• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.386-395
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• 2014

This study was to identify underlying dimension of marketing strategy, and to examine effect of the marketing strategic factors on store affect, brand attitude, and brand loyalty in global and domestic SPA brands. Based on pilot study, four SPA brands of which consumers were most aware were selected: Korean SPAs (e.g., Codes-Combine, Basic House) and global brands (e.g., Zara and Uniqlo). A self-administered questionnaire was developed based on literatures. By using intercept survey, 421 respondents were obtained from consumers shopping at the selected SPA retail stores located in cities (Seoul, Daejon, Chongju) in Korea. Result showed that SPA brand marketing strategy consisted of four factors: Product differentiation, store location, in-store VMD, and price value. The marketing strategic factors had partially significant effects on brand attitude, store affect and store loyalty. However, there was significant differences in those effects between global and Korean SPA brands. Specifically, the effect of in-store VMD on brand attitude was higher in Korean SPA brands, whereas the effect of price value was higher in global SPA brand. Also, the price value was significant predictor of store affects in global SPAs, while in-store VMD was significant predictor of store loyalty in Korean SPA brands. This study discussed a managerial implication for creating brand attitude and emotional responses, which obtains comparative advantages in the competing marketplace.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.139-156
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to investigate various information relating to research on the dimensions of clothing used in the sale of products via the internet that used to target global SPA((Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel) brands sold in Korea. A total of 12 SPA brands including seven global SPA brands and five national. SPA brands were surveyed in this study. Brands were chosen net sales and consumer preferences the last three years. In all SPA brands, literal size designation such as S, M, L and numeric size designation such as 0, 2, 4 or 32, 34, 36 etc. were mixed, but in case of Jean, the size codes mark waist circumference were dominant. European size codes were more common in case of European brands while literal codes were more dominantly used for American size codes with in the US brands. By reviewing the measurement information of the body and product size, the product measurement methods of UNIQLO, FOREVER 21 and TOPTEN were much more accountable and excellent than other brands. However, most of the others didn't offer proper information such as pictograms or figures about measurement methods relating body sizes and product sizes. In addition, most of global SPA brands offered size conversion chart which consumers could reference, however of none of the national SPA brands offered a conversion size chart on their website. Regardless of the type of clothing, the coverage of clothing size was higher than in global SPA brands such as H&M GAP compared to national SPA brands. In particular, 8seconds did not present apparel size ranges that fit consumers' individual clothes sizes.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.323-329
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• 2011

In order to develop new protein carrier replacing poly(DL-lactic acid-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microspheres, succinylated pullulan acetate (SPA) was investigated to fabricate a long term protein delivery carrier. SPA microspheres loaded with lysozyme (Lys) as a model protein drug were prepared by a water/oil/water (W/O/W) double emulsion method. An acidity test of SPA copolymers after hydrolysis was performed to estimate the change of protein stability during releasing proteins from the microspheres. There was no pH change of SPA copolymers, but pH of PLGA polymers after hydrolysis was significantly decreased to around pH 2, indicating that the long-term stability of proteins released from SPA microspheres can be guaranteed. Loading efficiency of proteins into SPA microspheres was three times higher than those into conventional PLGA microspheres, indication of inducing stronger charge interaction between proteins and succinyl groups in SPA microspheres. Although initial burst behaviors were monitored in Lys-loaded SPA microspheres due to relatively strong hydrophilic succinyl segments in SPA microspheres, initial burst issues would be circumvented if the ratio of charge density of succinyl moieties and hydrophobic acetate groups is harmonically controlled. Therefore, in this study, a new attempt of protein delivery system was made and functional SPA was successfully confirmed as a new protein carrier.

