• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.137-142
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• 2010

Previous studies report that organo-sulfur compounds derived from garlic inhibited smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Recently, lipid-soluble compounds such as diallyl sulfides (DAS) and diallyl disulfides (DADS) have been reported to more effectively suppress tumor cell proliferation. However, there were few studies on the suppressive effects of lipid-soluble garlic sulfur compounds on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of DAS and DADS on VSMC proliferation/migration induced by oleic acid (OA), a principal fatty acid in circulating triglyceride of blood stream. Assays performed include a tetrazole (MTT) assay, a wound healing assay and a Western blots. VSMC proliferations were enhanced by OA in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of $10{\sim}50\;{\mu}M$ and inhibited by DAS and DADS compared to non-treated control. OA-induced proliferations were also attenuated by DAS and DADS. OA-induced cell migrations were 2.5 times higher than non-treated control, and they were significantly attenuated by DAS (32% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 50% at $200\;{\mu}M$) and DADS (40% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 46% at $200\;{\mu}M$). OA-induced cell migration was also attenuated by PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (P38 inhibitor) and particularly by LY204002 (PI3K inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK2 inhibitor). Additionally, Western blot assays showed that OA-induced JNK1/2-phosphorylation was down-regulated after treatment with DAS and DADS. In conclusion, the findings of our study support the idea that DAS and DADS may have a suppressive effect on the proliferation and migration of OA-induced VSMC and that this effect may be partly associated with PI3K and JNK2 pathways.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권20호
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• pp.8651-8656
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• 2014

Purpose: To study the expression of angiogenin-2 (Ang-2) and its receptor Tie-2 in colorectal cancer and discuss the possible mechanisms behind this process. Materials and Methods: Using the streptavidin-peroxidase (SP) immunohistochemical method, paraffin sections from 100 colorectal cancer samples and 10 samples from tumor-adjacent normal tissue (> 2 cm from the edge of the gross tumor) were tested for protein expression of Ang-2, Tie-2, PI3K, and AKT. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Western blots were further used to measure expression of the 4 genes and proteins in 20 freshly-resected colorectal cancer samples and tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Results: In colorectal cancer tissues, the expression of the Ang-2, Tie-2, PI3K, and AKT genes and their proteins was significantly higher than in tumor-adjacent normal tissues. Protein expression in poorly-differentiated adenocarcinoma was higher than that in well and moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. According to Duke's classification, the protein expression in Stages C and D was significantly higher than that in Stages A and B. In the group with lymphatic metastasis, the protein expression was higher than that without lymphatic metastasis. Conclusions: In colorectal cancer, the expression of the Ang-2, Tie-2, PI3K, and AKT genes and their proteins is markedly higher than those in tumor-adjacent normal tissues. No correlation was observed between protein expression and gender, location, or histologic type. Correlations did exist between protein expression and differentiation level, stage of Duke's classification, and lymphatic metastasis; in colorectal cancer tissues with lower differentiation levels, higher stages of Duke's classification, and lymphatic metastasis, the expression of all 4 proteins was higher. The study of their expression patterns and relationships with aggression and metastasis will provide a valuable experimental foundation for assessing prognosis and targeted therapy of colorectal cancer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1399-1405
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• 2013

The present study focused on establishing the effects of interferon-gamma (IFN-${\gamma}$) on interleukin-18 (IL-18) expression patterns and pregnancy outcomes in pregnant rats. Pregnant rats at the post-implantation stage were randomized into control, low IFN-${\gamma}$ (L-IFN-${\gamma}$) and high IFN-${\gamma}$ groups (H-IFN-${\gamma}$) that received normal saline, 100 IU/g of IFN-${\gamma}$ and 500 IU/g of IFN-${\gamma}$ vaginal muscular injection, respectively. The effects of IFN-${\gamma}$ on IL-18 expression and pregnancy outcomes were assessed systematically using several methods, including immunohistochemistry streptavidin-perosidase (SP), image pattern analysis, enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), whole blood count (WBC) count, microscopy and visual observation. IL-18 was detected in the uteri of all pregnant rats, and mainly distributed in the endometrium, decidual cells, vascular endothelium and myometrium. Immunohistochemistry and image pattern analyses revealed significantly lower IL-18 expression in the H-IFN-${\gamma}$ group compared to the L-IFN-${\gamma}$ and control groups (p<0.01), indicating that high doses of IFN-${\gamma}$ induce downregulation of IL-18 in the uterus of pregnant rats. ELISA results disclosed that IL-18 expression in peripheral blood of the H-IFN-${\gamma}$ group was lower than that of the L-IFN-${\gamma}$ group (p<0.05), and significantly reduced compared to the control group (p<0.01). Moreover, the number of peripheral leukocytes in the H-IFN-${\gamma}$ group was significantly higher than those in the control and L-IFN-${\gamma}$ groups (p<0.01). Morphology analysis showed no evident differences between the L-IFN-${\gamma}$ and control groups. However, for the H-IFN-${\gamma}$ group, uterine mucosa bleeding, necrosis and excoriation were observed using microscopy. Visual observation revealed marroon, swelling, crassitude and no embryo in the uterus, which are obvious indicators of abortion. These results indicate that IFN-${\gamma}$ plays a regulatory role in IL-18 expression in the uterus and peripheral blood of pregnant rats at the post-implantation stage. Moreover, high levels (500 IU/g) of IFN-${\gamma}$ influence normal pregnancy at the early stages in rats by downregulating IL-18 expression in the uterus and peripheral blood and increasing the number of peripheral leukocytes, consequently triggering termination of pregnancy.

