• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
• /
• 2003.10a
• /
• pp.34-63
• /
• 2003

Occupational and environmental exposure to manganese continue to represent a realistic public health problem in both developed and developing countries. Increased utility of MMT as a replacement for lead in gasoline creates a new source of environmental exposure to manganese. It is, therefore, imperative that further attention be directed at molecular neurotoxicology of manganese. A Need for a more complete understanding of manganese functions both in health and disease, and for a better defined role of manganese in iron metabolism is well substantiated. The in-depth studies in this area should provide novel information on the potential public health risk associated with manganese exposure. It will also explore novel mechanism(s) of manganese-induced neurotoxicity from the angle of Mn-Fe interaction at both systemic and cellular levels. More importantly, the result of these studies will offer clues to the etiology of IPD and its associated abnormal iron and energy metabolism. To achieve these goals, however, a number of outstanding questions remain to be resolved. First, one must understand what species of manganese in the biological matrices plays critical role in the induction of neurotoxicity, Mn(II) or Mn(III)? In our own studies with aconitase, Cpx-I, and Cpx-II, manganese was added to the buffers as the divalent salt, i.e., $MnCl_2$. While it is quite reasonable to suggest that the effect on aconitase and/or Cpx-I activites was associated with the divalent species of manganese, the experimental design does not preclude the possibility that a manganese species of higher oxidation state, such as Mn(III), is required for the induction of these effects. The ionic radius of Mn(III) is 65 ppm, which is similar to the ionic size to Fe(III) (65 ppm at the high spin state) in aconitase (Nieboer and Fletcher, 1996; Sneed et al., 1953). Thus it is plausible that the higher oxidation state of manganese optimally fits into the geometric space of aconitase, serving as the active species in this enzymatic reaction. In the current literature, most of the studies on manganese toxicity have used Mn(II) as $MnCl_2$ rather than Mn(III). The obvious advantage of Mn(II) is its good water solubility, which allows effortless preparation in either in vivo or in vitro investigation, whereas almost all of the Mn(III) salt products on the comparison between two valent manganese species nearly infeasible. Thus a more intimate collaboration with physiochemists to develop a better way to study Mn(III) species in biological matrices is pressingly needed. Second, In spite of the special affinity of manganese for mitochondria and its similar chemical properties to iron, there is a sound reason to postulate that manganese may act as an iron surrogate in certain iron-requiring enzymes. It is, therefore, imperative to design the physiochemical studies to determine whether manganese can indeed exchange with iron in proteins, and to understand how manganese interacts with tertiary structure of proteins. The studies on binding properties (such as affinity constant, dissociation parameter, etc.) of manganese and iron to key enzymes associated with iron and energy regulation would add additional information to our knowledge of Mn-Fe neurotoxicity. Third, manganese exposure, either in vivo or in vitro, promotes cellular overload of iron. It is still unclear, however, how exactly manganese interacts with cellular iron regulatory processes and what is the mechanism underlying this cellular iron overload. As discussed above, the binding of IRP-I to TfR mRNA leads to the expression of TfR, thereby increasing cellular iron uptake. The sequence encoding TfR mRNA, in particular IRE fragments, has been well-documented in literature. It is therefore possible to use molecular technique to elaborate whether manganese cytotoxicity influences the mRNA expression of iron regulatory proteins and how manganese exposure alters the binding activity of IPRs to TfR mRNA. Finally, the current manganese investigation has largely focused on the issues ranging from disposition/toxicity study to the characterization of clinical symptoms. Much less has been done regarding the risk assessment of environmenta/occupational exposure. One of the unsolved, pressing puzzles is the lack of reliable biomarker(s) for manganese-induced neurologic lesions in long-term, low-level exposure situation. Lack of such a diagnostic means renders it impossible to assess the human health risk and long-term social impact associated with potentially elevated manganese in environment. The biochemical interaction between manganese and iron, particularly the ensuing subtle changes of certain relevant proteins, provides the opportunity to identify and develop such a specific biomarker for manganese-induced neuronal damage. By learning the molecular mechanism of cytotoxicity, one will be able to find a better way for prediction and treatment of manganese-initiated neurodegenerative diseases.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
• /
• v.47 no.6
• /
• pp.409-412
• /
• 2002

