• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.103-107
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• 2022

This study was carried out to evaluate the seeding date and performance of early maturing rye cultivars for the Dry matter yield (DMY) and nutritive value during 2016 and 2017 in Yeongseo region of Gangwondo, South Korea. The experimental field was designed as a split-plot arrangement. The treatments were two planting dates on September 25 and October 02 as the main plots, and two cultivars of forage rye including Gogu and Koolgrazer as sub-plots. The cultivars were harvested on April 26 at the heading stage of both years. In this experiment, the sowing dates and cultivars of the forage rye did not effect on DMY. The DMY had no significant differences among the cultivars of forage rye and seeding date of both years. Similarly, no significant difference was observed in the DMY of Gogu and Koolgrazer in both seeding date and years. The CP, NDF, ADF, and RFV had no significant differences among the cultivars of forage rye and seeding date of both years. Considering the DMY and nutritive value of the current experiment, seeding of forage rye cultivars Gogu and Koolgrazer on September 25 and October 2 could be used as an recommended seeding date at northern area. In addition, based on the climate characteristics of the region, both cultivars had relatively similar forage yield and quality that makes them to be recommended for cultivation in the region. This study is meaningful in that DMY was first presented in Yeongseo region where there is no cultivation data for forage rye.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.479-491
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• 2021

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: One ongoing effort to curtail dyslipidemia in school children is through lifestyle intervention. This study analyzes outcomes of the intervention of nutrition education and Javanese traditional game-based physical activity, on lipid profiles of overweight and obese children. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The experimental study consisted of three steps: data collection (October to December 2016), intervention processes (January to March 2017), and final report preparation (April to May 2017). This was a split-plot block study, enrolling a total of 72 subjects. Traditional game intervention (12 meetings) and nutrition education (9 meetings) was carried out within 3 months with material related to obesity. RESULTS: Our results showed no decrease in the levels of total cholesterol in the group receiving nutrition education (rise by 1.56 mg/dL), but when compared to subjects without intervention, total cholesterol levels experienced was increased. The group which did not receive physical activity showed increase in the total cholesterol, whereas the traditional game intervention group showed a decrease of 0.05 mg/dL total cholesterol at the end of the intervention. Nutrition education and physical activity interventions did not influence any reduction in the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, but rather showed a tendency to increase at the end of the intervention. However, the increase in LDL-c levels in the traditional game group was lower than in other intervention groups. Duncan's test indicated that the effect of nutrition education and physical activity interventions did not differ from the cut-off values of LDL-C and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS: Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the traditional game group tended to decrease at the end of the intervention, but the results did not differ much from other intervention groups. We deduce that nutrition education and traditional game-based physical activity interventions are not capable of improving blood lipid profiles in overweight and obese children within 3 months. It is necessary to increase the time of physical activity intervention to maintain the lipid profile in another study.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.85 no.4
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• pp.469-484
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• 2023

A deep recursive bidirectional Cuda Deep Neural Network Long Short Term Memory (Bi-CuDNNLSTM) layer is recruited in this paper to predict the entire force time histories, and the corresponding hysteresis and backbone curves of reinforced concrete (RC) bridge piers using experimental fast and slow cyclic tests. The proposed stacked Bi-CuDNNLSTM layers involve multiple uncertain input variables, including horizontal actuator displacements, vertical actuators axial loads, the effective height of the bridge pier, the moment of inertia, and mass. The functional application programming interface in the Keras Python library is utilized to develop a deep learning model considering all the above various input attributes. To have a robust and reliable prediction, the dataset for both the fast and slow cyclic tests is split into three mutually exclusive subsets of training, validation, and testing (unseen). The whole datasets include 17 RC bridge piers tested experimentally ten for fast and seven for slow cyclic tests. The results bring to light that the mean absolute error, as a loss function, is monotonically decreased to zero for both the training and validation datasets after 5000 epochs, and a high level of correlation is observed between the predicted and the experimentally measured values of the force time histories for all the datasets, more than 90%. It can be concluded that the maximum mean of the normalized error, obtained through Box-Whisker plot and Gaussian distribution of normalized error, associated with unseen data is about 10% and 3% for the fast and slow cyclic tests, respectively. In recapitulation, it brings to an end that the stacked Bi-CuDNNLSTM layer implemented in this study has a myriad of benefits in reducing the time and experimental costs for conducting new fast and slow cyclic tests in the future and results in a fast and accurate insight into hysteretic behavior of bridge piers.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.87 no.3
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• pp.221-229
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• 2023

