• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.964-970
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• 2023

As part of the International Maritime Organization ef orts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, the maritime industry is exploring low-carbon fuels such as liquefied natural gas and methanol, as well as zero-carbon fuels such as hydrogen and ammonia, evaluating them as environmentally friendly alternatives. Particularly, ammonia has substantial operational experience as cargo on transport ships, and ammonia ship engines are expected to be available in the second half of 2024, making it relatively accessible for commercial use. However, overcoming the toxicity challenges associated with using ammonia as a fuel is imperative. Detection is possible at levels as low as 5 ppm through olfactory senses, and exposure to concentrations exceeding 300 ppm for more than 30 min can result in irreparable harm. Using the KORA program provided by the Chemical Safety Agency, an assessment of the potential risks arising from leaks during ammonia bunkering was conducted. A 1-min leak could lead to a 5 ppm impact within a radius of approximately 7.5 km, affecting key areas in Busan, a major city. Furthermore, the potentially lethal concentration of 300 ppm could have severe consequences in densely populated areas and schools near the bunkering site. Therefore, given the absence of regulations related to ammonia bunkering, the potential for widespread toxicity from even minor leaks highlights the requirement for the development of legislation. Establishing an integrated system involving local governments, fire departments, and environmental agencies is crucial for addressing the potential impacts and ensuring the safety of ammonia bunkering operations.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.79-99
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• 1993

This paper identifies the mechanisms governing the industrial location changes in Korea by focusing upon the emergence of the country's large conglomerate business organizations (chaebols). As the country has distinctive industrial organization, production systems, and government-business relations, this study tries to develop an ideal conceptual framework for the analysis of industrial location changes in Korea. It perceives the Korean economy as a system within which 'space-organizing', lage business organizations interact over time with government, smaller firms and multinational corporations at different geographical scales. The usefulness of the model is assessed using a case study of Korea's most representative chaebol, the Samsung Group. This study identifies chaebols as the dominant institutions in Korean society. Their growth and business strategies have been influenced by the Korean Government through its power to allocate capital resources. Regional dynamics of industry and labor, therfore, have been strongly influenced by changes in the location, industrial structure, and production system of chaebols. With econmic power concentrated within a few giant business groups and their major areas of operation restricted, unbalanced regional development has resulted. Dissatisfaction from residents in less-developed areas has pressured the Government to advise chaebols to disperse their production facilities. Most small and medium-sized firms are closely linked to large corporations through subcontracting. By forming hierarchical subcontracting. By forming hierarchical subcontracting systems, chaebols have indirectly exploited scattered, part-time, home-based, female and lower-paid laborers organized by subcontractors. Further, chaebols have expanded their business arena to encompass overseas locations in a bid to overcome the problem of a small domestic market, trade regulations and increased market, trade regulations and increased labor costs. Through their international business networks Korea's local and regional economies are integrated into the world economy. Indeed, the identification of the changing relationships of chaebols with both the Korean Government and smaller firms is the key to explaining the nations's spatial dyanmics of industry and labor.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.162-172
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• 2013

This study focuses on the genealogical analysis of the urban public spaces by the local history of Seoul which is significantly different from western cities. The analysis targets the discourse of the urban street which defines urban space-structure among the urban public spaces. Based on the analysis, we define the progress levels of urban public design policy in Seoul. Firstly, in 1960's and 1970's, 'urban reconstruction' was intensively carried out for the country modernization, and 'vehicle preferred street expansion' resulted in damages to historical inheritance, in-humanized street, and cultural uniformity. 1980's and 1990's would be defined as 'politic acceptance of plural values to the urban street.' There were the Olympic Games held in Seoul in 1988, which were the celebrations of the 600th capital establishment and the autonomous local government system. In the meanwhile, diverse values on the urban street were discussed in terms of globalization. There also were the self-reflection for the urban skyscrapers and high-population rate, the cultural uniformity of urban street, and the commercialization in downtown with urban reconstruction plans. Then, the sense of landscape and amenity was focused. Various urban projects and regulations were held according to the changes of value recognition. 2000's can be defined as 'introduction to the organic integration and the urban public design governance.' In the 21st century, types of recognition have changed significantly, which include publicness, humanism, sustainability, symbolism, artistry, placeness, and communication. They cause the establishment of ordinances and the installation of integrated organization via urban design administration. The legislation has been revised in order to support the various methods for the maintenance and operation of urban landscape in terms of local characteristics. New regulations were established for residents to participate in the processes of the urban planning with street design policy.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.176-185
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• 2010