This research was conducted to obtain the fundamental data on salt injury and different responses among cultivars in winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Salts did not affect yield components including number of panicles, stem length, grain number per ear and grain yield while reduced stem dry weight and thousand seed weight significantly with increasing concentrations of salt from 60 to 180 mM. NaCl had less injury effect on barley straw dry weight and thousand seed weight than did $MgSO_4$. Chlorophyll content and relative turgidity in flag leaf were reduced when treated with both salts, while free proline in the salt-treated leaf was increased. Content of proline in salt-treated barley was about 10 folds compared to the control. Based on yield components and physiological traits of flag leaf, the tolerance to salt injury was the greatest in Baegdong, followed by Dongbori#1, Mogpo#55, and Gangbori. The results suggested that salt- stressed barley at reproductive stage had higher free proline content, and that special management in this stage must be considered because salt stress at heading stage affect flag leaf growth as well as yield components Harmfully.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.18 no.10
• /
• pp.1455-1463
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of various exercise intensity on Excess post exercise energy expenditure (EPEE), Resting Metabolic Rate (RMR),thyroid hormonal changes and biochemical variables in obese and NIDDM patients. The subject of the present study were divided into four groups and four periods: trained (T; n=10), control (C; n=10), obese (O; n=10) and NIDDM (N; n=10) group. And the periods were divided as follows; Resting (RE), Maximal (MA), High intensity (HI), and Low intensity (LI). There was significant difference in RMR among different intensity of exercise. in the T (p<0.05) not in the C, O, and N groups. however, there was no significant different percent body fat among all groups. In the energy expenditure, there was significant different among C, O, N groups compare to T in HIEE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure), LIEE (low intensity exercise energy expenditure), HIEEPE (high intensity exercise energy expenditure post exercise) and LIEEPE (low intensity exercise expenditure post exercise). In the hormonal level, there was significant different in T4 level in the T group at LI period and there was also significant difference in T4, Free T3, & Free T4 levels in T group at LI period, however there was no significant different in the O and N groups except LI period. In the fatigue variables, there was significant different in lactate and ammonia levels in the N group in the period of HI compare to C. The present cross-sectional study was design to investigate the relationship between exercise intensity and RMR in four groups. The focus of this investigation was to compare RMR in aerobically trained (T), control (C), obese (O) and NIDDM (N) group. The relationship among RMR, exercise intensity and percent body fat would best be investigated using Meta Lyzer 3B, MMX3B and body composition analyzer. Each subject completed measurement of percent body fat, RMR, hormone in the period of maximal oxygen uptake exercise (MA), high intensity exercise (HI), and low intensity exercise (LI). From the results, High and Low intensity of exercise, there was a trend for an increased RMR (kcal/day) in the trained groups and control group (in case of LI) not for the obese and N groups. This is best explained not by the reduced percent body fat but by the highly induced energy expenditure (during exercise and post exercise energy expenditure) and increased T4, Free T3, and Free T4 hormonal levels in the low intensity exercise for the T group and sometimes C group.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.241-245
• /
• 1983

PraziquantEI ($Distocide^{\circledR}$), the KcrEan product, was tEstEd for its safety and Efficacy in treatmEnt of Clonorchis sinensiJ infccticn during the period from April to SeptembEr, 1983 in Korea. A total of 55 egg positive cases were selected and treated with the regimen of 25 mg/kg t.i.d. for 1 day (total 75 mg/kg). The follow-up stool examination was done in 47 cases by cellophane thir;k smear and Stoll's egg counting techniques. The 8 uncured cases were treated again with the same regimen. The laboratory tests for blood picture and liver function were done in 27 cases and compared before and after the treatment. The results obtainEd are as follows: 1. After single course treatment, the cure and egg reduction rates were 83.0 and 99.1% respectively. With the second treatment, excellent results of 100% in both rates were obtained. 2. Several kinds of side effects such as dizziness, headache, etc. were complained by 29 cases (61.7 %), however, those were so mild and transient that no special treatment was necessary. 3. No significant change in laboratory findings was recognizable before and after the treatment. From the above results, it is concluded that $Distocide^{\circledR}$ is as effective and safe as $Biltricide^{\circledR}$ and highly recommendable in treatment of C. sinensis infection.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
• /
• v.14 no.2
• /
• pp.249-268
• /
• 2001

