• Archives of Plastic Surgery
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.428-434
• /
• 2020

Background Three-dimensional (3D) model printing improves visualization of anatomical structures in space compared to two-dimensional (2D) data and creates an exact model of the surgical site that can be used for reference during surgery. There is limited evidence on the effects of using 3D models in microsurgical reconstruction on improving clinical outcomes. Methods A retrospective review of patients undergoing reconstructive breast microsurgery procedures from 2017 to 2019 who received computed tomography angiography (CTA) scans only or with 3D models for preoperative surgical planning were performed. Preoperative decision-making to undergo a deep inferior epigastric perforator (DIEP) versus muscle-sparing transverse rectus abdominis myocutaneous (MS-TRAM) flap, as well as whether the decision changed during flap harvest and postoperative complications were tracked based on the preoperative imaging used. In addition, we describe three example cases showing direct application of 3D mold as an accurate model to guide intraoperative dissection in complex microsurgical reconstruction. Results Fifty-eight abdominal-based breast free-flaps performed using conventional CTA were compared with a matched cohort of 58 breast free-flaps performed with 3D model print. There was no flap loss in either group. There was a significant reduction in flap harvest time with use of 3D model (CTA vs. 3D, 117.7±14.2 minutes vs. 109.8±11.6 minutes; P=0.001). In addition, there was no change in preoperative decision on type of flap harvested in all cases in 3D print group (0%), compared with 24.1% change in conventional CTA group. Conclusions Use of 3D print model improves accuracy of preoperative planning and reduces flap harvest time with similar postoperative complications in complex microsurgical reconstruction.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.20-26
• /
• 2018

This study was conducted to develop a device for measuring the air flow by space variation through monitoring program, which acquires data by each point from each environmental sensor located in the greenhouse. The distribution of environmental factors(air temperature, humidity, wind speed, etc.) in the greenhouse is arranged at 12 points according to the spatial variation and a large number of measurement points (36 points in total) on the X, Y and Z axes were selected. Considering data loss and various greenhouse conditions, a bit rate was at 125kbit/s at low speed, so that the number of sensors can be expanded to 90 within greenhouse with dimensions of 100m by 100m. Those system programmed using MATLAB and LabVIEW was conducted to measure distributions of the air flow along the greenhouse in real time. It was also visualized interpolated the spatial distribution in the greenhouse. In order to verify the accuracy of CFD modeling and to improve the accuracy, it will compare the environmental variation such as air temperature, humidity, wind speed and $CO_2$ concentration in the greenhouse.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.14
• /
• pp.37-51
• /
• 2008

The computer has become an indispensable tool for animation works. However if you don't understand the characteristics of the computer and its software, you might not have the result satisfying your efforts. The incorrect understanding of image format sometimes causes it. Habitually image formats are selected usually for most of works but there is a distinct difference among those image formats while the efficient usages of them are different from each other. For your more efficient work therefore, you need to identify the characteristics of various kinds of image format used mostly for animation works. First I took a look at the theories of the lossy compression and lossless compression, which are two types of data compression widely used in the whole parts of computer world and the difference between bitmap method and vector method, which are respectably different in terms of the way of expressing images and finally the 24 bit true color and 8 bits alpha channel. Based on those characteristics, I have analyzed the functional difference among image formats used between various types of animation works such as 2D, 3D, composing and editing and also the benefits and weakness of them. Additionally I've proved it is wrong that the JPEG files consume a small space in computer work. In conclusion, I suggest the TIF format as the most efficient format for whatever it is editing, composing, 3D and 2D in considering capacity, function and image quality and also I'd like to recommend PSD format which has compatibility and excellent function, since the Adobe educational programs are used a lot for the school education. I hope this treatise to contribute to your right choice of image format in school education and practical works.

• Journal of Conservation Science
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.181-190
• /
• 2011

A precision measurement and digital image restoration of the 5th century's gilt bronze cap of Baekje dynasty, excavated from the ancient tomb of Andong, Goheung in 2006, was undertaken. The objective of the scanning is to preserve precise feature of the artefact in the form of digital data by embodying it in 3 dimensional space. Acquirement of the data has been undertaken in the following process : 3D scanning to obtain 3D shape and color information(original data photographing)-3D modelling(joining original data and restoring non-photographed or damaged area)-CG image production. Production of restoration CG image was based on joined shape of original data and each part's measurement on CAD. Non-photographed part and area of loss was restored referring actual measurement and research result of excavated cap from the 5th to 8th century. 3D image restoration is one of artefact restoration methods which restores artefact without risk. It is also undertaken with historical research. As result, this method can enhance aesthetic and academic value of the artefact by successful restoration.

