• Mycobiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.97-101
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• 2010

Calocybe indica, a tropical edible mushroom, is popular because it has good nutritive value and it can be cultivated commercially. The current investigation was undertaken to determine a suitable substrate and the appropriate thickness of casing materials for the cultivation of C. indica. Optimum mycelial growth was observed in coconut coir substrate. Primordia initiation with the different substrates and casing materials was observed between the 13th and 19th day. The maximum length of stalk was recorded from sugarcane leaf, while diameter of stalk and pileus, and thickness of pileus were found in rice straw substrate. The highest biological and economic yield, and biological efficiency were also obtained in the rice straw substrate. Cow dung and loamy soil, farm-yard manure, loamy soil and sand, and spent oyster mushroom substrates were used as casing materials to evaluate the yield and yield-contributing characteristics of C. indica. The results indicate that the number of effective fruiting bodies, the biological and economic yield, and the biological efficiency were statistically similar all of the casing materials used. The maximum biological efficiency was found in the cow dung and loamy soil casing material. The cow dung and loamy soil (3 cm thick) was the best casing material and the rice straw was the best substrate for the commercial cultivation of C. indica.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.79-88
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• 2007

This study was conducted to determine the minimal yield of spent mushroom substrates (SMS) and physicochemical characteristics of Pleurotus ryngii, Pleurotus osteratus and Ammulina velutipes according to mushroom species and cultivation types. The annual yield of SMS in 2004 was minimally 1,670,182M/T and 10.7-fold of the mushroom yield. The yield of SMS for Pleurotus ryngii, Pleurotus osteratus and Ammulina velutipes was 972,141M/T and was 58.2% of the total yield of SMS. Data from the chemical analysis of totally 109 SMS samples revealed that bed type cultivation showed low NDF (65.2%), high NFC (12.7%) and high ash (11.5%) contents (P<0.05), resulting in better nutritional characteristics compared with bottle or vinyl bag cultivation. In general, it was more desirable to classify SMS by cultivation types rather than by mushroom species for the effective use of SMS as an animal feed. Among cultivation types, SMS from bed type cultivation needed to be preferably used as feed.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.117-124
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• 2010

An in situ ruminal disappearance trial and an in vivo sheep metabolism trial were conducted to evaluate the nutritional value of spent mushroom substrate (SMS, originated from Pleurotus osteratus bed-type cultivation). The raw SMS was ensiled (ESMS) for 30 days with 5% (w/w, DM basis) molasses, 0.5% (v/w) yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) and 0.5% (v/w) lactic acid bacteria (Lactobacillus plantarum). Two ruminally cannulated Holsteins (average BW 620 kg) were used to evaluate in situ disappearance. Six sheeps (average BW 48 kg) were fed, in $3{\times}3$ Latin square design, rice straw alone (Control), 25% (ESMS-25) and 50% (ESMS-50) of rice straw were replaced with ensiled SMS. For an in situ trial, ruminal DM and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) disappearance of SMS were increased after ensiling (P<0.05). For a sheep trial, protein and fiber (NDF, acid detergent fiber, crude fiber) digestibilities were decreased (P<0.05), crude ash digestibility was increased (P<0.001), and nitrogen retention was not affected (P>0.05) as rice straw was replaced with ensiled SMS. Ruminating time was decreased by an average of 28% by feeding ensiled SMS (P<0.05). Ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation) had 76% of energy value of rice straw. Consequently, ensiled SMS (Bed-type cultivation, 100% cotton waste) could be used as a roughage source appropriate for maintenance type rations for ruminants.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.999-1009
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• 2022