• 폴리머
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.464-469
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• 2003

실리카의 표면 처리가 마이크로캡슐의 향유 방출 거동에 미치는 영향에 대하여 고찰해 보았다. 표면 산-염기 처리 용액으로서 30 wt%, 20 wt% 그리고 10 wt%의 HCl과 NaOH 용액을 사용하였다. 실리카의 표면 산도 및 표면 염기도를 Boehm의 선택 중화법을 이용하여 측정하였으며 그 흡착 표면적과 총 기공부피는 BET법을 이용한 $N_2$ 기체의 흡착을 통해 알아보았다 액중건조법을 사용하여 향유가 흡착된 실리카를 심물질로 하는 PCL 마이크로캡슐을 제조하였으며, 다공성의 실리카에 향유를 흡착시키기 위하여 초음파를 이용하였다. 제조된 마이크로캡슐의 입도는 광학 현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였으며 FT-IR측정을 통하여 심물질이 함입되었음을 확인하였다. 또한 마이크로캡슐의 향유 방출 거동을 살펴보기 위해 UV/vis. 흡광광도법으로 흡광도를 측정하여 용출된 향유의 양을 정량하였다. 실험 결과, 교반 속도가 증가함에 따라 평균입자 크기가 35 $\mu$m에서 21 $\mu$m로 감소하였으며, 실리카의 산처리를 통해 비표면적이 78.1에서 121.1 m$^2$/g으로 증가함에 따라 향유의 흡착량이 약 20% 증가하고 염기처리를 통해 실리카의 염기도가 78에서 134 meq./g으로 증가하여 향유와 실리카의 산-염기 상호작용의 증가로 인해 향유의 시간에 따른 방출 속도가 감소함을 알 수 있었다.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.45-52
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• 2004

Effects of dietary calcium lactate (CaL-A) and Chungkukjang (Korean native fermented soybean) on bone mass, calcium status, body weight, serum glucose and cholesterol levels in young male rats were investigated. Chungkukjang was fermented by mixing 4 types of Bacillus sp., and then dried at 45$^{\circ}C$. Calcium lactate was prepared from the ash of black snail. The rats were fed a commercial rat diet for 1 week and then the experimental diets for 4 weeks. Animals were divided into four dietary groups: one calcium-deficient diet (Ca-De) and one of three with calcium supplemented diets (5 g calcium/kg diet) with either calcium phosphate (Ca-P), CaL-A, or CaL-A + Chuntkukjang (CaL-AC). Calcium supplemented diets contained 39 g Ca-P/kg diet and 28 g/kg of calcium lactate in the CaL-A and CaL-AC diets. Body weight gains during the 4 weeks in the Ca-P, CaL-A, CaL-AC and Ca-De groups were 130.45 g,112.50 g, 143.40 g and 10.20 g, respectively. Feed consumption of the groups from high to low was CaL-AC > Ca-P > CaL-A > Ca-De. The Ca-De group had low femur weights and low serum calcium concentrations, while they were comparatively high in CaL-AC, Ca-P and CaL-A groups. The Ca-De groups excreted less calcium in urine than did the other rats, probably due to increased absorption of the mineral in Ca-P, CaL-A and CaL-AC groups. Microscopic observations revealed that there were many regularly spaced holes in the femur of Ca-De group, while there were much smaller regularly spaced holes in Ca-P group. However, no holes in femur were observed in the CaL-A and CaL-AC groups. Bone surfaces were especially smooth and clean in the CaL-AC group. Serum concentrations of glucose and total cholesterol were remarkably lower in the CaL-AC group than in the other supplemented groups. These results suggest that calcium from CaL-A has higher bioavailability than from Ca-P, and dietary Chungkukjang may have a beneficial effect on calcium metabolism.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2001