Urbanization and industrialization have significantly increased the amount of solid waste produced in recent decades, posing considerable disposal problems and environmental burdens. The practice of waste utilization in concrete has gained popularity among construction practitioners and researchers for the efficient use of resources and the transition to the circular economy in construction. This study employed Lytag aggregate, an environmentally friendly pulverized fuel ash-based lightweight aggregate, as a substitute for natural coarse aggregate. At the same time, fly ash, an industrial by-product, was used as a partial substitute for cement. Concrete mix M20 was experimented with using fly ash and Lytag lightweight aggregate. The percentages of fly ash that make up the replacements were 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25%. The Compressive Strength (CS), Split Tensile Strength (STS), and deflection were discovered at these percentages after 56 days of testing. The concrete cube, cylinder, and beam specimens were examined in the explorations, as mentioned earlier. The results indicate that a 10% substitution of cement with fly ash and a replacement of coarse aggregate with Lytag lightweight aggregate produced concrete that performed well in terms of mechanical properties and deflection. The cementitious composites have varying characteristics as the environment changes. Therefore, understanding their mechanical properties are crucial for safety reasons. CS, STS, and deflection are the essential property of concrete. Machine learning (ML) approaches have been necessary to predict the CS of concrete. The Artificial Fish Swarm Optimization (AFSO), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), and Harmony Search (HS) algorithms were investigated for the prediction of outcomes. This work deftly explains the tremendous AFSO technique, which achieves the precise ideal values of the weights in the model to crown the mathematical modeling technique. This has been proved by the minimum, maximum, and sample median, and the first and third quartiles were used as the basis for a boxplot through the standardized method of showing the dataset. It graphically displays the quantitative value distribution of a field. The correlation matrix and confidence interval were represented graphically using the corrupt method.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.334-339
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• 1985

A sweet corn hybrid, Honey Bantam, was planted on 24 May, 1984 in a silty clay loam soil to investigate the effects of polyethylene(P.E.) mulch and different levels and placements of Nitrogen(N) on soil properties and sweet corn growth. A split-split plot design with three replications was employed; P.E. mulch and bare soil were main plot, N levele of 8, 12, 16, and 20 kg/10a were subplot, and band and broadcast of fertilizers were sub-subplots. At early growth stage soil temperature under P.E. mulch was higher than that in bare soil by 5-10$^{\circ}C$, but the differences decreased as plant growth advanced. Soil hardness increased with soil depth while P.E. mulch reduced soil hardness probably by holding high soil moisture. Soil pH decreased up to the 6th week after planting and then increased in bare soil, but it contineously decreased up to the 8th weeks under P.E. mulch regardless N levels and placements. Electrical conductivity(EC) of soil increased up to the 6th weeks after planting and then decreased in all treatments except broadcast of fertilizers under P.E. mulch where EC increased contineously. Generally, soil EC under P.E. mulch was higher than that in broadcast. Broadcast of fertilizers did not affect emergence of seedlings in all N levels under P.E. mulch and bare soil, but band of fertilizers at all N levels under P.E. mulch and higher levels of N in bare soil reduced emergence rate significantly. Percent stand was possitively correlated with soil EC and it strongly influenced the number of marketable ears. Plant growth was enhanced and silking date was earlier by 14-19 days under P.E. mulch compared to bare soil probably due to increased soil moisture, reduced soil hardness and higher soil temperature.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.3860-3871
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• 1975