Objective: To improve the feeding value of rice straw (RS), this study evaluated the potential of rice straw fermented with Pleurotus sajor-caju (FRS) as dairy goat feed. Methods: Spent Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom substrate was used as fungi inoculum to break the lignocellulose linkage of rice straw, which was solid-fermented at 25℃ to 30℃ for 8 weeks. The ruminal degradation of pangolagrass hay (PG), FRS, and RS were measured in situ for 96 hours in three dry Holstein cows, respectively. Effect of fungi fermented RS on milking performance was studied in feeding trials. A total of 21 Alpine goats a trial were divided into 3 groups: a control group in which PG accounted for 15% of the diet dry matter, and FRS or RS was used to replace the PG in the control group. Goats were fed twice a day under two 28-day trial in individual pens. Meanwhile, a 3×3 Latin square trial (14 days/period) was conducted to study the rumen digestion of three diets by using three fistulated dry goats. Rumen contents were collected for metabolite analyses every one to three hours on the last two days. Results: In situ study showed that fermentation could elevate the rumen degradable fraction and effective degradability of RS (p<0.05). Effective degradability of FRS dry matter was significantly increased from 29.5% of RS to 41.7%. Lactating trial results showed that dry matter intake and milk yield in the PG group and FRS group were similar and higher than those in RS group (p<0.05). The concentration of propionic acid and total volatile fatty acid in the RS group tended to be lower than those in PG group (p<0.10). There were no differences in rumen pH value and ammonia nitrogen level among the groups tested. Conclusion: Fermentation of rice straw by spent Pleurotus sajor-caju mushroom substrate could substantially enhance its feeding value to be equivalent to PG as an effective fiber source for dairy goat. The fermented rice straw is recommended to account for 15% in diet dry matter.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.9
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• pp.1280-1290
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• 2014

In order to obtain the cellulolytic bacterial consortia, sediments from Great Basin hot springs (Nevada, USA) were sampled and enriched with cellulosic biomass as the sole carbon source. The bacterial composition of the resulting anaerobic ethanol-producing celluloytic bacterial consortium, named SV79, was analyzed. With methods of the full-length 16S rRNA library-based analysis and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, 21 bacteria belonging to eight genera were detected from this consortium. Clones with closest relation to the genera Acetivibrio, Clostridium, Cellulosilyticum, Ruminococcus, and Sporomusa were predominant. The cellulase activities and ethanol productions of consortium SV79 using different agricultural residues (sugarcane bagasse and spent mushroom substrate) and energy crops (Spartina anglica, Miscanthus floridulus, and Pennisetum sinese Roxb) were studied. During cultivation, consortium SV79 produced the maximum filter paper activity (FPase, 9.41 U/ml), carboxymethylcellulase activity (CMCase, 6.35 U/ml), and xylanase activity (4.28 U/ml) with sugarcane bagasse, spent mushroom substrate, and S. anglica, respectively. The ethanol production using M. floridulus as substrate was up to 2.63 mM ethanol/g using gas chromatography analysis. It has high potential to be a new candidate for producing ethanol with cellulosic biomass under anoxic conditions in natural environments.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.10
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• pp.1481-1486
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• 2011

Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) is a by-product remained after a crop of mushrooms. About seven thermophilic strains were isolated from SMS (Flammulina velvtipes). Among them, one isolate, designated UJ03, showed the antifungal activity against Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus ochraceous producing mycotoxin on PDA medium, potentially. The strain UJ03 produced cellulase and xylanase as extracellular hydrolases. The strain UJ03 was identified as a member of the genus Bacillus by biochemical characteristics using Bacillus ID kit and VITEK 2 system. Comparative 16S rDNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain UJ03 formed a distinct phylogenetic tree within the genus Bacillus and was most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens with sequence similarity of 98.9%. On the basis of its physiological properties, biochemical characteristics and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain UJ03 was classified within the genus Bacillus, for which the name Bacillus sp. UJ03 is proposed. The antifungal compound from Bacillus sp. UJ03 was similar to lipopeptide iturin A of Bacillus sp.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.237-246
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the feed-nutritional value of spent mushroom substrates(SMS) as a roughage source for ruminants through in vitro and in situ experiments. The SMS was classified into a roughage source with high fiber(NDF 64～78%) and low protein(CP 7～11%). The chemical composition of SMS was affected mainly by the primary culture ingredient rather than mushroom species. Compared with sawdust-SMS, cotton waste-SMS contained less(P<0.05) NDF and more(P<0.05) nonfibrous carbohydrate and ash(P<0.05). In vitro DM and NDF disappearances were high in the order of corn cob-, cotton waste-, and sawdust-SMS, in situ DM, NDF and ADF disappearances at 24hr incubation also showed the same pattern with in vitro trials. Compared with sawdust-SMS, cotton waste-SMS had higher digestible fractions and lower non-digestible fractions of NDF and ADF(P<0.05), resulting in higher in situ DM and NDF disappearances(P<0.05) and higher ruminal degradability(P<0.05). Therefore, the preferential use of cotton waste-SMS to sawdust-SMS is recommended as a roughage source for ruminants.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2014

