• Title/Summary/Keyword: Soybean plant

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Effects of Uncooked Powdered Food on Antioxidative System and Serum Mineral Concentrations in Rats Fed Unbalanced Diet (생식제품 급여가 영양불균형식이를 섭취하는 흰쥐의 항산화체계 및 혈청 무기질 농도에 미치는 영향)

  • 이여진;이해미;박태선
    • Journal of Nutrition and Health
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    • v.36 no.9
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    • pp.898-907
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    • 2003
  • Antioxidative function of uncooked powdered food (Sangsik) was evaluated in rats consuming nutritionally unbalanced diet including 1% cholesterol, high proportion of animal lipids (lard : soybean oil : 8 . 2) , sub-optimal levels of vitamin and mineral mixture along with 0.5% ethanol in drinking water. The uncooked powdered food tested in the present study was a mixture composed of 42 kinds of plant foods (cereals, legumes, seaweeds, vegetables, and fruits) supplemented with vitamins and minerals, and dietary fiber. Control rats were fed the semi-purified diet based on the AIN-93G composition, and nutritionally unbalanced rats were divided into 3 groups, and fed one of the following diets with 0.5% ethanol in drinking water for 5 weeks : unbalanced control diet (UC) ,20% Sangsik powder supplemented diet (S20), and 40% Sangsik powder supplemented diet (S40) . Food efficiency ratio was significantly higher in rats fed S40 compared to the value for rats fed UC (p < 0.05). Hepatic level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly lower in rats fed UC compared to that for control rats (p < 0.05) , and was not influenced by dietary supplementation of the Sangsik powder. Hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity was significantly higher in rats fed UC compared to that for control rats (p < 0.05) , and significantly reduced in rats fed S20 or S40 compared to the value for unbalanced control rats. Feeding unbalanced control diet significantly reduced the ratio of hepatic GSH-Px + catalase/SOD activities compared to the value for control rats, and this decrease in the ratio of antioxidant enzyme activities was reversed by adding the Sangsik powder to the diet at 20% (p <0.05) . Based on the results of antioxidant enzyme activities, feeding uncooked powdered diet appears to provide a favorable environment for body's antioxidative defense mechanism. Serum levels of Fe and Cu were significantly lower in rats fed the Sangsik powder supplemented diets compared to the value for unbalanced control rats (p < 0.05) , and levels of Se, Mn, and Zn were also tended to be decreased by dietary supplementation of the Sangsik powder. These results postulate the possibility that ingredients used in the uncooked powdered food may decrease the bioavailability of trace elements in rats.

A Study of Optimum Application of Fertilizers for Major Crops in Korea (우리나라 주요작물(主要作物)에 대(對)한 적정시비량(適正施肥量)에 관(關)하여)

  • Oh, W.K.;Chang, S.H.
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.2 no.1
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    • pp.39-44
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    • 1969
  • Discussions on the adequacy of present level of supply of fertilizers on the basis of the results obtained from experiments conducted on farmers' fields. 1. No differences have been found between present supply and optimum doses of nitrogen and phosphorus for rice except potash of which present amount of supply is 2.26kg/10a which is lower than the optimum dose by 1.90kg/10a. About 1.2% increase in the yield of paddy may be expected by increasing the level of potash to 4.2kg/10a. 2. Increasing the present supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash by 3.4, 4.7 and 3.3kg/10a, respectively for barley is required in order to increase its yield by 8.6%. 3. About 17% increase in the yield of wheat may be expected by increasing the supply of nitrogen, phosphorus and potash by 3.4, 3.9 and 6.4kg/10a. 4. An additional quantity of 7.5kg/10a of nitrogen, 6.4kg/10a of phosphorus and 7.5kg of potash on corn may incrase its yield by 45% 5. 8% increase in the yield of sweet-potato is expected when 3.8, 1.8 and 15.1kg/10a of additional nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, respecitvely is applied to the crop. 6. 21% increase in the yield of potato may arise with 0.6, 3.3 and 3.6kg/10a additional nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, respectively. 7. 15% increase in the yield of soybean may result with the application of 2.8, 1.9 and 2.9kg/10a additional nitrogen, phosphorus and potash, respectively. 8. The present quantity of fertilizer supply, it is necessary hereafter to supply fertilizer with attentions on such crops as corn, sweet-potato and white-potato etc. Needs to be revised in view of such crops as corn, sweet-potato and white-potato.