Due to Korean government's reduction policy of the level of local administration, the government tries to become smaller and more efficient organization and in accordance with this movement, they try to transfer the human power and work of the office of Eup, Myeon, Dong to the office of Si, Goon, Goo so that they can take administrative action quickly, increase the efficiency of administration by preventing the overlapping of administrative task, improve the administrative service toward the citizens and make a functional shift of Inhabitant Self-Government Center in a way that is aimed at improving the quality of life of the inhabitants by setting up cultural, welfare facilities and forming the local community. Hereupon I expect this study will help to show the ways of composing the space of community center, accommodating the various demands of inhabitants through appropriate area calculation of functional area, increasing the efficiency of government officers' administrative support and also will be the guide for the architectural designs of the community centers. For this purpose, I have investigated community centers of 8 Dongs out of 11 Dongs in Goon-po Si that was chosen to be operating the pilot program of the office of Eup, Myeon, Dong's functional shift and obtained excellent results. I have surveyed how the functional spaces are being used, interviewed the government officials, examined the size of the functional and required space with Building card of a plan and the analyzed results are as follows.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.37 no.5
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• pp.480-497
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• 2002

This paper is concerned with unveiling the responsiveness of large Korean firms to external shock by examining corporate restructuring in terms of production and organization. Throughout empirical research, I speculate on how corporate restructuring influences and relates to corporate teaming and adaptation. The main findings of this research are as follows. First, the restructuring of business structure was expected to strengthen core competencies and improve profitability and the restructuring of organizational structure to make it possible for responding more quickly to radical changes in its business environment. Second, both downsizing and employment adjustment have assisted the firm with unlearning obsolete practices, preconditions necessary for effectively accomplishing new teaming practices. Third, both the spatial reorganization of production activities and process innovation require and involve learning processes. In conclusion, it claims that corporate restructuring can be seen as a powerful loaming tool, particularly in the context of radical economic change.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.113-124
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• 2015

Convergence-based Smart Work in Korea started from 2010 with a purpose to improve work-life balance. Up to now the previous research on Smart Work has been studied in the context of the pre-adoption or the adoption stage, and shows some limitations not finding out the effort to manage change, the issues occurred in the process of adopting Smart Work, and the performance after adopting Smart Work. The period after adoption is when users continue to use ICT and intended objectives can be accomplished. Therefore, this study investigated the process that the organizations adopting Smart Work have overcome spatial and temporal constraints and the performance that they have achieved after adopting it. Though the framework integrating time-geography theory with technology acceptance stage, this research interviewed four managers of three organizations being responsible for adopting and operating Smart Work and provided its adopting process and performance of each organization.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.949-960
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• 2003

The resolution issue of wetness index with relaxation of the steady state assumption is explored on the platform of Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The variabilities of the quasi-dynamic wetness index and the dynamic wetness index are discussed on the base of the spatial and statistical aspects depending upon resolutions of DEM and the drainage time. The organization patterns of the wetness index can be observed upon various drainage times and pixel size. The transient behaviour of wetness patterns of the Sulmachun watershed are shown in the relatively short drainage time. The statistical analysis of the quasi-dynamic and dynamic wetness analysis provide the convergence of analysis results to the steady state characteristics later than 10,000 hours drainage time. The probability density functions of the quasi-dynamic and the dynamic wetness index shows the existence of the threshold pixel size of DEM which provide stability and consistency in the computation result of these two wetness index.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 1999.11a
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• pp.355-362
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• 1999

