• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.43-53
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• 1987

In order to improve effectiveness of rhizobia- legume symbiotic nitrogen fixation, ecological and physiological characteristics of indigenous rhizobia distributed in Korea, that is, symbiotic effectiveness of indigenous soybean rhizobia, nitrate reductase activities of the soybean bacteroid from five different soils, and differences of host-infection abilities among the soybean cultivars under population densities of the same indigenous soybean rhizobia, were investigated. The results were summarized as follows: 1. The number of indigenous soybean rhizobia was ranged from $9.2{\times}10^2$ cells per gram of soil in calcareous soil II to $42.4{\times}10^3$ cells per gram of soil in calcareous soil I in Danyang. 2. The symbiotic effectiveness of indigenous soybean rhizobia from five different soils was high in the case of soybean continuously cultivated, and calcareous soil I that population densities of indigenous soybean rhizobia were observed highly. 3. Inverse relationship was observed between total nitrogenase activity (TNA) and nitrate reductase activity (NRA) from the soybean bacteroids ($r=-0.502^*$), but the correlation between nitrate reductase and specific nitrogenase activities (SNA) could be devided into two groups. It was classified into group I which is high in SNA and low in NRA, and group II which is low in SNA and high in NRA. 4. The infection ability of the indigenous soybean rhizobia in the same soil conditions showed the reciprocal difference among each soybean cultivars. In Kwangkyo and Jangyeup, the symbiotic effectiveness appeared by infection of indigenous soybean rhizobia was higher than it of the other soybean cultivars.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.1460-1468
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• 2011

This study investigated the quality changes and characteristics (0, 3, 6, 9%) of pound cake made with flour that included gamma irradiated (50 kGy) hot water extracts of Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll (WEUS). The pH of pound cakes decreased with increasing powder concentration, and gamma-irradiated pound cakes had lower pH than non-irradiated pound cakes at the same powder concentrations. The height, volume, specific loaf volume, and baking loss showed no significant differences between control and experimental groups. With increasing powder concentration, the L value of the crust and crumbs decreased, but the a value increased. The b value showed different tendencies between crust and crumb. The crust value was reduced with higher content of WEUS, but the crumb value increased. Gamma-irradiated pound cakes were also less hard than non-irradiated pound cakes. On the other hand, adhesiveness and springiness decreased with increasing powder concentration, but were not significantly different from the control. Also, gumminess and chewiness decreased but not significantly so. The hardness after several days of storage (5, 10, and 15 days) was higher than the control, and the springiness and cohesiveness were significantly reduced with increasing concentration compared to the control. The retrogradation increased in the control group, but it did not in the experimental groups. Results of radical scavenging activity using DPPH indicated that the gamma-irradiated group was higher than the non-irradiated group and it was also higher with higher concentrations of powder. In a sensory evaluation, when compared to the control, pound cake with 3% WEUS was superior in taste, flavor, and overall preference. Therefore, it was found that pound cake with 3% WEUS powder with gamma irradiation of 50 kGy added could improve the yield, taste, and antioxidant activity of pound cake.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute Of Construction Engineering and Management
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• autumn
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• pp.99-106
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• 2002

Researches on integration of design and construction information from earlier era focused on the conceptual data models. Development and prevalent use of commercial database management system led many researchers to design database schemas for enlightening of relationship between non-graphic data items. Although these researches became the foundation fur the proceeding researches. they did not utilize the graphic data providable from CAD system which is already widely used. 4D CAD concept suggests a way of integrating graphic data with schedule data. Although this integration provided a new possibility for integration, there exists a limitation in data dependency on a specific application. This research suggests a new approach on integration for design and construction information, 'Product Model Centered Integration Methodology'. This methodology achieves integration by preliminary research on existing methodology using 4D CAD concept. and by development and application of new integration methodology, 'Product Model Centered Integration Methodology'. 'Design Component' can be converted into digital format by object based CAD system. 'Unified Object-based Graphic Modeling' shows how to model graphic product model using CAD system. Possibility of reusing design information in latter stage depends on the ways of creating CAD model, so modeling guidelines and specifications are suggested. Then prototype system for integration management, and exchange are presented, using 'Product Frameworker', and 'Product Database' which also supports multiple-viewpoints. 'Product Data Model' is designed, and main data workflows are represented using 'Activity Diagram', one of UML diagrams. These can be used for writing programming codes and developing prototype in order to automatically create activity items in actual schedule management system. Through validation processes, 'Product Model Centered Integration Methodology' is suggested as the new approach for integration of design and construction information.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.650-654
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• 2008

