• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권4호
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• pp.485-494
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• 2020

Limiting amino acids (AAs) for milk production in dairy cows fed on a concentrate diet of corn grain and soybean meal was evaluated in this study. Four lactating and multiparous Holstein cows (in third or fourth parities, with an average body weight of 633 ± 49.2 kg), 8 to 9 weeks into their lactation period, were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. The experiment comprised four dietary treatments: (1) no intravenous infusion (control); (2) control plus intravenous infusion of an AA mixture of 6 g/d methionine, 19.1 g/d lysine, 13.8 g/d isoleucine, and 15.4 g/d valine (4AA); (3) control plus intravenous infusion of the AA mixture without methionine (no-Met); and (4) control plus intravenous infusion of the AA mixture without lysine (no-Lys). All animals were fed on a controlled diet (1 kg/d alfalfa hay, 10 kg/d silage, 14 kg/d concentrate mixture, ad libitum timothy hay). The AA composition of the diet and blood were determined using an automatic AA analyzer. Milk composition (protein, fat, lactose, urea nitrogen, and somatic cell counts) was determined using a MilkoScan. The results showed that feed intake for milk production did not differ from that of intravenous infusion using a limiting AA mixture. The 4AA treatment numerically had the highest milk yield (32.4 kg/d), although there was no difference when compared with the control (31.2 kg/d), no-Met (31.3 kg/d), and no-Lys (31.7 kg/d) treatments. The concentration of AAs in blood plasma of cows in all treatments, mainly isoleucine and valine, increased significantly compared with that of control. The no-Met treatment increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of lysine in the blood relative to the control and no-Lys treatments, whereas the no-Lys treatment increased (p < 0.05) the concentration of methionine relative to the control and no-Met treatments. In conclusion, milk production increased when feeding 10 g/d methionine to the cows, together with their concentrate diet of corn grain and soybean meal.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.641-648
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• 2020

본 연구는 우리나라에서 재배되는 대두, 녹두, 적두 및 완두 4종 콩 원물을 한 번에 추출하여 만든 혼합농축콩단백을 이용하여 대체 소시지를 개발하여 물리화학적 특성을 닭 소시지와 비교하였다. 경제성과 영양학적 특성을 고려하여 4종 콩 원물의 최적 혼합 비율을 설정하여 혼합농축콩단백을 추출하였을 때 혼합 농축단백 100 g을 기준으로 한국인 성인 남성 기준의 필수 아미노산 하루 평균 필요량이 충족되었다. 혼합농축콩단백을 이용하여 대체 소시지, 부분적 대체 소시지 및 닭 소시지의 물리화학적 분석 결과, 대체 소시지가 닭 소시지에 비해 요리 손실량, 튀김 손실량 및 유화성이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 닭 소시지 보다 물리화학적 품질이 우수하였다. 개발된 소시지의 물성적 특성은 대체 소시지가 닭 소시지에 비해 경도, 응집성, 검성, 씹힘성 및 탄성이 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). 개발된 소시지의 색도 특성은 대체 소시지의 적색도(a) 및 황색도(b)가 닭 소시지에 비해 유의하게 높았고(p<0.05), 명도(L)는 닭 소시지가 대체 소시지에 비해 유의하게 높았으며(p<0.05), 부분적 대체 소시지는 대체 소시지와 닭 소시지의 사이 특성을 보였다. 따라서 본 연구를 종합해 볼 때, 혼합농축콩단백 소재가 영양학적인 면이 강화되었음을 확인하여 대체육 식품 소재로써의 활용 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 육류가 조금 들어간 부분적 대체 소시지는 육제품의 섭취를 줄이고 싶은 소비자를 대상으로 하는 대체육 산업에 잠재적인 가능성을 보였으며, 본 연구에서 개발된 대체 소시지는 식품 개발에 기초자료로서 활용 가능성을 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권4호
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• pp.488-494
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• 2006

