• Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences
• /
• v.54 no.4
• /
• pp.599-610
• /
• 2018

The goal of this study was to statistically analyse the variability of global irradiance and ultraviolet erythemal (UVER) irradiance and their interrelationships with global and UVER irradiance, global clearness indices and ozone. A prediction of short-term UVER solar irradiance values was also obtained. Extreme values of UVER irradiance were included in the data set, as well as a time series of ultraviolet irradiance variability (UIV). The study period was from 2005 to 2014 and approximately 250,000 readings were taken at 5-min intervals. The effect of the clearness indices on global irradiance variability (GIV) and UIV was also recorded and bi-dimensional distributions were used to gather information on the two measured variables. With regard to daily GIV and UIV, it is also shown that for global clearness index ($k_t$) values lower than 0.6 both global and UVER irradiance had greater variability and that UIVon cloud-free days ($k_t$ higher than 0.65) exceeds GIV. To study the dependence between UIVand GIV the ${\chi}^2$ statistical method was used. It can be concluded that there is a 95% probability of a clear dependency between the variabilities. A connection between high $k_t$ (corresponding to cloudless days) and low variabilities was found in the analysis of bidimensional distributions. Extreme values of UVER irradiance were also analyzed and it was possible to calculate the probable future values of UVER irradiance by extrapolating the values of the adjustment curve obtained from the Gumbel distribution.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
• /
• v.55 no.2
• /
• pp.315-335
• /
• 2009

Controversies over W. H. Auden's "political" poetry remind us of an old but perhaps never easily resolved problem about the relationship between poetry (literature) and politics. Auden has arguably been referred to as a "leftist" or "Marxist" because of his political viewpoint registered in "Spain" or "September 1, 1939," which embodies his contemporaries' loss and fear, brought by the socio-political turmoil, economic depression, and moral conflicts of the 1930s. Interestingly, however, Auden is known to have an ambivalent position toward the political reality. He once disavowed the above "political" poems as "dishonest" in the preface of the 1966 edition of Collected Poems and declared, "poetry makes nothing happen" in "In Memory of W. B. Yeats," which seemingly acknowledges the political incapacity of poetry. Auden's position and poetry should be understood as the result of complicated interactions between his perspectives on society, human beings, and poetics. Auden definitely believed in the role of poetry in such a politically demanding time, yet was not concerned with the anticipation of certain immediate changes effected by poetry in real situations. Instead, he sought the intellectual and moral effects that poetry could give his readers to help them survive the dismal circumstances of the 1930s. This is what distinguished Auden's poetry from political propaganda. In doing so, Auden's poetry captures the zeitgeist of his generation and has privileged him as the leading voice of his time, but it has also encouraged the following generations to confront different socio-political difficulties. This is something poetry can make happen politically, and the survival of Auden's "memorable speech" proves the legitimacy of his frequently misunderstood poetics.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.61 no.1
• /
• pp.4.1-4.6
• /
• 2021

Equine piroplasmosis (EP) is caused by Babesia caballi and Theileria equi infection. We investigated antigen and antibody of EP in horses in the Republic of Korea during 2016-2017. Antigen and antibody of T. equi was detected 0.06% (1/1,650). Phylogenetic analysis of 18S rRNA revealed that the T. equi was highly homologous with the strains from China, Mongolia, and Spain. Two Theileria spp. were also detected and highly homologous with T. buffeli, T. luwenshuni, and T. orientalis.

• Journal of Korean Library and Information Science Society
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.55-77
• /
• 2021

Based on the analysis of historical backgrounds and terms of Taekwondo, this study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of cataloging records related to Taekwondo in 53 national libraries of each country. The results are as follows. To begin with, while most of the Taekwondo-related records are concentrated in some specific national libraries such as the United States, Germany, Republic of China, United Kingdom, and Spain, there are four libraries that do not have one. Second, the title keyword of Taekwondo-related records was 93.5% for the term that directly meant Taekwondo and 6.5% for Korean martial art, Korean art of self-defense, and Korean karate etc. The frequency of materials by language is 38.7% for English and 8~9% for German, Spanish, Chinese, and Korean, respectively. The Roman translation for Taekwondo is 50.3% for 'Taekwondo', and 18.5% for 'Tae kwon do'. Third, the subject heading of Taekwondo-related records was 86.9% for 'Tae kwon do' or 'Taekwondo' etc. 7.6% for 'karate', 5.7% for general subject heading, and 12.0% for blank. This means that some national libraries misunderstand Taekwondo as karate.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
• /
• v.44 no.4
• /
• pp.257-270
• /
• 2021