Glycogen storage disease (GSD) and mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) are both independently inherited disorders. GSD is a member of a group of genetic disorders involving enzymes responsible for the synthesis and degradation of glycogen. GSD leads to abnormal tissue concentrations of glycogen, primarily in the liver, muscle, or both. MPS is a member of a group of inherited lysosomal storage diseases, which result from a deficiency in specific enzymatic activities and the accumulation of partially degraded acid mucopolysaccharides. A case of a 16-month-old boy who presented with hepatomegaly is reported. The liver was four finger-breadth-palpable. A laboratory study showed slightly increased serum AST and ALT levels. The liver biopsy showed microscopic features compatible with GSD. The liver glycogen content was 9.3% which was increased in comparison with the reference limit, but the glucose-6-phosphatase activity was within the normal limit. These findings suggested GSD other than type I. Bony abnormalities on skeletal radiographs, including an anterior beak and hook-shaped vertebrae, were seen. The mucopolysaccharide concentration in the urine was increased and the plasma iduronate sulfatase activity was low, which fulfilled the diagnosis criteria for Hunter syndrome (MPS type II). To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first case of GSD and Hunter syndrome being identified at the same time.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2004

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to assess supplementary motor area (SMA) activation during motor, sensory, word generation, listening comprehension, and working memory tasks using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Materials and Methods : Sixteen healthy right-handed subjects (9M, 7F) were imaged on a Siemens 1.5T scanner. Whole brain functional maps were acquired using BOLD EPI sequences in the axial plane. Each paradigm consisted of five epochs of activation vs. the control condition. The activation tasks consisted of left finger complex movement, hot sensory stimulation of the left hand, word generation, listening comprehension, and working memory. The reference function was a boxcar waveform. Activation maps were thresholded at an uncorrected p=0.0001. The thresholded activation maps were placed into MNI space and the anatomic localization of activation within the SMA was compared across tasks. Results : SMA activation was observed in 16 volunteers for the motor task, 11 for the sensory task, 15 for the word generation task, 5 for the listening comprehension task, and 15 for the working memory task. The rostral aspects of the SMA showed activity during the word generation and working memory tasks, and the caudal aspects of the SMA showed activity during the motor and sensory tasks. Right (contralateral) SMA activation was observed during the motor and sensory tasks, and left SMA activation during the word generation and memory tasks. Conclusion : Our results suggest that SMA is involved in a variety of functional tasks including motor, sensory, word generation, and working memory. The results obtained also support the notion that functionally specific subregions exist within the region classically defined as the SMA.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.298-305
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• 2002

Purpose: Bone marrow scintigraphy has been used to evaluate the status of bone marrow in various hematologic disorders. We have analyzed the peripheral distribution pattern and central uptake ratio of bone marrow using anti-NCA-95 monoclonal antibody and the their correlation in patients with various hematologic malignancy. Materials and Methods: Bone marrow immunoscintigraphy was performed using Tc-99m anti-granulocyte monoclonal mouse antibody BW 250/183. Fifty patients were classified into four groups; 11 with acute myelogenous leukemia, 12 with acute lymphocytic leukemia, 15 with lymphoma and 12 with myelodysplastic syndrome. The extension of peripheral bone marrow was categorized into four grades: I, II, III and IV. The activity of central bene marrow was expressed as sacroiliac uptake ratio. Results: The patient's number was 4 in grade I, 27 in grade II, 15 in grade III and 4 in grade IV according to extension of peripheral bone marrow. The extension of peripheral bone marrow was marked (58% in grade III and IV) in myelodysplastic syndrome and acute lymphocytic leukemia and mild (93% in grade I and II) in lymphoma. Sacroiliac uptake ratio was highest ($8.5{\pm}4.0$) in myelodysplastic syndrome and lowest ($5.9{\pm}3.6$) in acute myelogenous leukemia, but not significantly different among four patient groups (p>0.05). Sacroiliac uptake ratio of whole patients was significantly different among four grades (p=0.003), but there was not correlated between grade of peripheral bone marrow and sacroiliac uptake ratio (r=0.05). Conclusion: The pattern of peripheral bone marrow extension and activity of central hemopoietic marrow were not specific to the disease entities. Response of hemopoietic bone marrow may be evaluated on both peripheral and central bone marrow in patients with hematologic malignancy.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.123-158
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• 2009

