• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.801-809
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• 2019

Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai is a deciduous shrub of a flowering plant in Oleaceae. It is an important plant resource and consists of only one species in the entire world. A. distichum Nakai is well known an edible, medicinal herb in its habitat districts, but the toxicological evaluation for the safe use of its extract is still insufficient. The study characterized the toxicity of an Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats and determined the safe dosage levels in a 13 weeks toxicity study. Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract was orally administered once daily for 2 weeks at 0, 500, 1,000 and 2,000 mg/kg/day to male and female SD rats. while recording the clinical signs of toxicity, body weight, food intake/consumption, eye test and urine analysis. Only the total protein frequency in the urine of male SD rats (p<0.05), the right ovary of the 500 mg/kg group (p<0.01) and the right adrenal gland of the 1,000 mg/kg group (p<0.05) in the female rats showed statistically significant changes. But no toxic effects were noted from repeated-dose administration of the Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in the SD rats during the observation period. The post-mortem examinations showed no test substance-mediated changes. The hematological analysis and clinical blood chemistry data demonstrated no toxic effects from repeated-dose administration of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai ethanol extract in the SD rats during the observation period. Based on these results, this data suggests that a dose of 1,000 mg/kg/day is a highest treatment to administer when conducting a further 13 weeks toxicity study.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.800-803
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• 1997

The acute toxicity of palatinose and palatinose syrup was assessed in Sprague-Dawley rats. Palatinose and palatinose syrup, when administered orally at the doses of 27 g/kg, did not cause any death. Although the decrease in weight gain was observed in males treated with palatinose syrup, it did not have any toxicological importance. There were no significant changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. From these results, it was concluded that palatinose and palatinose syrup did not induce any remarkable toxicological symptoms and the $LD_{50}$ is >27 g/kg by oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.256-261
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• 2001

Allergenicity of genetically-modified (GM) soybean was evaluated in male Sprague Dawley rats. To confirm the GM soybean used in this study, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was performed using the chromosomal DNA of soybeans. The PCR result provided the clear discrimination of genetically-modified (GM) soybeans. To evaluate the allergenicity of GM soybean and non-GM control one, the soybean homogenate was sensitized subcutaneously 3 times a week for 3 weeks. The doses of soybean were 0, 2 and 20 mg/kg in the protein basis. A week after the last sensitization, antisera were recovered from individual animals. When the sera were injected intradermally on the clipped back of unsensitized rats with various dilutions, followed by a challenge with 20 mg/kg of soybean homogenate containing 1% Evans blue, no sign of passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction was detected. In addition, when the sera were treated in the cultures of peritoneal mast cells, the increase of histamine release by anti-(GM soybean) sera was not observed when compared to that by anti-(non-GM soybean) sera. The present results indicate that the GM soybean might not act as a strong allergen in male Sprague Dawley rats.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.575-580
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• 2017

Because moire artifacts overlap with fine lesions and frequency bands, image processing software that removes moire artifacts can lead to loss of micro lesions. In this study, microscopic lesions such as microcalcification and microfracture were randomly formed on SD (Sprague Dawley) rats and image and optimized grid images were compared and analyzed using reference image and grid suppression software. The images were read by two consecutive radiologists using a McNemar's test. Among the 73 microcalcifications, in the 13 cases after grid suppression, the image of the optimized grid shows the loss of image in 3 cases, and the image after grid suppression shows statistically significant image loss (p=0.021). In all 53 fracture lines, there were 19 cases of image loss after the grid suppression, and only one case of the optimized grid showed no image loss. Therefore, the use of grid suppression software to remove moire artifacts should be carefully considered in the diagnosis of micro lesions.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.205-218
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• 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the toxicity symptoms and approximate lethal dose (ALD) of Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai hydrothermal extract powder by single oral dose toxicity and 4 weeks of repeated oral dose determination. The Sprague-Dawley (SD) male and female rats were treated with 1,250 (low- dosage group), 2,500 (medium- dosage group) and 5,000 (high- dosage group) mg/kg. In the single oral dose toxicity test, no dead animals and toxic symptoms were observed during the experiment. And there were no related with anomalies in normal weight changes and autopsy results. In the four-week repeated oral dose determination test, no death animals and toxicity symptoms were observed during the experiment, and there were no abnormal results in weight changes, feed and negative intake measurements. Results of eye examination, urinalysis, hematological values and serum biochemical values, gross findings and absolute organ were not of singularity. These result demonstrated that no toxic symptoms were observed by the test substance Oplopanax elatus (Nakai) Nakai hydrothermal extract powder under this test condition, and the non-toxic content is determined to be 5,000 mg/kg/day.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2021.04a
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• pp.65-66
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• 2021

