamber pressurized with nitrogen gas. A CCD camera was employed to capture time series of spray images followed by spray cone angles and penetrations of DME were characterized and compared with those of diesel. Under atmospheric pressure condition, regardless of injection pressure, spray cone angles of the DME were wider than those of diesel and penetrations were shorter due to flash boiling effect. Tip of the DME spray was farmed in mushroom like shape at atmospheric chamber pressure but it was disappeared in higher chamber pressure. On the contrary, spray characteristics of the DME became similar to that of diesel under 3MPa of chamber pressure. Hole-to-hole variation of the DME spray was lower than that of diesel in both atmospheric and 3MPa chamber pressures. At 25MPa and 40MPa of DME injection pressures, regardless of chamber pressure, intermittent DME spray was observed. It was thought that vapor lock inside the injector was generated under the two injection pressures.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.645-652
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• 2010

The aim of this investigation was study on the non-evaporation diesel spray characteristics injected through a common-rail diesel injector under various ambient pressure. The diesel spray was investigated with observation of macroscopic characteristics such as spray tip penetration and spray cone angle by the shadowgraph and the image processing method. The numerical study was conducted using a computational fluid dynamics code, AVL-FIRE. The breakup models used were WAVE model and standard $k-{\varepsilon}$ turbulence model was applied. The numerical study used input data which spray cone angle and fuel injection rate was achieved by Zeuch's method. Comparison with experimental result such as spray tip penetration was good agreement. Distribution of droplet diameter were conducted on four planes where the axial distances were 5, 15, 39 and 49mm respectively downstream from the orifice exit.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Automotive Engineers
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• v.12 no.6
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• pp.60-65
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• 2004

Numerical simulations and experiments have been carried out to investigate the effect of fuel injection nozzles on the combustion and NOx formation processes in a medium-speed marine diesel engine. Spray visualization experiment was performed in the constant-volume high-pressure chamber to verify the numerical results on the spray characteristics such as spray angle and spray tip penetration. Time-resolved spray behaviors were captured by high-speed digital camera and analyzed to extract the information on the spray parameters. Spray and combustion phenomena were examined numerically using FIRE code. Wave breakup and Zeldovich models were adopted to describe the atomization characteristics and NOx formation processes. Numerical results were verified with experimental data such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate and NOx emission. Finally, the effects of fuel injection nozzles on the engine performance were investigated numerically to find the optimum nozzle parameters such as fuel injection angle, nozzle hole diameter and number of nozzle holes. From this study, the optimum fuel injection nozzle (nozzle hole diameter, 0.32 mm, number of nozzle holes, 8 and fuel injection angle, $148^{\circ}$) was selected to reduce both the fuel consumption and NOx emission. The reason for this selection could be explained from the highest fuel-air mixing in the early phase of injection due to the longest spray tip penetration and the highest heat release rate after $19^{\circ}$ ATDC due to the increased injection duration.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.444-453
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• 2014

A throttleable rocket engine enables operational possibilities such as the docking of spacecraft, maneuvering in a certain orbit and landing on a planet's surface, altitude control, and entrance to atmosphere-less planets. Thus, throttling methods have long been researched. However, dual-manifold injectors, which represent one throttling method, have been investigated less than others. In this study, dual-manifold and single-manifold injectors were compared to determine the characteristics of dual-manifold injectors. Also, the effects of gas injection were investigated with various F/O ratios. To investigate the characteristics, mass flow rate, spray pattern, spray angle, and droplet size were measured. The spray angle and droplet size were captured by indirect photography. About 30 images were taken to assess the spray patterns and spray angle. Also, 700 images were analyzed to understand the droplet distribution and targeting area, moving to the right from the centerline with 1.11-cm intervals. The droplet size was obtained from an image processing procedure. From the results, the spray angle showed two transition regions, due to swirl momentum in the swirl chamber regardless of the F/O ratio. The droplet size showed similar trends in both dual-manifold and single-manifold injectors except in the low mass flow rate region. In the case of the dual- manifold injector, the spray cone was not fully developed in the low mass flow rate region due to low angular momentum in the swirl chamber.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.169-174
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• 2017

The objective of this study was to verify the experimental and numerical results of spray evolution injected from different types of the nozzle-hole geometries. Spray visualization was taken by high speed camera under the different conditions. For the simulations of spray tip penetration, turbulence, evaporation and break-up model were applied K-zeta-f, Dukowicz and Wave model, respectively. Also, the prediction accuracy of spray tip penetration was increased by varying the spray cone angle. At the same time, the results of this work were compared in terms of spray tip penetration, and SMD characteristics. The numerical results of spray evolution process and spray tip penetration showed good agreement with experimental one.