두부 순물을 UF막으로 농축시켜 제조한 UF 분리농축분말의 일반성분 및 이들 분말을 식품에 첨가할 경우 반드시 고려해야 할 용해도, 유화력, 거품형성능에 대해 살펴보았다. 그 결과 일반 성분에 있어서, UF 분리농축분말의 수분함량과 탄수화물 함량은 순물과 큰 차이가 없었으며 단백질 함량은 순물분말보다 2배가량 높았으나 회분함량은 2배 낮았다. 유지흡착력을 비교 시 ISP>UF 농축분말>순물 순으로 높게 나타났으며 UF 분리농축 분말의 용해도가 ISP와 순물에 비해 높기 때문에 수분흡착력은 매우 미약하였다 UF 분리농축분말의 단백질의 용해도는 등전점 부근인 pH 4.0에서 가장 낮았으며 산성 또는 알칼리성으로 갈수록 증가하는 전형적인 단백질 용해도 곡선을 나타내었다. 유화력은 ISP와는 달리 pH에 따른 현화를 보이지 않으며 150-200 정도의 EAI 값을 나타내었고, 유화안전성은 pH 6.0 이하의 산성에서 더 높은 값을 나타내며 대체로 75-92%의 높은 유화안정성을 보였다. UF 분리농축분말의 거품형성능은 증류수 처리구간에서 ISP와는 달리 pH 4.0-6.0에서 가장 우수하였으며 NaCl 농도가 높을수록 약간 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 거품안정성을 측정한 결과 ISP에 비해 대두 단백질의 등전점인 pH 4.0 부근에서 5-7배 높은 거품안정성을 나타내었으나 pH 4.0을 제외한 모든 pH 구간에서 20분 안에 거품이 소멸되었다 UF 분리농축분말은 isoflavone 등 여러가지 기능적 성분을 함유하는 것으로 알려져 있을 뿐만 아니라 용해도, 유화력, 유화안정성, 거품형성능 등이 ISP보다 우수하여 식품가공에서 다양하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.17-25
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• 1970

70종(種)의 각종 식물(植物)잎을 대상으로 하여 종류(種類)에 따른 LPC의 수율(收率), 원료(原料)잎의 총질소량(總窒素量), 1 차(次) 추출액(抽出液)의 pH 와 LPC의 수율(收率)과의 관계(關係), LPC의 아미노산(酸) 조성(組成) 등을 조사(調査)하여 다음과 같은 결과(結果)를 얻었다. 1. 시금치, 열무는 LPC의 순수율(純收率)이 $10{\sim}13%$(총수율(總收率) $16{\sim}23%$), 한삼덩굴, 오이, 참외, 박, 명아주, 콩, 양호박, 감자, 개미취, 호박, 치마아욱, 갓, 망초, 양배추 등은 순수율(純收率)이 $3.6{\sim}8.5%$ (총수율(總收率) $6{\sim}14%$)로서 비교적(比較的) 좋은 LPC의 자원식물(資源植物)이 될 수 있다. 2 LPC의 수율(收率)은 원료(原料)잎의 총질소량(總窒素量)이 많을 수록 커지나 그 변이(變異)는 크고, 종류(種類)에 따라서는 질소함유량(窒素含有量)이 많은데도 단순(單純)한 기계적(機械的)인 추출(抽出)로서는 단백질(蛋白質)의 추출(抽出)이 잘 이루어지지 않는 것이 적지 않다. 3. 1차(次) 추출액(抽出液)의 pH가 5.50 이하(以下)의 종류(種類)는 대체적(大體的)으로 LPC의 수율(收率)이 낮고, pH 가 높은 종류(種類)일 수록 LPC의 수율(收率)도 커지는 경향(頃向)이 있다. 4. LPC의 단백질(蛋白質) 함량(含量)은 종류(種類)에 따라서 차이(差異)가 많으나 대부분(大部分)의 것이 50% 이하(以下)의 단백질(蛋白質) 함량(含量)을 갖는다. 왜무, 갓, 케일, 명아주, 팥, 참외, 양호박, 까마중, 박 등의 LPC는 $71{\sim}76%$의 좋은 단백질(蛋白質) 함량(含量)을 갖는다. 5. LPC의 종류별(種類別) 아미노산(酸) 조성(組成)의 차이(差異)는 없고, 콩의 LPC에서 phenylalanin이, 참외에서 serine이 다소 많은 것을 제외(除外)하고는 대체적(大體的)으로 비슷한 아미노산(酸)의 함량(含量)을 보이며, 다른 식품(食品)의 아미노산(酸) 조성(組成) 및 조성비(組成比)와 비교(比較)하여 LPC는 매우 훌륭한 단백질원(蛋白質源)이 될 수 있다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.113-118
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• 1995