This experiment was carried out to establish the mechanized methods in stumping and root-clearing, which were the most important works in the reclamation of sloping uplands. The determination of optimum teeth interval of rake blades and its operation methods to reduce the quantity of transported topsoil during the works, are the aims of this investigation. A newly designed rake blade, whose net teeth intervals could be regulated by three stages as 15cm, 25cm, and 35cm, was manufactured to attach to the bulldozer of 13ton. The experiments were carried out at Kilsang-Myon, Kwangwha-Gun, from Aug. 9 to Aug. 23, 1975. For each interval, 36 test plots of 50${\times}$10mn in size, which were regulated under three levels of land slopes of 10, 20, and 30% and two different tree stand density of high or medium values, were randomly chosen and arranged by two-replicated split-split plot design. Each stump classified by its diameter was stumped and cleared by the rake dozer to be related between diameter and stumping time. The results obtained in this experiment can be summarized as follows: 1. Stumping times for the diameters ranging from 6 to 18cm of stumps are almost the same and they are not varied by the difference of teeth intervals of rake dozer. 2. By back-ward stumping method, the number of stumps which can be stumped per hour ranges almost from 100 to 170, showing significant difference with respect to the teeth intervals. The working area is sharply varied with not only the stand density of stumps but the teeth intervals. 3. Optimum stumping distance for each teeth interval of rake dozer to minimize the quantity of transported topsoil are varied with such the rates as it is 15m or 20m for 15cm of teeth interval, but 25m for 25cm or 35cm, respectively. The clearing distance could be chosen almost double as long as the operating distance. 4. The working areas per hour of the simultaneous stumping and clearing methods are no significant difference among the various treatments of working conditions, but they are affected by the operating techniques. However, the influencing factors of the working conditions as classified before and the working directions are ranged from 10 to 15 per cent of total working area, respectively. 5. The residual rates of stumps which are not stumped by the rake dozer in each test plot are generally reduced as the teeth interval gets narrower, but there are no significant difference among them. The mean residual rates average to be about 4% for the simultaneous stumping and clearing method. The back-ward stumping method are recommended to be supervised and directed by more than one man, to show the operator where the stumps are located. 6. The results according to the stumping and clearing methods are summarized as Table IV-2. And the selection of working methods is recommended to follow as shown in Fig. IV-9 with respect to the stand density of the field. 7. Generally speaking, the narrower the teeth interval, the better become the working results, but the more the quantity of transported topsoil is increased. Therefore, it is recommended that the teeth interval should be reduced from the present distance of more than 30cm to 25cm or 15cm, by developing suitable working methods through more field works and experiments.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.333-339
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• 2011

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of pre- and post-weaning feeding programs on growth of pigs. A total of 24 litters (avg. 10.6 piglets/litter) born from multiparous (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) dams ${\times}$ Duroc sires were provided with neither creep feed (CF) nor milk replacer ("CON"), 200 gm CF/litter/d from the 15th day of lactation ("MIN"), or CF and milk replacer ad libitum for 7 h during the daytime from the 7th day ("MAX") through weaning at d 21 of age. Sixty-eight weanling pigs selected randomly from each of CON and MIN were provided with phases 1, 2 and 3 nursery diets for 7, 14, and 13 days, respectively, in two pens; an equal number of piglets from MAX received the same diets for 6, 10, and 18 days, respectively. Subsequently, all pigs were fed grower 1 and 2 diets sequentially up to d 95 and 135, respectively. The entire pre- and post-weaning feeding trial was repeated three times under a split-plot design of experiment. Initial and final weights and ADG of the suckling pigs did not differ between MAX/MIN and CON. However, final wt of MAX adjusted for initial wt, which was 0.17-kg less in MAX than in CON, was greater than that of CON by 0.31kg, whereas the difference between MIN and CON in final wt barely changed after the adjustment. Growth of the animals during the nursery and growing phases was not affected by the feeding program, whereas d 55 and 135 BW, as well as d 6 BW, were highly correlated with weaning weight (r=0.81, 0.57, and 0.76; P<0.001, <0.05, and <0.001, respectively). In conclusion, results suggest that provision of creep feed and milk replacer from early lactation may be effective for increasing weight gain of light piglets, but that limited provision of creep feed during late lactation or extension of the duration of phases 1 and 2 vs. 3 nursery diets for several days is unlikely to influence the growth of pigs during the corresponding and subsequent periods.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.209-220
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• 2012