• Cartoon and Animation Studies
• /
• s.23
• /
• pp.1-17
• /
• 2011

The paper analyzed the metaphoric expressions appeared in whose cinematic quality has been subjectively recognized on the global stage by winning the Oscar for Best Animated Short Film. Many contents and visual effects of the film were expressed with metaphor. Story and sequence were analyzed through the language system-based 'Conceptual Metaphor Analysis Framework'. In addition, characters have been analyzed through the 'Visual Metaphor Analysis Framework'. The framework is to analyze visual dimensions which are derived when concepts are structuredin animation. This paper has attempted to investigate and reveal patterns how animation self-organizes or how animation self-realizes through linguistic objectives. That is, it is to reveal how animation communicates with the audience from the metaphoric perspective among many conventional ones. In an animated film, metaphor is a fundamental means to connect fragmented images, produce a holistic view and therefore induce creative communication with the audience. The essential motive of metaphor which is expressed in various styles in is modern people's feeling of loss and sense of missing something. Train, bottle top, food, lost-and-found center, in-between space and lost items have significance across the movie. According to an analysis, metaphor offers simplicity and freshness as an aesthetic function. In addition, the metaphor expresses lengthy contents and various meanings implicitly, delivering an economic function. With a creative function, metaphor is a tool to generate new meanings. In other words, an animated film is a medium to inspire and move the general public as a means of communication and thinking, not just an entertainment for young generations. After all, metaphoric expressions have been used to deliver diverse and deep meanings in animated films.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.173-182
• /
• 2016

Although the ecosystem extends numerous functions for the benefit of humankind, construction of horticultural facilities can potentially lead to the degeneration of some of these functions owing to the expansion of impervious regions and loss of habitats. Thus, this study aimed to examine the effect of construction of horticultural facilities on plant biodiversity. Analysis of the vegetation distribution characteristics showed that horticultural facilities had significantly lower plant diversity than did rice paddies. Hence, the proposed approach involved low-impact development, arrangement of habitat space, plant preservation, restricted use of chemical fertilizer, habitat creation, and reduced preservation cost. Lifestyle analysis suggested the importance of developing favorable environments for the growth of annual plants and aquatic plants. In all, 20 species of naturalized plants belonging to 10 families were identified. Furthermore, the proportion of these naturalized plants was higher in glass greenhouses and multi-span greenhouses, suggesting the advantages of employing natural soil mulching while avoiding concrete mulching. Statistical analysis was performed to validate the results, which suggested that impervious regions be converted to natural soils. Collectively, the findings of this study are expected to be used for establishing policies for the construction of eco-friendly and ecological horticultural facilities; this may aid the maintenance of sustainable agricultural landscapes and large-scale development of the reclaimed lands.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.41
• /
• pp.4.1-4.10
• /
• 2019

Background: The mandibular third molar (M3) is typically the last permanent tooth to erupt because of insufficient space and thick soft tissues covering its surface. Problems such as alveolar bone loss, development of a periodontal pocket, exposure of cementum, gingival recession, and dental caries can be found in the adjacent second molars (M2) following M3 extraction. The specific aims of the study were to assess the amount and rate of bone regeneration on the distal surface of M2 and to evaluate the aspects of bone regeneration in terms of varying degree of impaction. Methods: Four series of panoramic radiographic images were obtained from the selected cases, including images from the first visit, immediately after extraction, 6 weeks, and 6 months after extraction. ImageJ software^® (NIH, USA) was used to measure linear distance from the region of interest to the distal root of the adjacent M2. Radiographic infrabony defect (RID) values were calculated from the measured radiographic bone height and cementoenamel junction with distortion compensation. Repeated measures of analysis of variance and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to analyze the statistical significant difference between RID and time, and a Spearman correlation test was conducted to assess the relationship between Pederson's difficulty index (DI) and RID. Results: A large RID (> 6 mm) can be reduced gradually and consistently over time. More than half of the samples recovered nearly to their normal healthy condition (RID ≤ 3 mm) by the 6-month follow-up. DI affected the first 6 weeks of post-extraction period and only showed a significant positive correlation with respect to the difference between baseline and final RID. Conclusions: Additional treatments on M2 for a minimum of 6 months after an M3 extraction could be recommended. Although DI may affect bone regeneration during the early healing period, further study is required to elucidate any possible factors associated with the healing process. The DI does not cause any long-term adverse effects on bone regeneration after surgical extraction.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
• /
• v.50 no.7
• /
• pp.76-84
• /
• 2013