Eighteen Holstein Friesian ${\times}$ Native heifers with an average live weight of $175.4{\pm}27.8kg$ were allotted to 3 dietary groups. All animals were kept individually in a stanchion barn with free access to water and urea-treated rice straw (UTS). The supplemented feeds were as follows: Group (Gr) 1 - concentrate mixture (15% CP) at 1% body weight (BW), Gr 2 - concentrate mixture at 0.7% BW + free licking of multinutrient block (MNB), Gr 3 - as Gr 2 + 0.3% BW ground com. Multinutrient block composed of 20% mineral mixture, 10% urea, 18% molasses, 20% soybean meal, 22% sesame meal, 10% cement, 0.15 million IU and 50 IU/kg MNB of vitamin A and E. The experimental period lasted 12 weeks. The result revealed that MNB enhanced intake of UTS and total dry matter intake. Animals in Gr 3 consumed a higher amount of feed than the other 2 groups, thus resulting in the highest live weight gain and tended to possess the best feed conversion ratio. Heifers in Gr 2 also performed better than Gr 1 although the difference was not significant. Average MNB intake found to be 0.65 kg/day. Feed cost per kg gain was not significantly different amon groups. However if the cost of MNB could be lower, it would benefit the production cost of animals. The advantage of MNB is the safety of using a high level of urea. Although it was supplemented to UTS which also contained non-protein nitrogen (NPN), no toxic sign was shown. The results indicated that MNB could be partially substituted to concentrate mixture and it was even better when used incombination with soluble carbohydrate feed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.490-496
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• 2005

Ten 18.5-month old Holstein steers were allocated into two diet groups of five and fed either concentrates as control group or potato by-products based silage (PBS) as experimental group for six months to investigate the effect of PBS on growth performance, carcass characteristics and fatty acid composition of carcass fats. The PBS diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 74.5% PBS, 16% hay, and 9.5% soybean milk residue (SMR). The control diet consisted, in a DM basis, of 82.5% concentrates and 17.5% hay. There were no significant differences in the overall average daily gain (ADG), dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency, yield score and meat quality score of dressed carcass between the two diet groups. There were no statistical differences in DM, crude protein (CP), and ether extract (EE) of beef and melting point of all adipose tissues from steers fed both diets. The PBS-fed steers tended to have lower Warner Bratzler shear (WBS) values than in the concentrate-fed steers (13.0 vs. 17.7 lb, p<0.1). At both sampling times 3 and 6 months of feeding period, PBS-fed steers had higher proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially linoleic (C18:2) acids in subcutaneous fat than in control group (p<0.05). PBS-fed steers had significantly higher proportions of PUFA, especially C18:2 fatty acids than in concentrate-fed steers in carcass fats (p<0.05). In conclusion, feeding PBS to fattening steers has shown to have the same potential as concentrate feeding in terms of effect on the growth performance, feed efficiency, and carcass characteristics. Interestingly, PBS also seems preferable to concentrates because it increased the proportion of C18:2 fatty acid composition of carcass fats which is valuable for beef consumers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.665-670
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• 2002

The expediency of replacing cost prohibitive and often inaccessible traditional protein supplements prompted the monitoring of hematological parameters was carried out in female goats at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days post feeding. Rumen environment was (3), respectively fed supplements containing either a leaf meal mixture (LMTM) of Leucaena leucocephala-Morus alba-Tectona grandis (2:1:1) or traditional protein supplements groundnut cake (GNC) or soybean meal (SBM) and wheat straw as basal diet. The periodic monitoring of hematological parameters was carried out in female goats at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days post feeding. Rumen environment was studied in bucks in a $3{\times}3$ switch over design. Rumen liquor was collected at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h post feeding after 4 weeks of feeding. The goats fed on LMTM or GNC had similar dry matter intake (g/kg $W^{0.75}$), which was significantly (p<0.05) higher than SBM. Except for packed cell volume (PCV), none of the blood biochemical constituents (Hemoglobin, serum glucose, total protein, serum albumin (A) and globulin(G), A:G ratio, alkaline phosphatase, transaminases) varied significantly due to replacement of 50% dietary protein by LMTM throughout the experiment. GNC group had significantly higher level of PCV than other treatments. However, the level of serum total protein (p<0.01) tended to increase from 60th day onwards irrespective of dietary treatments. The average rumen pH was significantly higher (p<0.001) on SBM followed by LMTM and GNC, respectively. Total volatile fatty acid (TVFA) production was comparable in goats given LMTM or GNC supplements, the corresponding values were significantly different (p<0.001) when compared with SBM. The ammonical-N, total-N and TCA-precipitable-N (mg/100 ml SRL) did not differ significantly among dietary treatments. It may be concluded that supplementing wheat straw with LMTM based concentrate had no adverse effect on voluntary intake, blood biochemical profile and rumen fermentation pattern of the goats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.204-213
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• 2008