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Screening and Physiological Characteristics of Mutants in Rhizobium japonicum (Rhizobium japonicum에 있어서 변이주(變異株)의 선발(選拔) 및 특성(特性))

  • Park, Chang Dong;Kang, Sang Jai;Park, Woo Churl
    • Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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    • v.12
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    • pp.57-68
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    • 1994
  • This experiment was conducted to isolate the mutants from S118 and to investigate the physiological characteristics of R. japonicum mutants. The results obtained were as follows; Based on nodulation and acetylene reduction, nodulation of rhizobia was divided into 4 groups, i.e. slow-nodulation, earlier-nodulation, infrequent-nodulation and non-nodulation. At 5% significant level, the growth of inoculated plant with SM255 was bad, but that of HP277 was good. Root-hairs curling was induced by strains S118 and HP277 on soybean, but not by strain SM255. S118 and SM255 were found to be slow-gorwers and produced alkali, whereas strain HP277 was fast-grower and produced acid in YEM broth. In litmus milk reaction, all strains indicated alkaline reaction, and serume-zone was induced weakly by HP277. All of the strains tested in this experiment utilized sucrose. HP277 and LP268 utilized xylose, whereas S118 and SM255 did not. SM255 showed bad growth in nitrogen carriers however utilization of $Ca(NO_3)_2{\cdot}4H_2O$ by HP277 was possible at 25mM and 10mM level. To compare with S118, the protein band of SM255's cell protein electrophoresis was not developed at 0.62 Rm position.

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Possible Use of the Animal By-product Mixture as n Dietary Fish meal Relpacer in Growing Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) (잉어 사료에 있어 축산 가공 부산 혼합물의 어분 대체 가능성)

  • BAI Sungchul;JANG Hye-Kyung;CHO Eun-Sun
    • Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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    • v.31 no.3
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    • pp.380-385
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    • 1998
  • This study evaluated the possible utilization and the replacing range of animal by-product mixture (ABPM) as a dietary fish meal replacer in growing common carp (Cyprinus carpio). ABPM is a mixture of leather meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal and squid liver powder at a specific weight based ratio. Five different diets were formulated on isonitrogenous and isocaloric basis of $40\%$ crude protein and 15.3 KJ/g diet in which white fish meal (WFM) protein was substituted with the ABPM Protein as follows: diet 1, $100\%$ WFM ($0\%$ ABPM, control); diet 2, $75\%$ WFM+$25\%$ ABPM ($25\%$ ABPM); diet $3,\;50\%$ WFM+$50\%$ ABPM ($50\%$ ABPM); diet 4 $25\%$ WFM+$75\%$ ABPM ($75\%$ ABPM); diet $5.0\%$ WFM+$100\%$ ABPM ($100\%$ ABPM). As the dietary protein sources, each diet contained $34.7\%$ of animal protein supplied by white fish meal and/or ABPM and $65.3\%$ of plant protein. After one week of conditioning period, fish averaging 10 g were randomly assigned to each diet treatment as triplicate groups and fed one of the experimental diets for 12 weeks. Weight gain of fish fed diet 1 (control) and 3 were significantly higher than those of fish fed diet 2, 4 and 5 during the first 4 weeks (P< 0.05), while there were no significant differences among all diet groups during the third 4 weeks (P>0.05). Feed conversion ratio of fish fed diet 1 was significantly higher than those fed diet 2, 3, 4 and 5 during the second 4 weeks (P<0.05), while there were no significant differences among all diet groups during the first and the third 4 weeks (P<0.05). There were no significant differences in proximate analysis among fish fed the experimental diets either for the second 4 weeks or the third 4 weeks (P>0.05). These results indicated that ABPM could be used as a fish meal replacer up to $100\%$ in growing common carp.