• 동굴
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• 제74호
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• pp.79-96
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• 2006

SPA(Speleologic-Photo-Artist)란 동굴학적인 소양과 능력을 갖춘 사진예술가, 즉 동굴사진 예술가를 말한다. SPA가 되기 위해서는 동굴학 분야, 사진학 분야, 순수예술분야의 종합이 필요하다. 이 경우 각분야는 주전공을 무엇에서부터 출발하느냐에 따라 각각의 난이도가 달라질 것이다. SPA의 경우 동굴학에서 출발하여 사진분야, 순수예술분야를 추가로 학습하는 것이 기타 타분야에서 접근하는 것보다 용이하다고 생각한다. 이렇게 기본적인 소양을 습득한 뒤에는 현실적이고 제도권안에 있는 사진작가가 되는 길을 모색하여 동굴사진예술가가 될 수 있다고 본다. 이러한 자격을 가진 사람이 교육에 종사할 경우 좀더 깊이 있는 내용을 피교육자에게 전달할 수 있으며 동굴학의 저변을 확대하는데 매우 긍정적인 영향을 미칠 수 있으리라고 생각한다.

• 정보보호학회논문지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.65-70
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• 2003

본 논문에서는 side-channel 공격법 중 SPA(Simple Power Analysis)에 견디면서도 효율적인 연산이 가능한 scalar multiplication 방법과 하드웨어 구조를 제시한다. 기존에 제시된 SPA에 견디는 스칼라 곱셈 방법은 연산 속도가 느린 것이 약점이다. 따라서 이를 보안하는 방법에 대한 연구는 중요한 분야이다. 본 논문에서 제시한 타원곡선암호법 전용 하드웨어는 SPA에 견디면서도 동일한 유한체 연산기(multiplier, inverter)를 사용한다는 가정 하에 Coron의 방법 보다 연산 속도가 빠른 스칼라 곱셈 방법과 구조를 제시한다. 논문에서 제시하는 하드웨어는 n비트 키를 사용할 때 연산 속도가 2n·(Inversion cycle)+3(Multiplication cycle)만이 소요된다.

• 인터넷정보학회논문지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.9-15
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• 2023

SPA(Single-Page Application)는 RESTful API와 통신을 위해 데이터의 변환을 필요로 한다. BFF(Backend for Frontend) 패턴은 이 변환을 서버에서 처리하고 있으나 통신 횟수를 증가시키고 개발과 배포를 어렵게 하는 문제가 있다. 본 연구에서는 SPA의 ViewModel과 RESTful API의 모델을 SPA에서 직접 매핑하는 아키텍처를 제안한다. 제안한 아키텍처는 RESTful API의 문서 모델인 OpenAPI 사양을 이용하여 RESTful API 모델과 ViewModel 간의 매핑 모델을 자동 생성한다. SPA의 통신 컴포넌트는 생성된 모델을 이용하여 RESTful API 데이터와 ViewModel을 자동 변환한다. 사례 연구를 통해 기존 BFF 방식과 비교한 결과 제안한 아키텍처는 BFF에 비해 높은 개발 생산성을 보였고 부하테스트 결과 BFF에 비해 약 6 %이상 낮은 서버 CPU 점유율을 기록하였다.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.35-51
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• 2010

This study aims at providing data for establishing a marketing strategy which can enhance the competitiveness of Korea domestic SPA(Specialty Store Retailer of Private Label Apparel) Brands by suggesting countermeasure strategy through the observation and analysis for SPA Brands, under the current circumstance in which the systematic and scholastic discussion for the matter, is lack, despite the diastrophism in fashion industry is prospected according to the rapid growth of Global SPA Brands. For this purpose, the characteristic and current status of Global SPA Brands is examined, and the main cause of growth is analyzed by approaching to their marketing characteristic, in this study. In relation with this situation, this study suggests the provisions as below, which are drawn from the analysis on Global SPA Brands' marketing strategy, so that Korea domestic SPA Brands could achieve successive performance under fierce competition. First, to be a competitive SPA Brands a business should be able to supply products with frequent product turnover by an interval level of one week or so, the existent product planning by seasons, as a business obtains various swift informations on consumers' demand with R&D center foundation. Secondly, SPA Brands should establish a strategy that a business can create high net profit by inventory management which enables lowering inventory ratio remarkably, and a strategy for innovative product supply by small quantity batch production, along with founding a high technological logistics system. Third, SPA Brands should establish a strategy for primary cost reduction by overseas dispersed outsourcing in order to enable diverse product development and rational price setting. Fourth, fashion marketers should establish also a strategy for communication by which brand image can be delivered effectively, by firming the brand identity and by informing product characteristic and customer service totally, with the method of VMD and flagship store. Additionary, fashion marketers also should establish a strategy by developing mobile application which can provide brand image and diverse other fashion related information.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.123-132
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• 2012