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 43 days in milk (DIM) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to determine the effect of feeding extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows, 58 (${\pm}31$) DIM, were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized block design to study the effects of the three types of oilseeds on production parameters and milk fatty acid profile. The four diets were a control diet (CON) and three diets in which 10% extruded soybean (ESB), 5% ground canola seed (GCS) and 10% whole cottonseed (WCS) were included, respectively. Diets consisted of concentrate mix, corn silage and Chinese wild rye and were balanced to similar concentrations of CP, NDF and ADF. Ruminal fermentation results showed that ruminal fermentation parameters, dry matter intake and milk yield were not significantly affected by treatments. However, compared with the control, feeding cows with the three oilseed diets reduced C14:0 and C16:0 and elevated C18:0 and C18:1 concentrations in milk, and feeding ESB increased C18:2 and cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Production results showed that feeding ESB tended to increase actual milk yield (30.85 kg/d vs. 29.29 kg/d) and significantly decreased milk fat percentage (3.53% vs. 4.06%) compared with CON. Milk protein (3.41%) and solid non-fat (13.27%) from cows fed WCS were significantly higher than from cows fed CON (3.24% and 12.63%, respectively). Milk urea N concentrations from cows fed the ESB (164.12 mg/L) and GCS (169.91 mg/L) were higher than cows fed CON (132.31 mg/L). However, intake of DM, 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yields, milk lactose percentage and yield, somatic cell count and body condition score were not affected by different treatments. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acid with 14 to 16 C units in milk was greatly decreased in cows fed ESB, GCS and WCS. Feeding ESB increased the concentration in milk of C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and cis9, trans11-CLA content by 16.67%, 37.36%, 95.24%, 72.22%, respectively, feeding GCS improved C18:0 and C18:1 by 17.41% and 33.28%, respectively, and feeding WCS increased C18:0 by 31.01% compared with feeding CON. Both ruminal fermentation and production trial results indicated that supplementation of extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed could elevate the desirable poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid and decrease the medium chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid content of milk fat without negative effects on ruminal fermentation and lactation performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.197-202
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• 2005

The effects of feeding Brassica vegetable market wastes on intake, body weight changes and pesticide/insecticide residues in products of goats were evaluated in two experiments. In the first experiment (Exp. 1) 16 goats (Bach Thao, 9 to 10 kg, 3 months old, 9 males and 7 females) were fed four diets with leaves either from cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis) or Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris subsp. pekinensis) with 30% of Para grass. The control group was fed 100% Para grass. All diets contained soybean waste as a supplement and the experiment lasted for 136 days. In the second experiment (Exp. 2) 24 goats (Bach Thao, 12 to 14 kg, all males) were assigned to three treatments in a completely randomised block design based on initial body weight. The goats were fed cabbage waste supplemented with 200 g or 100 g DM (dry matter) of concentrate. Para grass with 100 g DM concentrate supplementation was used as a control group. The experiment lasted for 90 days and at the end of the study, 12 goats were slaughtered for pesticide/insecticide analysis. Due to low DM content (5.3 and 3.7%, respectively) feed intakes of cabbage and Chinese cabbage groups were lower than those of other groups in the experiment. The highest feed intake and body weight gain was obtained when the goats were fed cauliflower (529 g DM/day and 87.5 g/day, respectively). In Exp. 2 total intake of cabbage and concentrate was similar (484 g and 453 g DM/day) whether the goats were fed 100 or 200 g concentrate/day but lower than that of Para grass and concentrate probably due to the low DM content of the cabbage (5.9%). Crude protein intake (79 g to 86 g/day) and body weight gain (70 g to 88 g/day) was not significantly different between treatments. Adding concentrate consequently resulted in higher DM intake than in Exp. 1 but did not result in any higher growth rate. Three of the pesticide/insecticide residues tested were found in cabbage, Alpha-Cypermethrin, Bassa-Fenobucarb and Dimethoate with levels of 0.175, 0.074 and 0.028 mg/kg fresh cabbage respectively. Weight of livers from goats fed cabbage was about 90 g higher than from goats fed Para grass but no pesticide/herbicide residues were found in meat or liver.

• 수산해양교육연구
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1209-1216
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• 2014

This feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of slurry type diet on growth performance and survival rate of growing leptocephalus, eel larva. We need to find new materials of diets for rearing eel larvae. Test diets were formulated with the eggs of the shark, fish soluble concentrate, soybean peptide and fish protein hydrolysate. Fish (average length 6 mm) were fed 3 slurry type diet(A, B and C) based on shark egg for 5 times per day. During feeding experiment, survival rates were significantly different among 3 slurry type diets. Total protein, lipid, moisture, ash and free amino acids contents were analyzed for slurry type diets. Leptocephalus fed the C slurry type diet was grown up to $38.0{\pm}9mm$ at 150 days. But all leptocephalus fed B slurry type diet were died at 100 days, reaching $16.4{\pm}8mm$. This results suggest that basic information for diet development of eel leptocephalus.