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Characteristics of Indigenous Rhizobium to Korean Soils -II. Symbiotic and Serological Characteristics of Bradyrhizobium japonicum Naturalized in Yeongnam Soils (우리나라 토착근류균(土着根瘤菌)의 제(諸) 특성(特性) 연구 -II. 영남지역(嶺南地域) 토착(土着) Bradyrhizobium japonicum의 공생(共生) 및 혈청학적(血淸學的) 특성(特性))

  • Kang, Ui-Gum;Jung, Yeun-Tae;Somasegaran, Padma;Hoben, H.;Bohlool, B. Ben
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.24 no.1
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    • pp.61-68
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    • 1991
  • Thirty Bradyrhizobium japonicum isolates (10 strains per each soil) from 1 uncultivated [Sangnam(Soil 1), Milyang]- and 2 cultivated [Dong(Soil 2)and Chinbuk(Soil 3), Changweon] upland soils in Yeongnam area were evaluated on their symbiotic effectiveness to soybean [Glycin max (L.)] cv. Korean Jangbaekkong and American Clark and examined on their serological diversity. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. On symbiotic effectiveness of B. japonicum with plant genotypes, isolates showed a relatively high value of nodule mass in Jangbaekkong cv. and of shoot dry weight and total nitrogen in Clark cv. demonstrating the order of Soil 1> Soil 2> Soil 3 isolates. 2. Among 30 B. japonicum isolates, YCK 141 showed the best effectiveness on mean nitrogen fixation of two cultivars. 3. Thirty indigenous B. japonicum showed 6 types of serological diversities in the immunoblot analysis which were present in various proportions at Soil 2(5) and Soil 3(5) except Soil 1 where all isolates fell into the YCK 117 serogroup. And their distribution order was serotype YCK 117( 12 strains) > USDA 1l0(5strains), USDA 123(5 strains) > YCK 150(4 strains) > YCK 141(3 strains) > YCK 226(1 strain). 4. Especially, 10 isolates from Soil 1, an uncultivated orchard, showed a very homologous pattern in not only effectiveness but serological distribution. It seemed to indicate that the isolates were typically affected by numerous physical and environmental factors of the soil.

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The Effects of Amino Acid Levels with Protein the Diet on Broiler Performance (사료의 단백질 수준에 따른 아미노산 첨가수준이 브로일러의 생산성에 미치는 영향)

  • 정방균;곽종형
    • Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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    • v.18 no.1
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    • pp.43-55
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    • 1991
  • This experiment was conducted to study the sparing effects of animal proteins on weight gain, nutrients utilizability and economic analysis of broiler. Experiment diet contained different ratio of animal and plant protein and were supplemented different levels of methionine and lysine for the respective protein levels. A total of 264 broiler chicks were fed four diets of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for 42 days from April 7, 1990 to May 19, 1990. Dietary protein levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ for starter and finisher were 20~18, 18~16, 18~16 and 22~20%, respectively. Methionine and lysine levels of control, $T_1$, $T_2$ and $T_3$ were 0.4~1.1, 0.44~1.21, 0.48~1.32 and 0.48~1.32% for starter diet, respectively, and were 0.32~0.90. 0.35~0.99, 0.38~1.08 and 0.38~1.08% for finisher diet, respectively. The results obtained were summarized as follows. 1. The birds fed control diet gained most for overall period. $T_3$ treatment which was high in protein, methionine and lysine levels gained most for finisher period. 2 The birds fed control diet consumed most feed, and the birds fed T$_3$ diet consumed least feed. for overall period. Feed conversion during 1~4 weeks was better in $T_1$ (1.51) and $T_2$ (1.53) than in control (1.61) and $T_3$ (1.63) . During 4~6weeks, feed conversion was better in $T_3$ (1.37) and control(1.58) than T, (2.05) and T, (2.16) (P<0.01) 3. Dry matter, crude fiber and NFE utilizability were increased for 1~4 weeks and decreased for 4~6 weeks as methionine and lysine levels increased and crude protein utilizability tended to be increased as protein levels increased. 4. Abdominal fat content was lowest in bird fed control diet and was high in birds fed low protein diet Carcass percentage was highest at control and the abdominal fat content was higher in bird fed lower protein diet than bird fed other protein diets(P<0.05). 5. Feed cost per kg weight gain was lowest at $T_3$ which contained more soybean oil meal than other feeds and next was control. According to the results of this experiment, it was revealed that optimum protein, methionine and lysine levels for starter and finisher broiler diet were 20~18, 0.4~0.32 and 1.1~0.9%, respectively.