Postharvest decay of onion bulbs was examined by inspecting the commercial packages in the market or in storage. Bulb rot incidence was unexpectedly high, and onion bulbs with 1st quality grade were rotten most severely by 51%, followed by 32% for 2nd and 21% for 3rd grades. This indicates that larger bulbs had higher incidences of bulb rots. Major pathogens associated with basal and neck rots were Fusarium oxysporum and Aspergillus sp. or Botrytis allii, respectively, of which basal rot was most prevalent and damaging during storage. Among the epiphytic microorgani는 from onion plants, several Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp. and previously selected Pseudomonas putida and Trichoderma harzianum had inhibitory efficacy against bulb rot pathogens. Among these B. amyloliquefaciens BL-3, Paenibacillus polymyxa BL-4, and P. putida Cha 94 were highly inhibitory to conidial germination of F. oxysporum and B. allii. P. putida Cha 94, B. amyloliquefaciens BL-3, P. polymyxa BL-4, and T. harzianum TM were applied in the rhizoplane of onion at transplanting. Initially antagonist populations decreased rapidly during the first one month. However, among these antagonists, rhizoplane population densities of BL-3, Cha 94, and TM were consistently high thereafter, maintaining about 10$^4$-10$^{5}$ cells or spores per gram of onion root up to harvest time. The other bacterial antagonist BL-4 survived only for two months. TM was the most effective biocontrol agent against basal rot, with the number of rotten bulbs recorded at 4%, while that of the control was 16%. Cha 94 was effective for the first 20 days, but basal rot increased thereafter and had about the same control efficacy as that of BL-3 and BL-4. When the antagonists were applied to the topping areas of onion bulbs at harvest, TM was the most effective in protecting the stored onion bulbs from neck rotting. The second effective antagonist was BL-3. TM and BL-3 completely suppressed the neck rot in another test, suggesting that biocontrol of postharvest decay of onion using these microorganisms either at the time of transplanting or at harvesting may be promising.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제35권6호
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• pp.1135-1142
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• 2003

본 연구는 김치의 발효 말기에 비타민 C의 증가 현상을 조사하였으며, 이는 김치 발효 후기에 생육하는 효모에 의한 현상으로 미생물인 효모에서 비타민 C 생합성 경로를 밝히기 위해 수행된 것으로 그 결과는 다음과 같았다. 김치의 숙성에 따른 pH와 총 산함량의 변화는 김치가 숙성되면서 pH는 담금 초기 5.29에서 숙성 33일에 pH 3.50으로 감소되었고, 총 산함량은 담금 초기 0.24%에서 숙성 33일에 2.48%로 증가되었으며, 비타민 C의 함량을 측정한 결과 발효 3일째까지 점점 상승하다 감소되었으나, 발효 15일째는 19.58mg%로 초기 함량보다 다소 높게 측정되었다. 김치의 PG 활성은 김치 숙성초기에는 낮았으나, 김치 숙성 10일 이후부터 증가되어 발효 13일에는 15.4unit/mg protein으로 PG활성이 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 김치에서 분리된 효모 중 배양액의 비타민C의 함량이 높게 측정된 효모를 선별하였으며, 동정결과 Pichia onychis, Pichia rabaulenis, Pichia jadinii, Candida humilis로 각각 동정되었다. 분리, 동정된 효모 중 비타민 C생성량이 가장 높았던 Pichia onychis 16-4 균주로부터 비타민 C 합성 조효소액을 추출하였으며, specific activity는 7.26unit/mg protein로 나타났다. 최종 정제 시 효소활성은 4,698unit/mg protein으로 나타나 처음보다 647.10배로 농축되었음을 알 수 있었다. 정제된 효소액의 분자량은 31,000, 39,000, 50,000 KD으로 3개의 subunits를 갖는 것이 확인되었다. 정제된 효소는 $L-galactono-{\gamma}-lactone$를 최적 기질로 사용하였으며 $35^{\circ}C$에서 pH 7.8일때 최적활성을 나타내었다. 본 연구에서 정제된 효소는 산소를 전자수용체로 하는 $L-galactono-{\gamma}-lactone$ oxidase임을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국어병학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1996