Since African swine fever (ASF) spread to East Asia, a fatal crisis has occurred in the global pig industry, because Asia is dominant in pig production. Although some studies conducted bibliometric analysis on ASF, few studies compared research networks, and identified subthemes by major keywords. To fill this gap, this study identified the knowledge structure network of the research, its influence, and core research themes by utilizing the bibliometric analysis of 337 ASF-related journal articles over 50 years from 1970 to 2020 on the Web of Science. The result indicated that papers are mainly published in the fields of veterinary science, virology, microbiology, infectious disease and applied microbiology, and in particular, the fields of veterinary science and virology showed unrivaled weights as they account for 73.40%. With regard to cooperative relationships, European countries such as the UK, Germany, Italy, and Denmark, centered on Spain, are actively contributing to the ASF research. China, France, Thailand, Japan, Vietnam, and South Korea are leading research cooperation, centering on the United States. In the early stage of the studies, major keywords appeared to be related to outbreaks, quarantine and diagnosis, and in the middle stage, the keywords were expanded to a wide range of pig diseases. Recently, the keywords are becoming more diverse towards antibodies, cross-border transmission and disease monitoring. Based on data on major keywords related to ASF, this study proposed discussions and implications for activating ASF research including genotype, protein, vaccine, diagnosis, defense against infection and epidemiological investigation.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.13 no.1
• /
• pp.66-72
• /
• 2022

Background: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the psychological well-being (PWB) during the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic in workers of a multinational company. Methods: Employees (aged ≥18 years) were recruited from Latin American, North American, New Zealand, and European sites of a multinational company operative during all the pandemic period. The self-reported Psychological General Well-Being Index was used to assess the global PWB and the effects on six subdomains: anxiety, depressed mood, positive well-being, self-control, general health, and vitality. The influencing role of age, gender, geographical location, COVID-19 epidemiology, and restrictive measures adopted to control the pandemic was explored. Results: A total of 1335 workers completed the survey. The aggregate median PWB global score was in a positive range, with significantly better outcomes detected in the Mexican and Colombian Latin American sites compared with the other worldwide countries (p < 0.001). Among the European locations, a significantly higher PWB score was determined in Spain compared with the German and French sites (p < 0.05). Comparable geographical trends were demonstrated for all the PWB subdomains. Male workers had a significantly better PWB compared with females (p < 0.05), whereas a negative correlation emerged with aging (p = 0.01). COVID-19 epidemiology and pandemic control measures had no clear effects on PWB. Conclusion: Monitoring PWB and the impact of individual and pandemic-related variables may be helpful to clarify the mental health effects of pandemic, define targeted psychological-supporting measures, also in the workplace, to face such a complex situation in a more constructive way.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
• /
• v.38 no.6
• /
• pp.551-571
• /
• 2022

Xylella fastidiosa is xylem-limited bacterium capable of infecting a wide range of host plants, resulting in Pierce's disease in grapevine, citrus variegated chlorosis, olive quick decline syndrome, peach phony disease, plum leaf scald, alfalfa dwarf, margin necrosis and leaf scorch affecting oleander, coffee, almond, pecan, mulberry, red maple, oak, and other types of cultivated and ornamental plants and forest trees. In the European Union, X. fastidiosa is listed as a quarantine organism. Since its first outbreak in the Apulia region of southern Italy in 2013 where it caused devastating disease on Olea europaea (called olive leaf scorch and quick decline), X. fastidiosa continued to spread and successfully established in some European countries (Corsica and PACA in France, Balearic Islands, Madrid and Comunitat Valenciana in Spain, and Porto in Portugal). The most recent data for Europe indicates that X. fastidiosa is present on 174 hosts, 25 of which were newly identified in 2021 (with further five hosts discovered in other parts of the world in the same year). From the six reported subspecies of X. fastidiosa worldwide, four have been recorded in European countries (fastidiosa, multiplex, pauca, and sandyi). Currently confirmed X. fastidiosa vector species are Philaenus spumarius, Neophilaenus campestris, and Philaenus italosignus, whereby only P. spumarius (which has been identified as the key vector in Apulia, Italy) is also present in Americas. X. fastidiosa control is currently based on pathogen-free propagation plant material, eradication, territory demarcation, and vector control, as well as use of resistant plant cultivars and bactericidal treatments.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.85 no.2
• /
• pp.197-206
• /
• 2023