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Nutrients and Energy Digestibilities of Various Feedstuffs Fed to Israeli Strain of Growing Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) (육성용 이스라엘 잉어에 의한 원료사료의 영양소 및 에너지 소화율)

  • 김정대;김광석;이승복;정관식
    • Journal of Aquaculture
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.327-334
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    • 1997
  • This study was conducted with Israeli strain of common carp to determine apparent protein, lipid and gross energy digestibility coefficients and apparent calcium and phosphorus availabilities of the following feedstuffs : steam-dried white fish meal (WFM-S), flame-dried white fish meal (WFM-F), brown fish meal (BFM), soybean meal (SBM), corn gluten meal (CGM), sesame meal (SSM), wheat flour (WFL), brewer's yeast (BY) and monocalcium phosphate (MCP). Test diets consisting of a 70:30 mixture of refoernce diet to test ingredient were utilized with chromic oxide as an external indicator. Fecal collection was made during 10 days before the end of feeding trial lasted for 27 days. The best weight gain and feed utilization were found in fish fed MCP containing test diet. Protein digestibility was high for most ingredients, ranging from 81.2% for BY to 91.9% for SBM, with the exception of SSM which was 77.6%. Lipid digestibility coefficients ranged 74% for CGM to 85.8% for two kinds of white fish meal. Digestible energy coefficients were generally high for fish meals, ranging from 77.4% for WFM-S to 81.3% for WFM-F, whereas those for plant feedstuffs were significantly (P<0.05) lower, from 64.5% for CGM to 70.6% for BY. Phosphorus availability from fish meals was variable with a low of 6.6% for WFM-F and a high of 13.6% for WFM-S. Phosphorus availability from SBM and BY was 7.3% and 57.2%, respectively. Calcium and phosphorus availabilities from MCP were 84.6% and 80.6%, respectively. These results provide more precise information concerning nutrients and energy utilization of Israeli strain of common carp and will allow ingredient substitutions in practical diet formulations based on levels of availabile protein and phosphorus.

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Spread of Cyst Nematodes in Highland Chinese Cabbage Field in Gangwon-do (강원도 고랭지배추 재배지에서 씨스트선충의 분포 확산)