An attempt was made to stimulate future research by providing exemplary information, which would integrate published knowledge to solve specific pest problem caused by resistance. This review was directed to find a way for delaying resistance development with consideration of chemical(s) nature, of mixture, rotation, or mosaics, and of insecticide(s) compatible with the biological agents in integrated pest management (IPM). The application frequency, related to the resistance development, was influenced by insecticide activity from potentiation, residual period, and the vulnerability to resistance development of chemical, with secondary pest. Chemical affected feeding, locomotion, flight, mating, and predator avoidance. Insecticides with negative cross-resistance by the difference of target sites and mode of action would be adapted to mixture, rotation and mosaic. Mixtures for delaying resistance depend on each component killing very high percentage of the insects, considering allele dominance, cross-resistance, and immigration and fitness disadvantage. Potential disadvantages associated with mixtures include disruption of biological control, resistance in secondary pests, selecting very resistant population, and extending cross-resistance range. The rotation would use insecticides in high and low doses, or with different metabolic mechanisms. Mosaic apply insecticides to the different sectors of a grid for highly mobile insects, spray unrelated insecticides to sedentary aphids in different areas, or mix plots of insecticide-treated and untreated rows. On the evolution of pest resistance, selectivity and resistance of parasitoids and predator decreased the number of generations in which pesticide treatment is required and they could be complementary to refuges from pesticides To enhance the viability of parasitoids, the terms on the insecticides selectivity and factors affecting to the selectivity in field were examined. For establishment of resistant parasitoid, migration, survivorship, refuge, alternative pesticides were considered. To use parasitoids under the pressure of pesticides, resistant or tolerant parasitoids were tested, collected, and/or selected. A parasitoid parasitized more successfully in the susceptible host than the resistant. Factors affecting to selective toxicity of predator are mixing mineral oil, application method, insecticide contaminated prey, trait of individual insecticide, sub-lethal doses, and the developmental stage of predators. To improve the predator/prey ratio in field, application time, method, and formulation of pesticide, reducing dose rate, using mulches and weeds, multicropping and managing of surroundings are suggested. Plant resistance, predator activity, selective insect growth regulator, and alternative prey positively contributed to the increase of the ratio. Using selective insecticides or insecticide resistant predator controlled its phytophagous prey mites, kept them below an economic level, increased yield, and reduced the spray number and fruits damaged.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.671-676
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• 2008

AgI/II of Streptococcus mutans(S. mutans) is an important virulence factor that contributes to the pathogenesis of S. mutans-induced dental caries. In oral cavity, salivary IgA antibodies act as safeguards against enormous challenges from oral bacteria. IgA antibodies inhibit adherence of cariogenic microorganisms to hard surfaces. Analysis of salivary IgA against AgI/II can be very useful diagnostic and powerful communication tools to the dental caries The purpose of this study was to investigate correlation between salivary AgI/II specific IgA and incidence of dental caries among children and young adults. Subjects consisted of 28 children and 18 adults. They were assigned to four groups : Group I deft index $\leq$3), Group II(deft index $\geq$4), Group III(DMFT index $\leq$3), Group IV(DMFT index $\geq$4) and they was divided two groups into caries resistant group and caries susceptible group. The study group were examined caries activity and their salivary IgA was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The results are as follows : 1. There was a positive correlation between the number of S. mutans and caries activity. 2. The titer of salivary IgA against the AgI/II was significantly higher in caries resistant group than caries susceptible group(p<0.01). 3. The titer of salivary IgA against the AgI/II in Group III was significantly higher than Group II(p<0.05).

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.304-313
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• 2006