This study was carried out to identify the effects of an art therapy program based on reality therapy on the weight control, body image, and self-esteem of college students. The program was developed by the authors. The design was a pretest-post test control group design. The subjects were college students attending M college : 8 in experimental group A, 6 in experimental group 2, who wanted to control their body weight and 16 in the control group who didn't attend the program those in the experimental group attended the program once (group A) or twice (group B) per week meeting a total of six times. The data were analyzed by quantity method (SPSS 10.0 program) and quality method(process analysis). The results were as follows : 1. The average obesity index of pre-test, post-test, and a follow-up test decreased from 8.9% to 6.1%, 3.7%. And the rate of decrease both pre-post and post-follow up were statistically significant 2. The average obesity index of group A decreased from 9.6% to 6.3%, 4.1% and the rate of decrease between pre and post were statistically significant. But the rate of decrease between post and follow-up were statistically not significant 3. The average obesity index of group B decreased from 7.8% to 5.8%, 3.1% and the rate of decrease between pre and post were not significant statistically. But the rate of decrease between post and follow-up were statistically significant 4. The average scores of pre and post body image increased and were statistically significant : group A from 129.0 to 153.5, group B from 127.7 to 155.2. 5. The average scores of pre and post semantic differential method increased and were statistically significant: group A from 38.1 to 44.1, group B from 38.0 to 45.0. 6. The average scores of pre and post self-esteem increased: group A increased from 37.3 to 40.3 and were statistically significant, group B increased from 36.5 to 39.5 but was statistically insignificant 7. The average scores of pre and post obesity rate, body image, semantic differential method and self-esteem in the control group were not statistically significant 8. The pre and post scores of body image(p=.001), semantic differential method(p=.001) and self-esteem(p=.039) between experimental and control group were statistically significant. 9. In Duncan multiple comparison, it was not statistically significant between group A and B, but statistically significant between group A and the control group, group B and the control group in obesity index, body image, semantic differential method. There was no statistically significance among the three groups in self esteem 10. In Duncan multiple comparison, group A gained higher scores than group B in obesity index(-1.2%), and self esteem(0. 3). Group B gained higher scores than group A in body image(3. 0), and semantic differential method(1. 0). So it is difficult to conclude whether group A or B is more effective. In conclusion, the art therapy program based on reality therapy was effective in weight the control program of college students: obesity was decreased, the scores of body image and semantic differential method and self-esteem were increased. The scores of group A were increased more than group Band were statistically significant, The time interval was a very important factor in this program. The recommendation is : the validity of this program has to be tested through various subjects and in various areas. And also this program has to be tested in other topics.

• Korean journal of communication and information
• /
• v.35
• /
• pp.250-291
• /
• 2006

This study examines the regulatory issues and introduction problems of TV-betting data broadcasts in Korea by in-depth interview with a panel group. TV-betting data broadcast services of card games and horse racing games are widely in use in Europe and other parts of the world. In order to carry out the study, a demo program of TV-betting data broadcast in the OCAP(OpenCableTM Application Platform Specification) system environment, which is the data broadcasting standard for digital cable broadcasts in Korea was exposed to the panel group and then they were interviewed after watching and using the program. The results could be summarized as below. First of all, while TV-betting data broadcasts have many elements of entertainment, the respondents thought that it would be difficult to introduce TV-betting in data broadcasts as in overseas countries largely due to social factors. In addition, in order to introduce TV-betting data broadcasts, they suggested that excessive speculativeness must be suppressed through a series of regulatory system devices, such as by guaranteeing credibility of the media based on safe security systems for transactions, scheduling programs with effective time constraints to prevent the games from running too frequently, limiting the betting values, and by prohibiting access to games through set-top boxes of other data broadcast subscribers. The general consensus was that TV-betting could be considered for gradual introduction within the governmental laws and regulations that would minimize its ill effects. Therefore, the government should formulate long-term regulations and policies for data broadcasts. Once the groundwork is laid for safe introduction of TV-betting on data broadcasts within the boundary of laws and regulations, interactive TV games are expected to be introduced in Korea not only for added functionality of entertainment but also for far-ranging development of data broadcast and new media industries.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.114-128
• /
• 2002

In order to provide information for the establishment and maintenance of a rehabilitation day care center for stroke patients. this study is to assess needs for the rehabilitation day care center of the stroke patients and to identify the factors influencing the needs for the center. The data were collected face-to-face interview with 223 stroke patients. using a structured questionnaire. from September 24. 2001 to November 20. 2001. Major findings are as follows. 1. Most of the participants($94.6\%$) needed rehabilitation day care center for stroke patients. $95.5\%$ of participants were willing to use the rehabilitation day care center. 2. Also the score of the needs for the center's health services was $2.84\pm60$ out of 4.00. In regards to the sub-contents. while the physical exercise therapy showed the highest mark($3.54\pm71$) in the needs. the following marks showed physical therapy($3.48\pm79$), training for the memory. thinking and judgment($3.30\pm93$). training for ADL($3.09\pm99$). health education program($3.04\pm93$). In the meantime. the expected effects from the use of the center are $2.89\pm61$ out of 4 and its sub-contents showed that the center would promote their physical and mental well-being($3.30\pm74$) and the center would be more effective than in home care($3.12\pm70$). 3. Meanwhile. the desired frequency of use in the future and distance had significant interrelation with their families living together(p<.05). In addition those who paid to use it differentiated significantly according to their ages and the types of insurance they had(p<.05). 4. The needs in degrees of speech disorder therapy and hobbies & amusements. the patients with other disease had significantly higher degrees than those patients without it (p<.05). Also in regard to the need degrees for physical therapy. healthy education programs and individual counseling including their families. the degrees of the patients with speech disorders were significantly lower than those of the patients without the disorder (p<.05). On the other hand. the patients with speech disorders were significantly higher than those patients without it in the need degree of the speech disorder therapy (p=.000). And the needs in degree concerning about speech disorder therapy. physical exercise therapy. training for ADL. medicinal substances therapy and family education were negatively correlated with the ADL (r=-.236$\sim$.305, (p<.005). 5. Finally. the expected effect of using the rehabilitation day care center showed significant differences statistically according to whether or not they had other disease (p<.05). In conclusion. the study showed the stroke patients were willing to use the center and had a high requirements for it and they especially had relatively high need degrees for the physical exercise therapy. physical therapy. training for memory. thinking and judgment. and healthy education program. And significant factors for the use of the center were their ages. types of insurance. family cohabitation. complications and speech disorders. ADL and so forth. Accordingly. the rehabilitation day care center needs to be established for the stroke patients and the center should develop rehabilitation care programs. which are individual and special programs customized for each patient's characteristics and health conditions.