The deterioration caused by chloride penetration and carbonation plays a significant role in a concrete structure in a marine environment. The chloride corrosion in some marine concrete structures is invisible but can be dangerous in a sudden collapse. Therefore, as a novelty, this research investigates the ability of a non-destructive damage detection method named the Power Spectral Density (PSD) to diagnose damages caused only by chloride ions in concrete structures. Furthermore, the accuracy of this method in estimating the amount of annual damage caused by chloride in various parts and positions exposed to seawater was investigated. For this purpose, the RC Arosa bridge in Spain, which connects the island to the mainland via seawater, was numerically modeled and analyzed. As the first step, each element's bridge position was calculated, along with the chloride corrosion percentage in the reinforcements. The next step predicted the existence, location, and timing of damage to the entire concrete part of the bridge based on the amount of rebar corrosion each year. The PSD method was used to monitor the annual loss of reinforcement cross-section area, changes in dynamic characteristics such as stiffness and mass, and each year of the bridge structure's life using sensitivity equations and the linear least squares algorithm. This study showed that using different approaches to the PSD method based on rebar chloride corrosion and assuming 10% errors in software analysis can help predict the location and almost exact amount of damage zones over time.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.103-110
• /
• 2022

This paper attempted to systematize the settlement problem of Moroccan immigrants and the plan for Moroccan cooperation for various purposes by understanding Morocco's religious background and historical and cultural characteristics. Morocco is open to trade and typical in the social and cultural distance. It has been exchanging Western European culture, including Spain and France, but maintains a typical Muslim. In particular, Morocco was once a center of triangular trade, a diaspora and logistics hub, and advanced to North America. It will continue to serve as a bridgehead for the cultural spread of global square-traded. Now, Moroccan trade is formed around France and other European regions. This is encountered in Korea and other countries around the world due to the progress of opening and industrialization in the African region. Since COVID-19, soft power has been increasing women's accessibility. As a global triangular strategic location for business or service financing and regional access to Morocco, we demonstrate the local acceptance of cultural industries and services, the soft power of Korea.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.61-76
• /
• 2023

The purpose of this study was to derive exotic products handled by Bon Marche department store, examine characteristics, and reveal the meaning of exotic taste in the 19th century. The research method is literature research centered on original materials of the time, such as old literature related to department stores, and films, newspapers, magazines, and periodicals as well as books and papers. Commercial catalogs and Agenda-Buvard published by Bon Marché were used as visual materials. Results are as follows. Exotic tastes of products of the Bon Marche department store in the late 19th century showed an oriental style centered on Persia, India, China, and Japan. Products from various regions such as Turkey, Spain, Algeria, Tunisia, England, Italy, and Russia were also accepted. These exotic tastes had the following contributions and meanings. First, they expanded items and product development and activated domestic industry through production of imitations and replicas. Second, before the advent of department stores, foreign items that came to Europe were exclusive properties of a few privileged classes. However, in the late 19th century, as the number of consumers who wanted to have a new status higher than themselves increased, exotic products of the Bon Marche department store became the object of desire for material pursuits toward the upper class rather than sentimental fantasies. Third, exotic tastes gradually spread to the public as production of products imitating foreign products became possible industrially with an easy access to them. From this, it can be seen that department stores were mediators of trends and the epicenter of popularizing exotic tastes.