• 한국음향학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.381-387
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• 2010

다채널 오디오 코딩 시스템을 평가함에 있어서 음색 요소뿐만 아니라 공간감 요소 역시 큰 중요성을 갖는다. 이러한 이유로 양이 시간차 왜곡 (Interaural Time Difference Distortion, ITDDist), 양이 크기차 왜곡 (Interaural Level Difference Distortion, ILDDist), 양이 상관관계 왜곡 (Interaural Cross Correlation Distortion, IACCDist)과 같은 공간감 요소를 추가하여 기존의 음질 객관 평가 권고안인 ITU-R Rec. BS. 1387-1을 다채널 오디오 시스템에 적용하기 위한 시도가 있었다. 이 다채널 오디오 시스템을 위한 확장 모델에서는 Duplex 이론에 따라, 양이 시간차 왜곡은 1.5kHz 이하의 저주파 영역에 대해서만 계산되었으며, 양이 크기차 왜곡은 2.5kHz 이상의 고주파 영역에 대해서만 계산되었다. 하지만 고주파 영역에 있어서 포락선의 양이 시간차는 공간감 인지에 있어서, 특히 음상 정위에 있어서 중요한 역할을 한다. 이러한 고주파 영역 포락선의 양이 시간차 공간감 인지에 미치는 영향을 정량적으로 분석하기 위해 해당 인자를 계산하는 방법이 본 논문에서 소개된다. 또한, 이렇게 계산된 고주파 영역 포락선의 양이 시간차는 다채널 오디오의 주관평가 결과와 높은 상관관계를 가짐을 확인한다.

• 응용통계연구
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.215-231
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• 2017

미국 대통령 예선은 선거인단이 시차를 두고 여러 회에 걸쳐 진행되는 특징이 있음에도 많은 연구가 진행되지 않았다. 본 연구에서는 다양한 자기로지스틱 모형을 통해 미국 대통령 예비선거 결과와 사회경제적 변수간의 시공간 의존성의 관계를 파악하고자 한다. 2016년 데이터에 적용한 분석결과 각 카운티의 노년층, 흑인, 여성 그리고 히스패닉 인구 비율이 높은 지역일수록 힐러리 클린턴을 지지할 확률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 주변 카운티에서 많은 지지를 받은 후보가 이웃 지역에서도 많이 지지를 받을 확률이 높고 이전 선거에서 많은 지지를 받는 것과 다음 선거 지역의 결과 간의 상관관계도 확인되었다. 시공간 의존성을 알아보기 위한 모형 중에서 슈퍼화요일의 선거 결과가 이후 선거와 관련이 있다고 가정한 모형의 설명력이 가장 높은 것으로 판명되었다.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.183-207
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the temporo-spatial gait characteristics of healthy elderly people with those osteoarthritis patients. 100 patients reported knee osteoarthritis, diagnosed at the hospital or clinic located in Daegu and Kyungbuk province and 100 normal elderly subjects were participated in this study. Temporal and spatial parameters of gait were analysed for using the computerized GAITRite system. The system integrates specific components of locomotions to provide a single, numerical representation of gait, the Functional Ambulation Performance score. Differences in gait characteristics between the two groups were examined using a correlated t-test and Pearson Correlation(p<.05). Significant differences were observed between the groups for temporal parameters(step time, double support time, stance phase, mean velocity) and spatial parameters(step length, step/extremity ratio)(p<.05). Also there was difference in the functional ambulation performance score between normal elderly subjects and knee osteoarthritis patients(p<.05). Consequently, it may help detect the abnormal gait pattern indicated the main problem in degenerative knee osteoarthritis patients as well as provide data analysing the pathokinesiologic components by comparing normal elderly.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.129-140
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• 2019

Accurately simulating the wind field of large-scale region, for instant urban areas, the locations of large span bridges, wind farms and so on, is very difficult, due to the complicated terrains or land surfaces. Currently, the regional wind field can be simulated through the combination of observation data and numerical model using observation-nudging in the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF). However, the main drawback of original observation-nudging method in WRF is the effects of observation on the surrounding field is fully mathematical express in terms of temporal and spatial, and it ignores the effects of terrain, wind direction and atmospheric circulation, while these are physically unreasonable for the turbulence. For these reasons, a spatial correlation-based observation-nudging method, which can take account the influence of complicated terrain, is proposed in the paper. The validation and comparation results show that proposed method can obtain more reasonable and accurate result than original observation-nudging method. Finally, the discussion of wind field along bridge span obtained from the simulation with spatial correlation-based observation-nudging method was carried out.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.761-771
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• 2016

