• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2004

We purified and characterized a crude polysaccharide from Spirodela polyrhiza with anti-complement activities. The crude polysaccharide fraction (SP-0) which had potential anti-complement activity was extracted in hot water for 4 hrs at 10$0^{\circ}C$. The ethanol-precipitate, the crude polysaccharide traction (SP-1), showed a potent anti-complement activity. Further purification of the crude polysaccharide (SP-1) was carried out by cetavlon, ion exchange chromatography and gel column chromatography. Among cetavlon fractions, SP-4 showed the most potent anti-complement activity. When 100 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL of SP-4 was incubated with an equal volume of normal human serum (NHS), the TCH$_{50}$ was reduced by about 78%. When the SP-4 fraction was further purified by DEAE-Sepharose (Cl$^{[-10]}$ ), the SP-4IIa, SP-4IIb and SP-4IIc, absorbed fractions, were almost the same as the anti-complement activities of SP-4. SP-4IIc, having the greatest potential activation and the highest yield by ion exchange chromatography, was further purified by gel column chromatography on a Sepharose CL-6B column. Four polysaccharide fractions of SP-4IIc-1, SP-4IIc-2, SP-4IIc-3 and SP-4IIc-4 were obtained, consisting mainly of arabinose, rhamnose, galactose and glucose, with approximate molecular weights of about 305,000, 132,000, 64,000 and 12,000, respectively. Among these subfractions, SP-4IIc-1 had the most potent anti-complement activity. When the SP-4IIc-1 aggregate was applied to a gel column chromatography in 10 mM and 50 mM NaCl solution, the position of the peak fractions shifted to a low molecular weight region, and the molecular weight of SP-4IIc-1 decreased with increased NaCl concentration in the gel column chromatography. It was found that the self-aggregation formed spontaneously in void volume by gel column chromatography using Sepharose CL-6B in water and the self-aggregation significantly affected the anti-complement function.

• 대한한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.179-179
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• 2007

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2008

Hydrophytes such as Spirodela polyrhiza form dormant turions to withstand cold winters. The turion is an anatomically distinct structure from which a vegetative frond arises later during germination. The turions sink to the bottom of the pond when temperatures drop and remain there throughout the winter. In the spring, they float to the surface and germinate into a new frond from the turion primordium. Unlike fronds, turions are known to possess small aerenchyma, starch grains, and relatively dense cytoplasm. These features allow the turions to survive the cold winter season at the bottom of the pond. Spirodela polyrhiza has been investigated previously to a great extent, especially in its physiological, biochemical and ecological attributes. However, a little is known about the structural features of the frond and turion during turion development. Thus, the aim of the present study was to reveal the structural characteristics of the frond and turion with regard to tissue differentiation, aerenchyma development, starch distribution, and ultrastructure, with the use of electron microscopy. A moderate degree of mesophyll tissue differentiation was found in the frond, whereas the turion did not exhibit such differentiation. Within the frond tissue, approximately $37{\sim}45%$ of the cellular volume was occupied by a large aerenchyma, but only $9{\sim}15%$ was taken up by the aerenchyma in the turion. The turion cells, especially those of the turion primordium, were derived from frond cells, and contained cytoplasm. Their cytoplasm was densely packed with plastids, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, and microtubules. Plasmodesmata were also well developed within these cells. The most striking feature observed was the distribution of starch grains within the plastids of turion cells. Before the turion sank to the bottom of the pond, a considerable amount of starch accumulated in the plastid stroma. The starch grains dissolved when temperatures rose in the spring, and this promptly provided the nutrients which the primordium needed for turion germination. The turion therefore, was an appropriate dormant structure for free-floating, reduced hydrophytes like Spirodela polyhriza due to its small aerenchyma and large starch grains that aided in the purpose of sinking below the surface of the water to survive cold winters. The new fronds that arose from such turions grew rapidly in the spring, beginning the new life cycle.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.46 no.1 s.145
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• pp.13-18
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• 2007

