• 환경위생공학
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.46-53
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• 1990

Analyzing the water quality biologically by the biotic index ($\beta$) of Beck-Tsuda method, for four sites of the water system of Namcheon River which reaches a length of 19.5km and flows through the kyungsan-town and Namcheon-myun in Kyungsan-gun of the suburbs of Taegu and extends to the Gumho-river on the lower, the results are summarized as follows: 1) An indicator species collected from the water system of Namcheon River comprises 78 species. Among them, 27 species are intolerant species and 51 species are tolerant species to water pollution. 2) The water of 2 sites, Weondong-bridge, Sanjeon-iron bridge was clearly water, oligosaprobic zone. The water of Youngdae-bridge was slightly polluted water, $\beta$-measosaprobic zone. But the water of Maehoildong bridge was severely polluted water, polysaprobic zone. 3) The Namcheon River was mainly polluted with sewage from the kyungsan town, with industrial wastes and products from many factories surviving the town. 4) The pH wate system of Namcheon River was alkalescent. 5) The map showing a class of water quality analyzed biologically was also prepared for each site of the water system of Namcheon River, Kyungsan. 6) It is requested that a waste water disposal plant should be established near Youngdae-bridge and Maehoildong-bridge respectively.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.151-160
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• 2009

In order to use fundamental data for conservation of species diversity and stream health with dam development, fish investigation in up- and downstream of Pyeonglim Dam was seasonally conducted in 2007~2008. In addition, data of water qualities, investigated for environmental impact assessment, were used to determine a water quality standard level in Pyeonglim Stream, and it revealed that water environment condition was good in the stream. During the study period, a total number of fish caught from the 4 study sites was 5,449 representing 9 families 25 species, and there were 8 Korean endemic species (32.0%) including Rhodeus uyekii, Squalidus gracilis majimae, and Microphysogobio yaluensis. Two species of Zacco temminckii (37.5%) and Zacco platypus (26.3%) were dominant and subdominant in all sites. There were few individuals of the $2^{nd}$-class endangered species (Sand lamprey, Lampetra reissneri) and the introduced species (Bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus), found in the upstream of the dam. and further investigation for conservation of the endangered species and for prevention of the introduced species is needed in future. With fish fauna and multi-metric health assessment model in each sampling attempt, index of biotic integrity(IBI) was evaluated and it resulted mostly in good(26~35) and excellent(36~40) condition in all sites. The results indicate that it is very important to study not only environmental impact assessment with fish composition but also stream health assessment in order to conserve healthy aquatic ecosystem.

• 생태와환경
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• 제41권4호
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• pp.431-440
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• 2008

Turbid water or suspended sediment is associated with negative effects on aquatic organisms; fish, aquatic invertebrate, and periphyton. Effects of turbid water on fish differ depending on their developmental stage and a level of turbidity. Low turbid water may cause feeding and predation rates, reaction distance, and avoidance in fish, and it could make fish to die under high turbidity and long period. Therefore, it is very important to find out how turbid water or suspended sediment can affect fish in domestic watersheds. The objectives of this study were 1) to introduce international case studies and their standards to deal with suspended sediment, 2) to determine acute toxicity in 4 major freshwater fishes, and 3) to determine in relation to adverse effect of macroinvertebrates and fish. Impacts of turbid water on fish can be categorized into direct and indirect effects, and some factors such as duration and frequency of exposure, toxicity, temperature, life stage of fish, size of particle, time of occurrence, availability of and access to refugia, etc, play important role to decide magnitude of effect. A review of turbidity standard in USA, Canada, and Europe indicated that each standard varied with natural condition, and Alaska allowed liberal increase of turbidity over natural conditions in streams. Even though acute toxicity with four different species did not show any fatal effect, it should be considered to conduct a chronic test (long-term) for more detailed assessment. Compared to the control, dominance index of macroinvertebrates was greater in the turbid site, whereas biotic index, species diversity index, species richness index, and ecological score were smaller in the turbid site. According to histopathological analysis with gills of macroinvertebrate and fishes, morphological and physiological modification of gills due to suspended sediments can cause disturbance of respiration, excretion and secretion. In conclusion, in order to maintain good and healthy aquatic ecosystem, it is the best to minimize or prevent impact by occurrence of turbid water in stream and reservoir. We must make every effort to maintain and manage healthy aquatic ecosystem with additional investigation using various assessment tools and periodic biomonitoring of fish.