한국산 담수어류에 기생하는 섬모충류를 조사하기 위해 본 연구를 시행하였으며, 본 논문에서는 수온 $22^{\circ}C$에서 붕어(Carassius carassius)로 부터 Chilodonella 속 기생성 섬모충을 검출하여 동정 분류하였다. 감염어의 체표, 지느러미 및 아가미에 무수히 많은 섬모충이 관찰되었으며 감염 부위에 과도한 점액이 분비된 것을 볼 수 있었다. 그리고 빈사 상태의 병어에서는 궤양이 형성된 것을 볼 수 있었다. 감염된 붕어로 부터 검출된 Chilodonella 충은 그 모양이 타원형으로 후면의 가장자리에 notch(V자형 새김)가 없고 배복(背腹) 방향으로 편평하였다. 충체의 길이는 30-$45{\mu}m$이며 폭은 15-$30{\mu}m$인 것으로 계측되었으며 가장자리의 섬모열은 왼쪽과 오른쪽이 각각 3-5열 이었다. 그리고 아치 모양의 오른쪽 섬모열은 직선의 왼쪽 섬모열보다 길이가 더 긴 것으로 나타났다. 충체 내부에는 직경 8-$15{\mu}m$의 둥근 대핵과 직경 2-$4{\mu}m$의 소핵이 있었으며, 복면(腹面) 앞부분에 있는 세포구는 충체 표면에서 직접 밖으로 열리며 세포인두와 연결된 것으로 관찰되었다. 세포구를 둘러싸고 있는 세포 인두는 10-16 가닥의 간상체(桿狀體)양 홈으로 이루어져 있으며 안쪽 끝이 굽어져 있는 것으로 관찰되었다. 충체는 2개의 수축포를 가진 것으로 관찰되었으며 각각 오른쪽 앞끝과 왼쪽 뒤끝에 위치했다. 그리고 수온 $22^{\circ}C$에서 이 기생충의 번식은 단순한 이분열을 나타내었다. 이상의 결과로 부터 이 기생충은 Chilodonella hexasticha(Kiernik, 1909)로 분류할 수 있었다.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.239-246
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• 2015

참나무와 소나무 목재에서 분리한 Gyrodontium sacchari 균주에 대한 균학적 특성과 목질계 섬유소 분해력을 검정하였다. 균주는 참나무와 소나무 목재에서 분리하였으며 배지는 potato dextrose agar (PDA)에서 가장 생장이 좋았고 생장온도는 참나무에서 분리한 NAAS02335 균주는 $25^{\circ}C$에서, 소나무 목재에서 분리한 NAAS05299 균주는 $30^{\circ}C$에서 가장 우수한 생장을 보였다. 섬유소 분해 효소인 cellulase와 xylanase, amylase의 활성은 G. sacchari NAAS05299 균주가 6.7~12.8배 더 높았으며 리그닌 분해 효소는 G. sacchari NAAS02335 균주가 3.7~138.5배 활성이 더 높았으며 목질계 섬유소를 탄소원으로 첨가하였을 때 효소의 활성은 월등히 증가하였다. 목질계 바이오매스 분해력을 검정한 결과 G. sacchari NAAS05299 균주는 filter paper를 4주만에 완전히 분해하였고 볏짚과 미송, 참나무를 분해하였으나 G. sacchari NAAS02335 균주는 볏짚에서만 분해력을 나타내어 G. sacchari NAAS05299 균주가 더 우수한 바이오매스 분해 효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.325-333
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• 2016

Background: Ginseng extracts are known to have angiogenic effects. However, to date, only limited information is available on the molecular mechanism underlying the angiogenic effects and the main components of ginseng that exert these effects. Human umbilical-vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) are used as an in vitro model for screening therapeutic agents that promote angiogenesis and wound healing. We recently isolated gintonin, a novel ginseng-derived lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) receptor ligand, from ginseng. LPA plays a key role in angiogenesis and wound healing. Methods: In the present study, we investigated the in vitro effects of gintonin on proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs, which express endogenous LPA1/3 receptors. Results: Gintonin stimulated proliferation and migration of HUVECs. The LPA1/3 receptor antagonist, Ki16425, short interfering RNA against LPA1 or LPA3 receptor, and the Rho kinase inhibitor, Y-27632, significantly decreased the gintonin-induced proliferation, migration, and tube formation of HUVECs, which indicates the involvement of LPA receptors and Rho kinase activation. Further, gintonin increased the release of vascular endothelial growth factors from HUVECs. The cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor NS-398, nuclear factor kappa B inhibitor BAY11-7085, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor SP600125 blocked the gintonin-induced migration, which shows the involvement of cyclooxygenase-2, nuclear factor kappa B, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase signaling. Conclusion: The gintonin-mediated proliferation, migration, and vascular-endothelial-growth-factor release in HUVECs via LPA-receptor activation may be one of in vitro mechanisms underlying ginsenginduced angiogenic and wound-healing effects.