• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.869-887
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• 2016

The socket-spigot template supporting system is widely used in engineering applications in China. As a newer type of support structure, there has been growing research interest in its bearing capacity. In this paper, four vertical bearing capacity tests were carried out on the basic mechanical unit frame of a socket-spigot template supporting system. The first goal was to explore the influence of the node semi-rigid degree and the longitudinal spacing of the upright tube on the vertical bearing capacity. The second objective was to analyze the displacement trend and the failure mode during the loading process. This paper presents numerical analysis of the vertical bearing capacity of the unit frames using the finite element software ANSYS. It revealed the relationship between the node semi-rigid degree and the vertical bearing capacity, that the two-linear reinforcement model of elastic-plastic material can be used to analyze the socket-spigot template supporting system, and, through node entity model analysis, that the load transfer direction greatly influences the node bearing area. Finally, this paper indicates the results of on-site application performance experiments, shows that the supporting system has adequate bearing capacity and stability, and comments on the common work performance of a socket and fastener scaffold.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.51
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• pp.11.1-11.9
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• 2021

Spider capture silk is a natural scaffolding material that outperforms most synthetic materials in terms of its combination of strength and elasticity. Among the various kinds of silk threads, cribellar thread is the most primitive prey-capturing type of spider web material. We analyzed the functional organization of the sieve-like cribellum spigots and specialized calamistral comb bristles for capture thread production by the titanoecid spider Nurscia albofasciata. The outer cribellar surface is covered with thousands of tiny spigots, and the cribellar plate produces non-sticky threads composed of thousands of fine nanofibers. N. albofasciata cribellar spigots are typically about 10 ㎛ long, and each spigot appears as a long individual shaft with a pagoda-like tiered tip. The five distinct segments comprising each spigot is a defining characteristic of this spider. This segmented and flexible structure not only allows for spigots to bend individually and join with adjacent spigots, but it also enables spigots to draw the silk fibrils from their cribella with rows of calamistral leg bristles to form cribellar prey-capture threads.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.67-76
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• 2012

The biomimetic approach on the cuticular spinning nozzles of the major ampullate silk glands in the golden-web spider Nephila calvata has been attempted using various visualizing techniques of light and electron microscopes to improve the design of spinning nozzle for producing synthetic nanofibers spun from electrospinning apparatus. The major ampullate spigot which has the most effective nozzle system to produce nanofibers for dragline silk with high strength and elasticity is connected via the bullet type spigot on anterior spinneret with flexible terminal segment. The excretory duct which transports the liquid silk feedstock from ampulla to spigot is divided into 3 limbs by loops back on itself to form an S-shape morphology that is bundled in connective tissue. Final diameter of the nanofibers at nozzle was dramatically reduced by gradual narrowing of duct cuticle less than 10 times comparing to its original size of funnel region. Moreover, the funnel has a characteristic cuticular organization with porous microstructure which seems to be related to water removal from feedstock of silk precursors. High magnification electron micrographs also reveal the presence of the spiral grooves on the surface of the cuticular intima near the valve which presumed to reduce friction during rapid flow of liquid silk.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.404-409
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• 2005

An 86 year old woman was admitted complaining of dyspnea and right pleuritic pain with a 5 week durations. A physical examination, chest X-ray, and diagnostic thoracentesis upon admission revealed findings consistent with severe pneumonia and empyema on the right lung. Despite the insertion of a chest tube and negative suction via Emersion pump, the continuous air leakage was sustained, and a bronchopleural fistula (BPF) was found on the chest-CT. A flexible bronchoscopic occlusion with an Endobronchial Watanabe Spigot (EWS) was performed after 56 days of admission. An 5 mm diameter EWS was successfully inserted into the anterior segmental bronchus of the right upper lobe by flexible bronchoscope. There was no aAir leakage detected after this procedure. The patient was discharged 30 days after the EWS occlusion.

• Computers and Concrete
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.483-490
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• 2017

This paper studies on the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) pipes used in basic sanitation in the conduction of storm water and sanitary sewer. Pipes with 800 mm and 1200 mm in diameter were analyzed. The 800 mm pipes were built with simple reinforcement and the 1200 mm pipes with double reinforcement. For the two diameters of pipes the presence or absence of the pocket was evaluated, and the denomination of each one is spigot and pocket pipe (SPP) and ogee joint pipe (OJP), respectively. The 3D numerical models reproduce the three-edge-bearing test that provides information about the strength and stiffness of the reinforced concrete pipes. The validation of the computational models was carried out comparing the vertical and horizontal displacements on the springline and crown/invert and it was also evaluated the reinforcement strains and the crack pattern. As a main conclusion, the numerical models represented satisfactorily the behavior of the pipes and can be used in future studies in parametric analysis.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.17-28
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• 2017

We performed laboratory spudcan penetration and extraction tests considering various geometries. Jumunjin sand, representative standard sand in South Korea, and kaolinite were used for uniform sand and clay layers, respectively. The measured vertical bearing and pull-out capacities were compared to empirical equations for shallow foundations. The results showed good agreement between measured and calculated bearing capacity from laboratory test and previous study at shallow depths. The effect of spudcan geometry is shown to depend on site condition. The influence of a sharp spigot is not significant in clays. The slope of the spudcan surface is shown to influence the pull-out capacity. The characteristics of spudcan penetration and extraction behavior considering various geometries can be a useful reference for determining spudcan geometries.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.354-364
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• 1990