Glycyrrhiza species (Licorice) are one of the most commonly used medicinal plants in Asian countries such as China, India and Korea. It has been traditionally used to treat many disease including cough, cold, asthma, fatigue, gastritis and respiratory tract infections. Glycyrrhiza new variety, Wongam (WG), have been developed by Korea Rural Development Administration and revealed several pharmacological effects. However, limited data are available on the potential adverse effects of the WG. Here, we evaluated the general toxicity of the WG extract through single oral dose toxicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats. After single oral dose administration, there was no mortality up to 5000 mg/kg during experiment period. In addition, there was no clinical signs including body weight change, gross findings and necropsy findings up to 5000 mg/kg during experiment period. To conclude, the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) of WG was higher than 5000 mg/kg and no target organs were identified in male and female Sprague-Dawley rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.143-149
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• 1998

This study was carried out to evaluate the testicular toxicity of 2-bromopropane (2-BP), which recently caused occupational intoxication on the reproductive and hematopoietic system in Koreans, using light microscopy, immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. 10 weeks old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with 0.5 g/㎏/day of 2-BP orally for 8 consecutive weeks. The testes of the rats were vascularly perfused with Karnovsky's solution or immersed in Bouin's solution, embedded in plastic and evaluated with light microscopy. And relative proportions of haploid, diploid, and tetra-ploid states of DNA ploidy in the testicular cell suspensions of the SD rats were examined by flow cytometry. 2-BP induced severe testicular atrophy, depletion and degeneration of spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatids and mild hyperplasia of Leydig cells without significant morphological changes. The Leydig cell hyperplasia was confirmed by immunohistochemistry using proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). The immunopositive cells against PCNA were observed in the nuclei oj some interstitial cells. Relative proportions of haploid states of DNA ploidy decreased in the atrophic testicular cell suspensions comparing with those of the control. In conclusion, 2-BP induced testicular atrophy with Leydig cell hyperplasia as examined by histopathology, immunohistochemistry and DNA flow cytometry.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.41-45
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to analyze the single-dose toxicity of neutral natured blood stasis pharmacopuncture extracts. Methods: All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech, an institution authorized to perform non-clinical studies, under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). Sprague-Dawley rats were chosen for the pilot study. Doses of neutral natured blood stasis pharmacopuncture extracts, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL, were administered to the experimental group, and the same doses of normal saline solution were administered to the control group. This study was conducted under the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: In all 4 groups, no deaths occurred, and the neutral natured blood stasis pharmacopuncture extracts administered by intramuscular (IM) injection was over 1.0 mL/animal. No significant changes in the body weights between the control group and the experimental group were observed. To check for abnormalities in organs and tissues, we used microscopy to examine representative histological sections of each specified organ; the results showed no significant differences in any organs or tissues. Conclusion: The above findings suggest that treatment with neutral natured blood stasis pharmacopuncture extracts is relatively safe. Further studies on this subject should be conducted to yield more concrete evidence.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.135-140
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• 1998

Protease Nexin-1 (PN-1) inhibits the activity of several serine proteases including thrombin, urokinase (uPA)-type plasminogen activator and trypsin. Tissue- and reproductive organ-specific mRNA levels of the PN-1 were investigated in Sprague-Dawley adult rat. PN-1 mRNA expression in rats was found in brain (forebrain, hindbrain), heart, liver, lung, ovary and oviduct. The level of PN-1 mRNA in male and female among the tissues was the highest in forebrain of the female. PN-1 expression in reproductive organs was found only in ovary and oviduct. These results suggest that PN-1 expression is dependent on the sex and may be related to folliculogenesis and early embryogenesis.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.55-61
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• 2004

Respiratory effects in full time welders include bronchitis, airway irritation, lung function changes, and lung fibrosis. Welder's pneumoconiosis has been generally determined to be benign and not associated with respiratory symptoms based on the absence of pulmonary function abnormalities in welders with marked radiographic abnormalities. Accordingly, to investigate pulmonary function changes during 60 days induced by welding-fume exposure, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to manual metal arc-stainless steel (MMA-SS) welding fumes with concentrations of 64.8$\pm$0.9 mg/$m^3$ (low dose) and 107.8 $\pm$ 2.6 mg/$m^3$ (high dose) total suspended particulates for 2 hr/day, 5 days/week in an inhalation chamber for 60 days. Pulmonary function was measured every week with whole body plethysmograph compensated (WBP Comp, SFT38116, Buxco Electronics, Sharon, CT). The rats exposed to the high dose of welding fumes exhibited statistically significant (p<0.05~0.01) body weight decrease as compared to the control whereas cell number increase of the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) (total cell, macrophage, polymorphonuclear cell and lymphocyte) during the 60 days exposure period. And only tidal volume was significantly decreased in dosedependantly during 60 days of MMA-SS welding fume exposure. This pulmonary function change with inflammatory cell recruitment confirms the lung injury caused by the MMA-SS welding fume exposure.