In order to investigate the impact of recycling agricultural wastes as feed for mealworm (Tenebrio molitor), we evaluated the replacing effect by the different level of tangerine shell, Chinese cabbage, king oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) and Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrates on wheat bran feed. Larval survival rate, larval weight, developmental period of larva, pupation rate and pupal weight were evaluated. In tangerine shell and Chinese cabbage replacement group, no replacing effects found. In all groups replacing by spent King oyster mushroom (Pleurotus eryngii) substrate, survival rate of larva was similar to that of control group but larvae weighed less than control group significantly. Developmental period of larva increases in the group of King oyster mushroom substrate replacement. Larval and pupal weight in Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrate by the level of 40 and 50%, replacement effect showed best results in successive breeding considering pupation rate. It is concluded that replacing 40 and 50% of Enoki mushroom (Flammulina velutipes) substrate is appropriate to substituted diet of Tenebrio molitor larvae.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.166-169
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• 2011

In this study we carried out to find suitable nutrient supplement of corncob as a main carbon source for bottle culture of oyster mushroom. Data from chemical analysis of Kapok seed cake(KP) treatment showed 20.2 of C/N ratio, $0.28g/cm^3$ of bulk density and 74.2% of porosity. Mushroom yield of KP treatment is 158g/bottle that is similar to control(150g/bottle). However, the price of KP is 400 won/kg that is cheaper than 550 won/kg of cotton seed cake(CS). The highest REV(relative feed value) also was observed KP treatment. A further study is required determine practical animal performance by feeding the corncob-based KP.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.365-374
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• 2010

The ash reduction effects and fuel property changes of spent mushroom substrates by acid solution extraction, and the production possibilities of wood pellet fuel using them were studied. The ash weight of spent Pleurotus eryngii substrates was reduced from 8.81%(w/w) to 3.33%(w/w), and calorific value was increased from 3,958.3 kcal/kg to 4219.2 kcal/kg when extracted with a mixture of Acetic acid 2%(w/w) and Anhydrous citric acid 1%(w/w) in condition of liquid ratio 1:8, extraction temperature $55^{\circ}C$ and extraction time 180 min. The ash weight of spent Flammulina velutipes substrates was reduced from 14.91%(w/w) to 4.07%(w/w), and calorific value was increased from 4,190.3 kcal/kg to 4,219.2 kcal/kg when extracted with a mixture of Acetic acid 3%(w/w) and Anhydrous citric acid 1%(w/w) in condition of liquid ratio 1:8, extraction temperature $65^{\circ}C$ and extraction time 180 min. The ash weight of spent Pleurotus osteratus substrates was reduced from 3.31%(w/w) to 0.59%(w/w), and the smallest reduction was in calorific value from 4,558.6 kcal/kg to 4,216.2 kcal/kg when extracted with a mixture of Acetic acid 1%(w/w) and Anhydrous citric acid 1%(w/w) in condition of liquid ratio 1:8, extraction temperature $65^{\circ}C$ and extraction time 180 min.