• 생태와환경
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• 제45권1호
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• pp.1-10
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• 2012

본 연구는 상류부터 하류까지 오염도가 상이한 진위천에서 나타나는 생물군집지수와 수질과의 관계를 파악하기 위하여 실시되었다. 수질의 오염도가 증가할수록 하루살이류는 감소하였으며, 날도래류는 강부수성 수역에서 전혀 출현하지 않았다. 반면 환형동물류는 증가하는 경향을 나타냈으며 파리류는 강부수성 수역에서 크게 증가하였다. 상관분석의 결과, 종풍부도지수(RI)와 ESB는 $BOD_5$와 부유물질 (SS)에 유의한 음의 상관관계를 보인 반면, 우점도지수 (DI), 다양도지수(H'), EPT, KSI는 $BOD_5$에만 유의성을 보였고 균등도지수 (J)는 두 항목 모두와 유의성을 보이지 않았다. EPT의 경우 수질과 더불어 물리적 요인에도 영향을 많이 받는 것으로 판단된다. 오탁계급치의 평균치로 산정되는 KSI의 경우 유기물 오염에 대한 지표로서 적용성이 높으나 부유물질의 영향은 나타내지 못하는 반면 ESB 지수는 유기물과 무기물 오염은 물론 군집의 다양성과 풍부도도 함께 대변할 수 있는 지표로 판단된다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.512-522
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• 2012

This study is focused on fish fauna and distributional features along with physical gradients and stream orders in the Tamjin River basin, Korea. Fish sampling and investigation were conducted for 2 years from 2009 to 2010. Total number of fish species collected were 47 species of 16 family. The group of cyprinidae was mostly abundant. Both fish abundance and biotic index were declined with increasing altitude and longitudinal distance from the river mouth. Two species of Zacco temminckii and Pungtungia herzi were prevalent in most of sampling sites and showed no altitudinal and longitudinal differences. Most other species, however, were spatially restricted to specific regional altitudes. Several species including Zacco platypus, Squalidus gracilis majimae and P. herzi were broadly distributed from river mouth to 50 km. Eight species including Z. temminckii and Rhynchocypris oxycephalus only appeared in over 10 km from the river mouth. Both Odontobutis platycephala and Pseudobagrus koreanus were classified as "upstream dewelling species" observed only in over 30 km from the river mouth. High proportion of tolerant and omnivorous species were more dominated in the downstream zone of the dam, whereas intolerant and insectivorous species were abundant in the upstream zone of the dam. The variable of stream order showed positive relationship between number of fish species and total individuals collected. Sensitive species including insectivore had a declining tendency with increasing stream order, while tolerant specie including omnivore species had relatively increased with stream order. Overall, our study suggested that fish distribution considerably depends on altitudinal gradient and longitudinal distance from the river mouth as well as physical habitat.