기상청에서 운영하고 제공하는 전지구 계절예측시스템 GloSea5 (Global Seasonal forecasting system version 5)자료를 활용하여 용담댐유역에 적용하고자 하였다. GloSea5는 예측자료(Forecast; 이하 FCST)와 과거재현자료(Hindcast; 이하 HCST)로 제공되며 공간 수평해상도는 N216 ($0.83^{\circ}{\times}0.56^{\circ}$)으로 중위도에서 약 60km이다. 이를 유역단위 물관리에 활용하기 위해서는 시 공간적인 상세화가 필요하므로 통계적 상세화 기법을 수행하여 변수가 갖는 계통적인 지역 오차를 보정함으로써 자료의 신뢰도를 향상시키고자 하였다. HCST자료는 앙상블 형태로 주어지며 용담댐 유역의 앙상블 평균에 대한 6번 격자의 통계적인 상관성($R^2=0.60$, RMSE=88.92, NSE=0.57)이 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 계절분석시 여름철의 경우 원시 GloSea5 강우량이 600.1mm로 관측값인 816.1mm 대비 -26.5%로 가장 많은 차이를 보였으며 상세화 후 GloSea5 강우량은 -3.1%의 오차율을 보였다. 대부분의 과소 모의된 결과가 여름철 홍수기에 해당되는 강우로 상세화 이후 강우가 회복되는 매우 중요한 결과를 보였다. 계절별 Moran's I 지수를 이용한 공간적 자기상관분석 결과 역시 통계적으로 유의성 있는 공간적인 분포를 나타냄으로써 자료의 불확실성을 개선하고 시 공간적인 정확도와 타당성을 입증하였다. HCST기간에 대한 GloSea5의 앙상블 강우에 대한 신뢰도를 향상시킴으로써 수문학적인 영향을 평가하기 위한 자료로서의 충분한 가능성을 확보하였으며 이러한 시 공간적인 재현성에 대한 평가결과는 향후 유역단위 물관리를 위한 기초자료로서 매우 중요한 역할을 할 것이다.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2010년도 학술발표회
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• pp.1355-1359
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to analyze the spatial characteristics of Namgang-Dam watershed for a Total Maximum Daily Loads(TMDL). Three TMDL target sites, Gyeonghogang1, 2, Namgang-Dam2, are located within Namgang-Dam watershed. Under the current criterion for TMDLs, 3-year arithmetic mean BOD concentration of the target sites should not exceed the target concentration for 2 consecutive years. Two and three times of violation were observed for Gyenghogang2 and Namgang-Dam2 sites while no violation was found for Gyeonghogang1 site. However, no violation was found since 1999 for all three sites. Correlation between each 12 stations within the watershed were analyzed and cluster analysis was conducted to figure out the spatial characteristics of the watershed. Correlation coefficient between Gyonghogang1 and 2 was high (0.758) while the coefficients between lake station (Namgang-Dam2) and stream stations (Gyonghogang1 and 2) were very low. Dendrogram indicated that all of three Namgang-Dam stations were very close and Gyenghogang1, 2 stations were also close.

• 한국정보과학회논문지:정보통신
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2008

센서 네트워크를 사용하는 응용분야에 따라 보다 고차원적인 데이타 처리를 필요로 하는 경우 모든 센서 노드의 수집 데이타를 싱크 노드로 전송한다. 수집된 데이타는 일반적으로 센서 네트워크의 환경적인 특성상 시간적으로 혹은 공간적으로 연관성을 지닌다. 이러한 연관성은 싱크 노드가 일부의 데이터만 수집하고도 모든 데이타를 복원할 수 있는 기회를 제공한다. 센서 네트워크에서는 데이타 수집을 위한 기법으로 클러스터링 기법을 널리 사용한다. 하지만 기존의 클러스터링 기법의 경우 수집한 데이타의 연관성을 고려하지 않고, 센서 노드의 지역성(locality)만을 고려하여 클러스터를 생성하기 때문에 이러한 기회를 활용하기에 비효율적이다. 본 논문에서는 수집된 데이타를 중심으로 클러스터를 생성하고, 싱크 노드로 전송되는 데이타의 크기를 획기적으로 줄일 수 있는 클러스터링 기법을 제안한다 제안하는 클러스터링 기법의 우수함을 보이기 위해 시뮬레이션을 통한 성능 평가를 수행하였으며, 그 결과 기존 기법들에 비해 네트워크 트래픽이 약 $4{\sim}40%$ 감소하고, 네트워크의 수명이 약 $20{\sim}30%$ 연장되었다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.165-177
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• 2018