Morphological characters of adult and immature stages on Elophila turbata (Butler, 1881) belonging to subfamily Nymphulinae, family Crambidae are redescribed base on Korean materials. Also we observed biological characters of this species including host plants, Spirodela polyrhiza(L.) Schleiden, Salvinia natans ($Linn\acute{e}$) Allioni and Lemna perpusilla Torre. And, photographs of adult, genitalia and immature stages are provided.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.488-495
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible antioxidant effect of Spirodela polyrhiza (SP) on rats fed a high fat and high cholesterol diet supplemented with either 5% (SPA group) or 10% (SPB group) SP for 4 weeks. The hepatic SOD activity of the HF group significantly decreased compared to that of the N group, but that of the SPA and SPB groups significantly increased. The GPx activity of the SPA and SPB groups in the liver was significantly greater than that of the HF group, and the hepatic catalase activity of the SPA and SPB groups significantly increased compared to the HF group. The hepatic superoxide radical content of the mitochondria and microsomes of the HF group significantly increased compared to that of the N group, but the contents were reduced in the group that took SP powder. The hepatic hydrogen peroxide content in the cytosol and mitochondria of the SP powder group was lower than in the HF group. The carbonyl content in the mitochondria and microsomes of the SPA and SPB groups was significantly lower than in the HF group. The TBARS values in the liver significantly decreased in the SPA and SPB groups. Spirodela polyrhiza was thus effective in reducing oxidative stress by regulating the hepatic antioxidant enzymes and the free radicals in rats fed high fat and high cholesterol diets.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.865-869
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• 2008

This study was carried out to research antimicrobial agents from medicinal plants, Pueraria thunbergiana, Sophora flavescens, Lonicera japonica, Pinellia ternata, Dictamnus dasycarpus, Paeonia lactiflora, Angelica dahurica, Spirodela polyrhiza, Cryptotympana pustulata, Pinus densiflora, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Bupleurum falcatum, Magnolia kobus, Artemisia princeps, Houttuynia cordata, Forsythia koreana, Arctium lappa, Castanea crenata, Aster tataricus, Citrus unshiu, Gardenia jasminoides, Ledebouriella seseloides, Hovenia dulcis, Prunus sargentii. The ethanol extracts of 24 medicinal plants were tested for the antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The extracts of Sophora flavescens, Pinus densiflora, Cimicifuga heracleifolia, Gardenia jasminoides and Ledebouriella seseloides showed antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans. The extracts of Pinus densiflora and Sophora flavescens among these medical plants showed significant antimicrobial activity against Streptcoccus mutans. These results suggested that the extracts from Pinus densiflora and Sophora flavescens could be the potential source of antimicrobial agents against S. mutans.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.65-74
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• 2006

A study of the vascular hydrophyte communities and biomass was undertaken in the Bigumdo wetlands, Shinangun, from March to November, 2005. As a result, the vegetation was divided into 14 communities. Among them, emergent hydrophytes consisted of 6 communities, including Miscanthus sacchariflorus community, Phragmites communis community, Typha angustata community, Leersia japonica community, Paspalum disticum var. indutum community, and Persicaria thunbergii community, floating hydrophytes 5 communities including Hydrocharis dubia community, Nelumbo nucifera community, Euryale ferox community, Trapa japonica community and Nymphaea tetragona var. angusta community, free-floating hydrophytes 2 commuinties including Lemna paucicostata community and Spirodela polyrhiza community, and submergent hydrophyte 1 community, including Myriophyllum verticillatum community. Biomass was the highest at emergent hydrophytes and decreased along the life form, in the order like floating hydrophytes, submergent hydrophyte and free-floating hydrophytes. In addition, hydrophytes in the Bigumdo wetland showed the typical vertical zonation pattern like a natural swamp. These results were considered that the wetland of Bigumdo was characterized by the typical structure of aquatic plant ecosystem.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.180-186
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• 2017