The ultrastructure and silk formational process of the flagelliform glands, one of the capture thread producing organs in the orb web spider (Nephila clavata L. Koch), have been studied with electron microscope. A pair of flagelliform glands consist of three distinct regions: excretory duct, storage sac and convoluted tail. This gland is connected to the large spinning tube (spigot) of the posterior spinnerets with two pairs of aggregate glands, and showed a characteristic spigot structure called "triad". The excretory duct consists of three long segments surrounded by the same sheath of connective tissue. The distal duct near the spinning tube bears the electron lucent subcuticles which have the functions of water removal and orientation of the silk fiber, whereas the proximal duct near the sac contains the cuticule precursor transported through the intercellular space. Cytoplasms of the sac and tail regions have well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and contain the round secretory granules commonly, but the electron densities and internal textures of the granules do not coincided. Adjacent epithelial cells are connected with the specialized septate junctions, and secretory granules accumulated at the apical pole are released to the lumen by the apocrine secretion.secretion.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2009

Here we demonstrate the fine structural characteristics of the spigots on the cribellum and its peculiar sieve-like structure at the aspects of the functional significance. The surface of the cribellum is covered by hundred of tiny spigots which producing numerous cribellate silk fibrils. It has been known that the cribellar silk is considered as a quite different sort of catching silk with dry-adhesive properties. By our fine structural observation using the field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), the titanoecid spiders have a specialized sieve-like plate just in front of the anterior spinnerets. The other types of the silk spigots were identified as follows: ampullate, pyriform and aciniform glands. Two pairs of major ampullate glands send secretory ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and another 1~2 pairs of minor ampullate glands supply the median spinnerets. In addition, the pyriform glands send ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and the aciniform glands feed silk into the median and the posterior spinnerets, respectively. Characteristically, 2 distinct types (A & B types) of the aciniform spigots were identified in this spider, and the spigots of the aciniform B type are always detected at the posterior spinneret, however sexual dimorphism for spigot is unlikely to be exhibited in this species of spider.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.72-75
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• 2017

도시농업 및 커뮤니티에 대한 사회적 관심에 편승하여 근래 도시의 커뮤니티가든(Community Garden)이 주목받고 있다. 북미의 커뮤니티가든은 농작물 생산 위주의 개인텃밭을 포괄한 지역사회의 구성원과 함께 만들어가는 오픈스페이스의 형태로, 화훼 등을 포괄하는 개념으로 간주되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 커뮤니티가든의 발상지인 북미 중에서도 가장 선진적인 사례로 손꼽히고 있는 미국 워싱턴주 시애틀(Seattle)시의 피패치(P-Patch)를 대상으로, 85개의 현장 전수조사를 통하여 공간설계 및 디자인요소를 추출하여 시사점을 도출하였다. 분석결과, 첫째 시애틀 피패치의 일반적인 디자인 구성요소는 기반시설, 지원시설, 휴게시설, 특수시설, 친환경시설 등 다섯 가지 기능으로 대별할 수 있는데, 지원시설로는 공구함(Tool Shed)이나 수전시설(Spigot)이, 친환경시설로는 도마(Cutting Board)나 퇴비함(Compost Bin)이 대부분 설치되어 있다. 둘째, 피패치의 공간구성 및 디자인적 특징으로는 이용자 수요 및 입지적 특성을 반영한 유연한 정원 설계를 들 수 있다. 셋째, 피패치는 다목적형 기능을 겸비한 복합적 공공장소로서 공공의 제도적 지원과 시민운동을 연계하는 기회를 제공하고 있다. 넷째, 지속가능성을 담보하기 위해 다양한 이해관계자(이용자, 코디네이터, 운영진, 전문가, 지역주민, 자원봉사자 등)와의 파트너십 구축, 다양한 재원 조달 방안 모색, 체계적인 모니터링 시스템 구축 및 운영을 지속하고 있다.

• Bulletin of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.11-20
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• 1983

In this paper elastic-plastic large deflection analysis of ship structural members, plates, stiffened plates and cylindrical shallow shell, are performed by the finite element method. And for the consideration of the yielded propagation through the depth of the member, the layered element approach is employed. The present method is justified by comparing its results with those of experiment and others. As results, the nonlinear behavior and the ultimate strength curves are shown, which can be used in the design of the plates and the stiffened plates under compression, and the applicability to the shell structures is suggested. The analysis results are as followings. (1) The results of the approximate equations as well as those of buckling analysis may not guarantee precisely the safety of the structures in some cases and the optimum in other cases. Therefore they may not show the design criteria for the optimal design. (2) As the initial deflection increases, its effects on the ultimate strength of the structure generally increases, and the ultimate load, therefore, decreases. (3) This approach can be applied to the shell type structures. (4) The present method can be applied to the various structures composed of plate and beam members, for example, plates with hole and the stiffened plates with hole stiffened by spigot, doubler and/or stiffener, for the optimal design.