Particulate matter (PM) measurements are important in air quality, public health, epidemiological studies and decision making for short and long-term policies implementation. However, only few cities in the word have advance air quality-monitoring networks able to provide reliable information of PM leaves in the ambient air, trends and extent of the pollution. In Colombia, only major cities measure PM concentrations. Available measurements from Bogota, Medellin and Bucaramanga show that PM concentration are well above World Health Organization guidelines, but up to now levels and trends of PM in other cities and regions of the country are not well known. Satellite measurements serve as an alternative approach to study air quality in regions were surface measurements are not available. The aim of this study is to perform a spatial and temporal assessment of PM in the ambient air of Colombia. We used Aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite of NASA and surface measurements from the air quality networks of Bogota, Medellin and Bucaramanga. In a first step, we estimated the correlation between MODIS-AOD and monthly average surface measurements (2000 to 2015) from these three cities, obtaining correlation coefficient R values over 0.4 for the cities under study. After, we used AOD and $PM_{10}$ measurements to study the temporal evolution of PM in different cities and regions. Finally, we used AOD measurements to identify cities and regions with the highest AOD levels in Colombia. All the methods presented in this paper may serve as an example for other countries or regions to identify and prioritize locations that require the implementation of more accurate air quality measurements.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.204-216
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• 2021

It is important to understand the factors influencing the temporal and spatial variability of water quality in order to establish an effective customized management strategy for contaminated aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the spatial diversity of the 5-year (2015 - 2019) average total phosphorus (TP) concentration observed in 40 Total Maximum Daily Loads unit-basins in the Nakdong River watershed was analyzed using 50 predictive variables of watershed characteristics, climate characteristics, land use characteristics, and soil characteristics. Cross-correlation analysis, a two-stage exhaustive search approach, and Bayesian inference were applied to identify predictors that best matched the time-averaged TP. The predictors that were finally identified included watershed altitude, precipitation in fall, precipitation in winter, residential area, public facilities area, paddy field, soil available phosphate, soil magnesium, soil available silicic acid, and soil potassium. Among them, it was found that the most influential factors for the spatial difference of TP were watershed altitude in watershed characteristics, public facilities area in land use characteristics, and soil available silicic acid in soil characteristics. This means that artificial factors have a great influence on the spatial variability of TP. It is expected that the proposed statistical modeling approach can be applied to the identification of major factors affecting the spatial variability of the temporal average state of various water quality parameters.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.229-240
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• 2020

Background: Genus Quercus is a successful group that has occupied the largest area of forest around the world including South Korea. The acorns are an important food source for both wild animals and humans. Although the reproductive characteristics of this genus are highly variable, it had been rarely studied in South Korea. Therefore, in Seoraksan and Odaesan National Parks (i) we measured the acorn production of Quercus mongolica, an overwhelmingly dominant species in South Korea, for 3 years (2017-2019), (ii) evaluated the spatial-temporal variation of acorn production, and (iii) analyzed the effects of oak- and site-related variables on the acorn production. Results: The annual acorn production of Q. mongolica increased 36 times from 1.2 g m-2 in 2017 to 43.2 g m-2 in 2018, and decreased to 16.7 g m-2 in 2019, resulting in an annual coefficient of variation of 104%. The coefficient of spatial variation was high and reached a maximum of 142%, and the tree size was the greatest influencing factor. That is, with an increase in tree size, acorn production increased significantly (2018 F = 16.3, p < 0.001; 2019 F = 8.2, p < 0.01). Elevation and slope also significantly affected the production in 2019. However, since elevation and tree size showed a positive correlation (r = 0.517, p < 0.001), the increase in acorn production with increasing elevation was possibly due to the effect of tree size. The acorn production of Odaesan for 3 years was 2.2 times greater than that of Seoraksan. This was presumed that there are more distribution of thick oak trees and more favorable site conditions such as deep soil A-layer depth, high organic matter, and slower slopes. Conclusion: As reported for other species of the genus Quercus, the acorn production of Q. mongolica showed large spatial and annual variations. The temporal variability was presumed to be a weather-influenced masting, while the spatial variability was mainly caused by oak tree size.