With the ready access to the high resolution satellite image data, users of and areas covered by satellite image data are constantly on the rise world-wide. Korea will also be able to take full advantage of the satellite data once the KOMPSAT is successfully launched. Harmonizing satellite data production and application technology and users' needs, along with the guiding policy is essential for promoting satellite data use. Up to now, the Korean government has mainly concentrated on developing production technology for the satellite units. However, the imminent task of independent satellite data production demands a promotion policy for satellite data use. In this context, the policy is defined as an important medium for identifying the role and status of satellite image information at the national level and also Preparing the legal as well as systematic foundation for producing, building, distributing, and packaging satellite data. For example, in the countries with the advanced satellite technology, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia, digital ortho image and digital elevation model (DEM) are mandatorily included in the National Geographic Framework Data through policy measures. In addition, in order for the efficient provision of the satellite data, separate organization or agency is being in operation for the exclusive production and distribution of the satellite data. The present paper aims to examine the role and status of the satellite data as well as their current status and problems in Korea in reference to the National Spatial Data Infrastructure, and finally to provide the policy directions to promote the satellite data use in public sector on the basis of the preceding analyses.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• no.25
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• pp.229-235
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• 2000

Although Frank Lloyd Wright represents himself as one of the greatest American master architect, the master architects contribution towards the advancement in the modern history of architecture goes beyond just creating landmark buildings. Through out his life, he was the leading architect not only in the area or architectural design but showed his talent in interior architecture, furniture, fabric, lighting fixture, art glasses, tablewares, silver wares as well as in graphic design which should cover all the elements related to the "total design" in architecture. As seen in his architectural design, the "total design" concept also reflects both beauty and logic of the nature and strengthens his theory of the organic architecture design. The research began with finding out the relationship between his architecture, nature and the supporting design elements mentioned above. the purpose of the research is to analyze the relationship of the spatial organization and the design elements in Frank Lloyd Wrights architectural works from the point of "total design" view and provide the valuable guide line for the development of the modern interior design. His design theory, based on the fundamental ideas of the nature, his organic architecture design, and reference materials to support total design concept will be discussed on chapter 2. And on chapter 3, application of the total design in his actual project will be analyzed. The data and analyzation have been completed based on written references and actual visit to the project sites. Frank Lloyd Wright placed highest value on the human beings and enjoyed presenting new ideas and forms to create better environment for the humans through his architecture and interior design projects. While he was presenting new ideas he continued to support design for democracy which has close relationship to the new frontier spirit of America. He was the master architect for the general society with accurate understanding of the life style of the public with design sensitivity shown in his concept of the total design.s concept of the total design.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.100-111
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• 2010

'Pattern' is the term that is frequently used in the aspects of history, society, and science. It always appears in the remains or relics of the age of civilization when recording was started, and its evaluation and value differ by time. Patterns in the ancient civilization were symbolic, social, and spatially crucial. However, after the modernization, they were considered to be immoral and unnecessary, so the range of their significance came to reduce. Due to the development of science, ornament patterns lost the limitation of its range of use along with new interpretation of them. Especially with the advent of new scientific theories such as the evolution theory from the biological aspect, quantum mechanics, and super string theory, morphological possibilities more than the human scale perceived by men came to be discovered. Living organisms maintain their lives through patterns, structures, and processes in order to produce a system alive. Among them, patterns are the organization of relations determining the characteristics of the system. The present patterns may correspond to this meaning. The pattern in a space is the matter of how to relate the components after all. In a space, however, there are numerous components mingled with one another. If these tasks are conducted as analogue work, it will take a lot of time and effort. However, if digital media are utilized to perform the tasks like analysis, generation, or fabrication, it will produce a result with higher precision and efficiency. In this sense, parametric modeling is quite useful media. Opening morphological variation, it realizes more possibilities, connects conveniently the relations between complex components composing a space, and helps produce creative patterns.