We investigated the antioxidant activities of water and ethanol extracts from Spirodela polyrhiza (SP) through in vitro assays. The total phenolic contents of SP water and ethanol extracts were 52.75-293.4 and 60.12-398.4 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid content of SP ethanol extract (38.25-159.4 mg/g) was higher than that of SP water extract (38.25-67.75 mg/g). The water and ethanol extracts from SP scavenged the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and 2,2'-azino-di-2-ethyl-benzothia-zoline sulfonate (ABTS) radical in a dose-dependent manner in the concentration range of $100-2,500{\mu}g/ml$. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of the SP ethanol extract (2.87%-59.5%) was higher than that of the water extract (4.12%-81.52%). The $IC_{50}s$ of the DPPH radical scavenging activity of water and ethanol extracts were 2,100 and $1,034{\mu}g/ml$ respectively. The ABTS radical scavenging activities of SP water and ethanol extracts were 8.30%-83.16% and 13.11%-8.34% respectively. The $IC_{50}s$ of the ABTS radical scavenging activity of SP water and ethanol extracts were 798.7 and $457.1{\mu}g/ml$, respectively. The reducing power activities of SP water and ethanol extracts were 0.055-1.122 and 0.140-1.428, respectively ($500-4,000{\mu}g/ml$). The soybean lipoxygenase (SLO) radical scavenging activities of SP water and ethanol extracts were 157.7%-168.0% and 148.0%-169.4%, respectively. These results suggest that the water and ethanol extracts of SP may be useful as a potential antioxidant.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.201-209
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• 2000

The flora, distribution area, vegetation structure, annual net primary production, and nutrient uptake of the vascular hydrophytes, hygrophytes and mesophytes were investigated in the wetlands of the Asan-Lake, Chungchongnam-do and Kyonggi-do, Korea from March to October in 1997 to reveal the correlation between the plant community and the lake environment. The flora was composed of 38 families, 89 genera, 106 species, 14 varieties or total 120 kinds of the vascular plants. The life from of the hydrophytes were classified as 14 kinds of emergent plants, 5 kinds of submerged plants, and 4 kinds of free-floating plants, respectively. The number of species was various to 4 ∼85 kinds in each site. The dominant species was Zizania latifolia, and the importance values of Zizania latifolia, Typha orientalis, Phragmites communis, and Spirodela polyrhiza were 39.58, 14.90, 13.97, and 7.64, respectively. The distribution area of the emergent hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and mesophytes was 49.3 ㏊ (90.5%), and free-floating plants was 5.2 ㏊ (9.5%), whereas the floating-leaved and submersed plants were rare. Annual net production of the emergent hydrophytes, hygrophytes, and mesophytes was 547.9 ton D.W./yr (98%), and those of the free-floating plants was 10.5 ton D.W./yr (2%), and 558.4 ton D.W./yr in the whole lake ecosystem. The total uptake of nitrogen and phosphorus by the vascular plants was 7,099 and 1,891 ㎏/yr in the whole lake ecosystem.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.77-92
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• 1997

To know of the biological basic method that can improve the environment of the organisms that inhabit at Deokjin Park. We studied the flora and the fauna in Deokjin Park on June, 1996. The study was surveyed and researched according to the items floras, phytoplanktons, insects and vertebrates. The floras are composed of eleven varieties, one forma, eighty-three species, eighty-four genera and forty-nine families. In the lake of Deokjin Park, the dominant species were Nelembo nucifera and Spirodela polyrhiza. The authors thought that those species be artificially excluded in winter for the improvement of the quality of water. The phytoplanktons were composed of forty genera, eighteen families, ten orders and six classes. Among those, Anacystis(=Microcystis) and Anabaena that make eutrophication, were distributed in the lake of Deokjin Park. The fauna of insects were composed of forty-one species, thirty families and eleven orders. The authors observed seven species of fish, two species of amphibian, three species of reptile, seven species of the bird and one species of mammal. Among those, Bull-frog and Blue-turtle as exotic species must be excluded by artificial methods for the other native organisms of the lake of Deokjin Park.