• Archives of design research
• /
• v.18 no.2 s.60
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2005

Today's advertisement is dominated by visual images, which deliver messages in the most efficient and engaging way. Vivid and live images, through multimedia, attract the viewer to consume the products being advertised. In this course, the effect of 'Verfremdung' or alienation is often detected. This terminology was at first used in a epic play of Bertolt Brecht to signify a specific effect to block the empathy of the audience by reminding them of their position as the audience separate from the play. 'Verfremdung' helps them to have a sense of objectivity and critical attitude toward the performance. Multimedia commercials nowadays exhibit such a quality together with 'viewer participation:' criticism on reality: and 'speed.' In an advertisement for Shinsegi Communications' mobile system titled <017-I-Touch series, the hand transformed into a web>, the copy, 'my blood type is 'i', ' is accompanied by six unrelated fictitious scenes in which the same ocean appears as a common denominator. Because there is no connection between the scenes, free imagination of the viewer has to be involved and thus plays a significant role in making them into a context. This fact dearly exhibit some characteristics of post- modern advertisement. Momentary 'Gap' and 'Difference' between scenes contribute to 'Verfremdung' or alienation' that makes it hard for the consumers to comprehend the content on the spot. Such an uneasy situation, however, keeps the viewers thinking about the advertisement itself. While repeatedly exposed to the alienated images, the viewers come to get involved in the advertisement, trying to make the fragmented images into a coherent context. In addition, the leaps between the scenes produce a sense of 'speed' in a context, which adds more impact to the way of delivering messages using multimedia. With the help of multimedia, 'Verfremdung: which was originally intended to bring about objective and critical altitude of the audience in a play, plays a crucial role in attracting the viewer's attention and conveying a specific message in a moment in contemporary advertisement.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.673-679
• /
• 2015

In vitro antioxidant activities and neuronal cell protective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of a new green extract (Brassica oleracea var. botytis aut italiana) against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress were investigated, and its industrial feasibility was evaluated. The extract showed the highest contents of total phenolic compounds among other extracts as well as a 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and malondialdehyde (MDA) inhibitory effect. This extract not only decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen (ROS) level but also protected the neuronal cells against $H_2O_2$-induced oxidative stress. On analysis using gas chromatograph-mass spectrometry, the following phenolic compounds were identified: quinic acid, ferulic acid, and caffeic acid. Collectively, these results suggest that this new green extract could contain functional substances that would help prevent the risk of neurodegenerative disease.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.450-458
• /
• 2012

In order to reduce the effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the South Korean government has announced a special platform of technologies as part of an effort to minimize global climate change. To further this effort, the Korean government has pledged to increase low-carbon and carbon neutral resources for biofuel derived from biomass to replace fossil and to decrease levels of carbon dioxide. In general, second generation biofuel produced form woody biomass is expected to be an effective avenue for reducing fossil fuel consumption and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in road transport. It is important that under the new Korean initiative, pilot scale studies evolve practices to produce biomass-to-liquid (BTL) fuel. This study reports the quality characteristics of F-T(Fischer-Tropsch) diesel for production of BTL fuel. Synthetic F-Tdiesel fuel can be used in automotive diesel engines, pure or blended with automotive diesel, due to its similar physical properties to diesel. F-T diesel fuel was synthesized by Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process with syngas($H_2$/CO), Fe basedcatalyst in low temperature condition($240^{\circ}C$). Synthetic F-T diesel with diesel compositions after distillation process is consisted of $C_{12}{\sim}C_{23+}$ mixture as a kerosine, diesel compositions of n-paraffin and iso-paraffin compounds. Synthetic F-T diesel investigated a very high cetane number, low aromatic composition and sulfur free level compared to automotive diesel. Synthetic F-T diesel also show The wear scar of synthetic F-T diesel show poor lubricity due to low content of sulfur and aromatic compounds compared to automotive diesel.