In the trend of concentrating on the consumer driven experience market as a new marketing concept according to the improvement of life standard and the change of consummation pattern, SPA brand has applied experience marketing strategies to the market successfully to be grown constantly with consumer secure and production of business benefit through brand image and positive consumer attraction. Therefore, this study aims to research the experiential representation element and attribute in the competitive Global SPA brand space due to the sustainable growth from the recent domestic fashion market based on the strategy type of the experiential marketing. Thus, the experiential marketing strategy type was drawn based on the experiential marketing and the theoretical reflections of Global SPA brand, and the SPA brand space was classified depending on the attribute of the commercial space for making the framework of case analysis, so it was progressed as the method of analysis through the experiential representation attribute in the SPA brand space. The marketing strategy and representation for advertising the image of company and product message by the SPA brand should be planned, so successful application of the experiential marketing to the shop is connected to the corporate interests, and forming the meaning more than space by impressing on the consumers the brand and arousing the emotional experience of the consumers and meeting the consumers' a variety of needs had effects on forming a lasting relationship between the brand and consumers. Therefore, this study is expected to be an opportunity to vitalize the domestic SPA brand behind the competition with the Global SPA brand.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.477-488
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• 2016

This study classified and analyzed the types of images posted on official accounts operated by domestic and foreign SPA brands on Instagram and Pinterest, which are image-based fashion curations, and performed a survey on preferred image types in the fashion curations of SPA brands. It aims to induce active apparel purchasing behavior of consumers through the suggestion of image types about fashion curations for effective communication between fashion brands and consumers. The survey to targets the 20s and 30s was carried out from October 23, 2015 until November 22 and conducted factor analysis, paired t-test. The above images were classified into four types based on previous studies: product images, brand images, lifestyle images, multiple images. The results of the survey were also divided into four factors in line with the classification of image types. Generally, foreign SPA brands(H&M, Uniqlo, Zara) used image-based fashion curation services more frequently than domestic SPA brands(8Seconds, Mixxo, Spao, Tngt). The analysis of image types in the fashion curations of SPA brands showed that product images accounted for the highest proportion of images used in the official accounts of SPA brands. However, the comparison of averages on the preferred image types of survey respondents showed that the users who had once visited the official accounts of SPA brands on Instagram and Pinterest preferred in the order of lifestyle information > product information > brand information > multiple information provided by SPA brands, which was statistically significant.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.190-203
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• 2015

The fashion industry has been rearranged by Global SPA brands (like ZARA and H&M), which are powerful retailers that integrate the value chain ranging from manufacturing to sales. SPA brands can offer good quality of clothing at a reasonable price by cutting the margin between the supply chain. They are also called fast fashions since they make expedited efforts to respond to market trends and consumers. Despite the slow growth of the fashion industry in Korea, as global SPA brands rapidly expand market share, traditional fashion companies have launched several SPA brands such as MIXXO and SPAO (E-LAND), 8SECONDS (CHEIL INDUSTRIES). The few academic studies on this subject are focused on the analysis of secondary data such as news and books. The current research is qualitative and empirical attempts to explore the success factor of SPA brands with analysis of 1:1 in-depth interviews with experts who have worked for global SPAs such as Uniqlo, H&M, and ZARA, based on the grounded theory. The main phenomenon was shown to be that global SPA brands were popular since they offer a variety of products with a large assortment at reasonable and cheap prices in a large scale and multifunctional retail store. Most of them displayed main phenomena that can be realized due to the purchasing cycle of clothing that is shorter with consumers' regarding clothing as consumables. Global SPA brands had three types of marketing strategy: sellable product, sales strategy according to consumer response, and multifunctional stores. Each global SPA brand developed marketing strategies based on core competency and national conditions. The three success factors shorten the consumer decision making process of clothing. This study concludes with implications for practitioners of SPA brands born in Korea.