• 환경생물
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.172-186
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 2019년~2020년 2년 동안 양재천과 여의천을 대상으로, 이화학적 수질항목(17항목)과 함께 저서동물지수와 우점도지수 및 다양도지수 등의 군집지수와 연계하여 두 하천의 생태건강성을 평가하였다. 또한 저서동물 생물지수의 현장 적용성 평가 및 및 두 하천 간 저서동물 분포특성을 통계적으로 비교하기 위하여 각각 상관분석(correlation analysis)과 비계량적 다차원척도법(nMDS, nonmetric multidimensional scaling)을 활용하였고, 이를 통해 도심하천의 하천생태계 현황을 진단하는 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. 조사 결과, 양재천(주암교, 보도교, 대치교)은 총 39종, 3,787개체가 출현하였으며, 양재천 수질(BOD, TOC, TP 기준)은 II등급(약간 좋음) 이상이며, 저서동물을 이용한 BMI는 모든 지점에서 C등급(보통)으로 나타났다. 여의천(상류, 새원교, 여의교)은 총 51종, 4,199개체가 출현하였으며, 여의천 수질(BOD, TOC, TP 기준)은 양재천과 유사하게 II등급(약간 좋음) 이상으로, BMI는 상류 및 새원교 모두 B등급(좋음), 여의교는 C등급(보통)으로 나타나는 등 전반적으로 양재천과 여의천 모두 수질 및 하천 환경상태는 유사한 것으로 확인되었다. 특히 저서동물 분포상태를 비계량적 다차원척도법으로 분석한 결과에서도 두 하천 간의 유의미한 차이를 볼 수 없었으며(p=0.1491), 이때 수온과 DO 환경인자가 두 하천에서의 저서동물 분포와 상관성이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 저서동물 생물지수와 주요 수질항목과의 상관분석 결과, 풍부도지수와 저서동물지수가 현장 수질평가에 활용될 수 있을 것으로 확인되었다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제42권3호
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• pp.303-316
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• 2009

Benthic macroinvertebrate communities collected from eight different streams in South Korea were analyzed to compare community and biological indices across different levels of water pollution. The Self-Organizing Map (SOM) was utilized to provide overview on association of the proposed indices. The sample sites were accordingly clustered according to the gradient of pollution on the SOM. While the general trends of the indices were commonly observable according to different levels of pollution, the detailed differences among the indices were also illustrated on the SOM. The conventional diversity and evenness indices tended to be high even though the water quality state was poor representing relatively weak gradient at polluted sites, while the index presenting the saprobic degree such as family biotic index showed the stronger gradient at the polluted area and was robust to present the gradient. Our results also confirmed the general characterization of two indices: The Shannon index is more strengthened by the number of species occurring at the sample sites, while the Simpson index is more influenced by the degree of evenness among the species. The patterning based on the SOM was efficient in comparatively characterizing the proposed indices to present ecological states and water quality.

• 생태와환경
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• 제42권2호
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• pp.260-269
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• 2009

본 조사는 낙동강 유역의 홍수피해를 저감하고, 경북 중부지역의 안정적인 용수를 공급하기 위해 경북 군위군 고로면에 건설 중인 화북댐의 상 하류 어류조사를 통하여 댐 건설이 하천유역에 특히 수 생태계내의 어류군집에 미치는 영향유무를 파악하여 종 다양성을 보전하고 하천의 건강성을 유지하기 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 화북댐 상 하류에서 사후환경영향조사 기간(2004${\sim}$2008년) 중 측정된 수질항목 분석결과 현장에서 측정한 수온, 용존산소, 수소이온농도와 실내분석 항목인 부유물, 총대장균수의 경우 지점별로 다소 계절에 따른 변화를 나타냈지만 큰 차이를 보이지는 않았으나 유기물 및 영영염류 농도에 해당하는 생물학적 화학적 산소요구량, 엽록소, 질소, 인의 경우 지점별로 매우 큰 폭의 변화를 보였으며 상류에서 다소 높고 하류에서 낮은 경향을 보였다. 중금속 중 비소의 경우 2005년 6월 0.092 mg $L^{-1}$를 제외하고는 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$ 이하를 나타내어 하천수 수질환경기준 상 사람의 건강 보호 측면에서 규정한 0.05 mg $L^{-1}$ 이하의 범위 내에서 나타나는 것으로 확인되었다. 화북댐 상 하류에서 어류조사를 실시한 결과 총 7과 19종 10,263개체가 확인되었다. 조사된 어류 중 우점종은 하천 중 상류에 주로 서식하는 참갈겨니(62.5%)로 확인되었으며 아우점종은 버들치(10.6%)로 나타났다. 조사 구간인 위천 상류에서 확인된 19종 중 한국고유종은 긴몰개, 동사리, 쉬리 등 총 9종(47.4%)으로 나타났으며, 멸종위기야생동 식물 I급으로 지정된 얼룩새코미꾸리(Koreocobitis naktongensis)가 소수의 개체이지만 포획되었고, 외래도입종은 확인되지 않았다. 군집분석 결과 우점도 지수는 하류로 갈수록 감소한 반면에 다양도, 풍부도 지수는 하류로 갈수록 증가하였다. 우점종인 참갈겨니의 개체군 분석 결과, 길이-무게 상관관계식은 TW=0.000003$(TL)^{3.2603}$로서 매개변수 b값이 3.0보다 크게 나타나 개체군의 영양상태가 양호한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 유사시기에 다른 하천에서의 개체군들과 비교분석 결과 size별 평균 비대지수(CF)가 상대적으로 높은 값을 보여 화북댐 유역의 참갈겨니가 다른 지역보다 성장률이 높았다. 화북댐 상 하류에서 어류 조사 자료를 활용하여 하천건강성평가(IBI)를 적용한 결과, 대부분의 지점에서 양호(26${\sim}$35)에서 최적(36${\sim}$40)을 보였으며 지점 5에서 평균값이 가장 높게 나타냈다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지속적인 모니터링을 실시하여 어류에 관한 환경영향평가와 하천건강성평가 등을 통한 화북댐 완공 후 상 하류 하천의 어류상 변화유무 및 환경영향을 파악하는데 도움이 될 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.131-136
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• 1998