Most oats are used for livestock feed in the world. This experiment was conducted at Iksan city of Korea from 2007 to 2008. The objective of this study was to select eminent oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars with high-yielding and a quality for forage adaptable in each planting seasons. Experimental design was split-plot design with three replications. A split plot design was used with seeding date on the main plots and other treatments fully randomized in sub-plots. A factorial arrangement of treatments included three different ecotypes cultivars, winter type (Sanmhan, Donghan and Chohan), summer type (High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan), and naked oats near to spring type (Daeyang, Choyang, and Sunyang) and twelve seeding dates (twice a month from March to November). Plant height, dry matter yield, and percent TDN was significantly affected by seeding dates, cultivars, and the interaction of cultivars ${\times}$ seeding dates. There was a decrease in plant height, dry matter yield, and percent total digestible nutrients (TDN) as seeding was delayed from early March to late June and it also from early September to early November. The winter type oat cultivars such as Samhan, Donghan, and Chohan adapted to fall seeding and early summer harvest, while summer type cultivars such as High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan showed high productivity either to summer seeding and mid-fall harvest or to spring seeding and early summer harvest. Naked type cultivars, Choyang and Daeyang, showed high forage yield by spring and summer seeding except for fall seeding because of cold damage. Summer type oat cultivars such as High-speed, Darkhorse, and Swan can supplement high forage production in spring. TDN yield showd the most at seeding in October 10 (780 kg $10a^{-1}$), followed at seeding in March 23 (627 kg $10a^{-1}$).

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 1998

To determine the optimum application of fertilizers for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in plastic film house, twenty soils which contain different salts contents were taken from 4 different area of plastic film house cultivation, Youngdong. Boeun county, Cheongweon county, and Cheongju city. The dry weight and the amount of N. P, and K uptakes of Chinese cabbage in the plot of no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the fertility of the soil. And a difference of dry weight and the amounts of N, P, and K uptakes of plants between the plot of fertilization and no fertilization were considered as the factors representing the total effect of fertilizer and fertilizer N, P, and K effects. respectively. These factors of soil fertility and fertilizer effects were estimated by correlation and regression with soil tests in order to find the critical levels and recommended method for optimum fertilization of Chinese cabbage. Chinese cabbage transplanted in two soils, having the electrical conductivity of 9.3 and 15.2 dS/m, were not able to root due to the salts toxicity. The content of inorganic N, the electrical conductivity, and CEC were founded to have significant correlation with the factors of both the soil fertility and fertilizer effects for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage. To determine the weighting degree for the productivity and the fertilizer effects, the standardized partial regression coefficient was analyzed by regression among the factors of fertility, the fertilizer effects, and the soil tests. The coefficient for inorganic N($NH_4-N$ and $NO_3-N$) was obtained as the absolute value of 756-1871 and this value was extremely higher than those of other soil tests which was 0.07-4.11. These results suggested that the content of inorganic N is the best tests for the estimation of the productivity and the fertilizer effects for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in plastic film house. The critical level of inorganic N($NH_4-N+NO_3-N$) estimated by Cate-Nelson split method for maximum productivity and zero point of fertilizer effect was 220 mg/kg for all the factors of estimation. These results suggested that no application of fertilizer N. P, and K is required at the critical level of inorganic N of soil. Consequently the optimum application of fertilizer N, P, and K for the cultivation of Chinese cabbage in plastic film house was possible to determine by the critical level of inorganic N of soil. The critical level of electrical conductivity was estimated as 2.8 dS/m by the same method.

• Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.89-97
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• 2020

This experiment was conducted at Sancheong from 2013 to 2015. The objective of this study was to establish the seeding rate, and to clarify the optimum nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production in the southern area of Korea. We employed Korean rye cultivar 'Gogu' in this test. The experimental design was a split-plot design with three replications. A split-plot design was used with three seeding levels (3, 5, and 7 kg 10 a^-1) on the main plots and other treatments fully randomized in sub-plots. A factorial arrangement of treatments included three different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 3, 6, and 9 kg 10 a^-1). The grain yields of rye affected by increasing the seeding rate. The number of spike per m² and immature grain weight was increasing, while the fertility rate and the number of grain per spike were decreased as seeding rate were increased from 3 kg 10 a^-1 to 7 kg 10 a^-1. The percentage of a productive tiller, 1-liter weight, and 1000-grain weight also decrease by increasing seeding but the grain yields of rye had less effect. There was an increase in the number of spike per m², the number of grain per spike, and grain yields as nitrogen fertilizer level was increased from 0 kg 10 a^-1 to 9 kg 10 a^-1 and followed a delaying heading and an increasing lodging of the plant. But grain yields did not affected by the interaction of seeding rate × nitrogen fertilizer levels. The best seeding rate and nitrogen fertilizer level for rye seed production were 5 kg and 3 kg 10 a^-1, respectively, considering seed and fertilizer reduction and the prevention of pollution by excess fertilization.