In the passive emitter localization using instantaneous TDOA (time difference of arrival) and FDOA (frequency difference of arrival) measurements, the estimation accuracy can be improved by collecting additional measurements. To achieve this goal, it is required to increase the number of the sensors. However, in electronic warfare environment, a large number of sensors cause the loss of military strength due to high probability of intercept. Also, the additional processes should be considered such as the data link and the clock synchronization between the sensors. Hence, in this paper, the passive localization of a stationary emitter is presented by using the successive TDOA and FDOA measurements from two moving sensors. In this case, since an independent pair of sensors is added in the data set at every instant of measurement, each pair of sensors does not share the common reference sensor. Therefore, the QCLS (quadratic correction least squares) methods cannot be applied, in which all pairs of sensor should include the common reference sensor. For this reason, a Gauss-Newton algorithm is adopted to solve the non-linear least square problem. In addition, to show the performance of the proposed method, we compare the RMSE (root mean square error) of the estimates with CRLB (Cramer-Rao lower bound) and derived the CEP (circular error probable) planes to analyze the expected estimation performance on the 2-dimensional space.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.757-765
• /
• 2008

Maxillary central incisor impactions occur infrequently. Their origins include various local causes, such as odontoma, supernumerary teeth, space loss, and disturbances in the eruption path, also trauma and apical follicular cysts. Impacted teeth can cause serious dental and aesthetic difficulties as well as psychological problems especially in anterior regions. Although the impaction of maxillary incisor occurs less frequently than that of the maxillary canine, it is of concern to parents during the early mixed dentition stage because of the uneruption of the tooth. Forced eruption of impacted teeth should be considered in young patients because this technique can lead to suitable results from a periodontal, occlusal, and esthetic perspective at an earlier stage better than with other treatment options. This report presents the surgical and orthodontic treatment of cases with horizontally impacted and dilacerated maxillary central incisors. For each patient, we used the closed eruption method, placed an attachment on the impacted tooth on surgery, and fully closed the flap. Traction was applied immediately. The impacted tooth erupts through the healed tissue in a manner resembling normal eruption.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.102 no.3
• /
• pp.446-454
• /
• 2013

The present study investigated the biological agents and environmental conditions of the habitats of the Kirengeshoma koreana, a class 2 endangered species class according to the South Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE), elucidated the structural characteristics of the forest stands in the habitats with the importance value and the diversity index, conducted comparative analysis of the factors, and explored their relationship with environmental factors. According to the results of direction analysis of natural habitats of the Kirengeshoma koreana, the direction was distributed to the north or the northeast, and the slope amounted to $15-40^{\circ}$, thus demonstrating that the slope has little effect. In addition, the results showed that the distribution of Kirengeshoma koreana populations dramatically increased starting in areas at least 600 m above the sea level and that the relative light intensity was 3.79% on an average. Most populations were native to gorges and crevices between rocks so that they mainly tended to inhabit areas that could see soil loss in times of precipitation. In addition, a considerable number of the populations were close to hiking trails as well, thus leading to concerns about their artificial destruction. The soil of layer a in the main growth space of the Kirengeshoma koreana was analyzed and turned out to be strongly acidic, measuring pH 4.45-4.89 (average: 4.68). All investigation sections were typical natural broad-leaved tree areas, and, judging from the fact that the Kirengeshoma koreana was most likely to appear in colonies of the Mongolian oak tree (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.), the Mongolian oak tree seems to be the species of tree that has the greatest effect on the inhabitation of the Kirengeshoma koreana.