Attached algal community and several physico-chemicai characters were investigated at Seokjong hot spring in Chollabukdo in February and in April, 1997. The results of physico-chemicai factors are as follows : water temperatures were varied from 6.5$^{\circ}$C to 32.0$^{\circ}$C; pH range was 6.9 to 7.7; The levels of electric conductivity were 105 $\mu$mhos/cm to 477 $\mu$mhos/cm; chemical oxygen demand(COD) range was 1.5 mg/l to 21.2 mg/l; ammonia concentration was 0.20 mg/l to 8.74 mg/l; nitrate concentrations were 0.36 mg/l to 2.43 mg/l; phosphate concentration was N.D. to 0.52 mg/l; sulfur concentration was 14.6 mg/l to 66.1 mg/l. Attacched algal species were identified. Totally, 63 taxa were classified and composed of 4 phylum, 4 class, 10 order, 17 family and 31 genera. The total biomass of attacched algae was $1.036 \times 10^{7}$ cells/l that composed of $5.39 \times 10^{6}$ cells/l of blue-green algae, $4.05 \times 10^{6}$ cells/l of diatom and $0.93 \times 10^{6}$ cells/l of green algae. The succession of dominant species was Synechocystis thermalis. This could be due to the thermal wastewaters. in biotic indices tests, the values of dominance index(DI) were 0.33 to 0.67 in winter, 0.18 to 0.68 in spring. The values of diversity index(H') were 1.44 to 2.69 in winter, 1.62 to 2.89 in spring. And the values of eveness index (J) were 0.31 to 0.61 in winter, 0.37 to 0.65 in spring.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2018

This study aims to determine the community patterns of benthic macroinvertebrates and analyze the relationship between the communities and the water quality in the Pungyeongjeong Stream. We collected the samples four times by season. The number of species was 28 and the dominant species were Cheumatopsyche brevilineata, Hydropsyche kozhantschikovi, Baetis fuscatus, Chironomidae spp., and so on. The range of the dominant index was 0.54 to 0.93 and the mean was 0.77. The range of the diversity index was 0.94 to 2.54, and of the mean index it was 1.75. The ratio of filtering-collectors and clingers got lower, but the ratio of gathering-collectors and sprawlers got higher as collection progressed from the upper stream to the lower stream. The results of the Pearson correlation analysis showed COD, SS, TOC and total coliforms were highly related with biotic indices of benthic macroinvertebrates. The results of cluster analysis and non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination showed that the survey sites and periods were divided into three groups. The survey sites were divided into upper stream and middle-lower stream. The survey periods were divided into winter season and other seasons. Distribution of benthic macroinvertebrates showed some characteristics according to various influence factors; however long-term and regular investigations were thought to need analysis and prediction with various statistical methods.