Background : Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) is an inducible enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative degradation of heme to form biliverdin, carbon monoxide (CO), and free iron. The current evidence has indicated a critical role of HO-1 in cytoprotection and also in other, more diverse biological functions. It is known that the high expression of HO-1 occurs in various tumors, and that HO-1 has an important role in rapid tumor growth because of its antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects. Therefore, the role of HO-1 was analyzed in human lung cancer cell lines, and especially in the A549 cell line. Material and Methods : Human lung cancer cell lines, i.e., A549, NCI-H23, NCI-H157 and NCI-H460, were used for this study. The expression of HO-1 in the untreated state was defined by Western blotting. ZnPP, which is the specific HO inhibitor we used, and the viability of cells were tested for by conducting MTT assaysy. The HO enzymatic activity, as determined via the bilirubin level, was also indirectly measured. Moreover, the generation of intracellular hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) was monitored fluorimetrically with using a scopoletin-horse radish peroxidase (HRP) assay and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA). We have also transfected small HO-1 interfering RNA (siRNA) into A549 cells, and the apoptotic effects were evaluated by flow cytometric analysis and Western blotting. Results : The A549 cells had a greater expression of HO-1 than the other cell lines, whereas ZnPP significantly decreased the viability of the A549 cells more than the viability of the other lung cancer cells in a dose-dependant fashion. Consistent with the viability, the HO enzymatic activity also was decreased. Moreover, intracellular H2O2 generation via ZnPP was induced in a dose-dependent manner. Apoptotic events were, then induced in the HO-1 siRNA transfected A549 cells. Conclusion : HO-1 provides new important insights into the possible molecular mechanism of the antitumor therapy in lung cancer.

• Journal of muscle and joint health
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.122-140
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• 2001

The aims of this study were to understand and to predict the determinent factors affecting the exercise behaviors and physical fitness by testing the Pender's revised health promotion model, and to help the patients with rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis perform the continous exercise program, and to help them maximize the physical effect such as muscle strength, endurance, and functional status and mental effects including self efficacy and quality of life, and improve the physical and mental well being, and to provide a basis for the nursing intervention strategies. Of the selected variables in this study, the endogenous variables included the physical fitness, exercise score, exercise participation, perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers of action to exercise, activity-related affect(depression) and perceived self-efficacy, interpersonal influences(family support), situational factors(duration of arthritis, fatigue) and the exogenous variables included personal sociocultural factor(education level), personal biologic factor(body mass index), personal psychologic factor(perceived health status) and prior related behavior factors(previous participation in exercise, life-style). We analyzed the clinical records of 208 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and degenerative arthritis who visited the outpatient clinics at H university hospital in Seoul. Data were composed of self reported qustionnaire and good of fitness score which were obtained by padalling the ergometer of bicycle for 9 minutes. SPSS Win 8.0 and Window LISREL 8.12a were used for statistical analysis. Of 75 hypothetical paths that influence on physical fitness, exercise participation, exercise score, perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers of action to exercise, activity-related affect(depression) and perceived self-efficacy, interpersonal influences(family support), situational factors(duration of arthritis, fatigue), 40 were supported. The physical fitness was directly influenced by life-style, perceived health status, education level, family support, fatigue, which explained 12% of physical fitness. The exercise participation were directly influenced by life-style, education level, past exercise behavior, perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers of action, depression and duration of arthritis, which explained 47% of exercise participation. Exercise score were directly affected by perceived self efficacy. BMI, life-style, past exercise behavior, perceived benefits of action, family support, perceived health status. perceived barriers of action, and fatigue, which explained 70%. Perceived benefits of action was directly influenced by BMI, life-style, which explained 39%. Perceived barriers of action were directly influeced by past exercise behavior, perceived health status, which explained 7%. Perceived self efficacy were directly influeced by level of education, perceived health status, life-style, which explained 57%. Depression were directly influeced by past exercise behavior, BMI, life-style, which explained 27%. Family support were directly influeced by life-style, perceived health status, which explained 29%. Fatigue were directly influeced by BMI, life-style, perceived health status. which explained 41%. Duration of arthritis were directly influeced by life-style, past exercise behavior, BMI, which explained 6%. In conclusion, important variables for physical fitness were life-style, and variable affecting exercise participation were life-style. Perceived self-efficacy of exercise was a significant predictor of exercise score. BMI, Life-style, perceived benefits of action, family support, past exercise behavior showed direct effects on perceived self-efficacy. Therefore, disease related factor should be minimized for physical performance and well being in nursing intervention for patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and plans to promote and continue exercise should be seeked to reduce disability. In addition, Exercise program should be planned and performed by the exact evaluation of exercise according to the ability of the patients and the contents to improve the importance of exercise and self efficacy in self control program, dedicated educational program should be involved. This study suggest that the methods to reduce the disease related factors, the importance of daily life-style, recognition of benefit of exercise, and educational program to promote self efficacy should be considered in the exercise behavior promotion and nursing intervention for continous performance. The significance of this study is also thought to provide patients with chronic arthritis the specific data for maximal physical and mental well being through exercise, chronic therapeutic procedure, daily adaptation and confrontation in nursing intervention.