  • Kwon, Soon-Bae;Park, Dong-Kwon;Won, Heon-Seop;Moon, Youn-Gi;Lee, Jae-Hong;Kim, Yong-Bog;Choi, Byoung-Gon;Seo, Hyun-Taek;Ko, Hyoung-Rai;Lee, Jae-Kook;Lee, Dong Woon
    • Korean journal of applied entomology
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    • v.57 no.4
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    • pp.339-345
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    • 2018
  • The sugar beet cyst nematode (SBCN), Heterodera schachtii first detected in Taebaek, Gangwon-do in 2011, is one of the major plant parasitic nematodes that cause economic damage to the Chinese cabbage in highland regions. In addition, the distribution of clover cyst nematode (CCN), H. trifolii was confirmed in the highland Chinese cabbage cultivated regions in 2017. In order to investigate the spread of cyst nematodes, this study has been conducted since 2013 in the highland Chinese cabbage cultivation area. In addition, in 2017, the Real-Time PCR technique with the species-specific primer was used to investigate those two cyst nematodes and the soybean cyst nematode (SCN), H. glycines which is known for its distribution in Korea, focusing on the main production regions of highland Chinese cabbage cultivation. The number of infected fields in the Chinese cabbage plantation in highland increased every year to confirm distribution in Taebaek, Samcheok, Jeongseon and Gangneung in 2017, and the cumulative number of infection fields reached 245 by 2017. Of the 41 possible cyst nematode samples for PCR analysis, 61% were CCN, only 9.8% of the SBCN and 29.3% of the SCN were identified. Therefore, some of the previously known SBCN or CCN discoveries are likely to have been infected with SCN. It is believed that the CCN needs to be controlled in the future as CCN have been found to be dominant species in the highland Chinese cabbage plantation regions.

Application of unmanned helicopter on pest management in rice cultivation (무인 항공기 이용 벼 병해충 방제기술 연구)

  • Park, K.H.;Kim, J.K.
    • Journal of Practical Agriculture & Fisheries Research
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    • v.10 no.1
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    • pp.43-58
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    • 2008
  • This research was conducted to determine the alternative tool of chemical spray for rice cultivation using the unmanned helicopter(Yamaha, R-Max Type 2G-remote controlled system) at farmer's field in Korea. The unmanned helicopter tested was introduced form Japan. In Korea the application of chemicals by machine sprayer for pest management in rice cultivation has been ordinarily used at the farmer's level. However, it involved a relatively high cost and laborious for the small scale of cultivation per farm household. Farm population has been highly decreased to 7.5% in 2002 and the population is expected to rapidly reduce by 3.5% in 2012. In Japan, pest control depending on unmanned helicopter has been increased by leaps and bounds. This was due in part to the materialization of the low-cost production technology under agricultural policy and demand environmentally friendly farm products. The practicability of the unmanned helicopter in terms of super efficiency and effectiveness has been proven, and the farmers have understood that the unmanned helicopter is indispensable in the future farming system that they visualized. Also, the unmanned helicopter has been applied to rice, wheat, soybean, vegetables, fruit trees, pine trees for spraying chemicals and/or fertilizers in Japan Effect of disease control by unmanned helicopter was partially approved against rice blast and sheath blight. However, the result was not satisfactory due to the weather conditions and cultural practices. The spray density was also determined in this experiment at 0, 15, 30, and 60cm height from the paddy soil surface and there was 968 spots at 0cm, 1,560 spots at 15cm, 1,923 spots at 30cm, and 2,999 spots at 60cm height. However, no significant difference was found among the treatments. At the same time, there was no phytotoxicity observed under the chemical stray using this unmanned helicopter, nor the rice plant itself was damaged by the wind during the operation.

Response of Potassium on Main Upland Crops (주요(主要) 전작물(田作物)에 대(對)한 가리성분(加里成分)의 비교(肥效))

  • Ryn, In Soo
    • Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.171-188
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    • 1977
  • The response and effect on main upland crops to potassium were discussed and summarized as follows. 1. Adequate average amounts of potash per 10a were 32kg for forage crop; 22.5kg for vegetable crops; 17.3kg for fruit trees; 13.3kg for potatoes; and 6.5kg for cereal crops. Demand of potassium fertilizer in the future will be increased by expanding the acreage of forage crops, vegetable crops and fruit trees. 2. On the average, optimum potash rates on barley, wheat, soybean, corn, white potato and sweet potato were 6.5, 6.9, 4.5, 8.1, 8.9, and 17.7kg per 10a respectively. Yield increaments per 1kg of potash per 10a were 4-5kgs on the average for cereal crops, 68kg for white potato, and 24kg for sweet potato. 3. According to the soil testing data, the exchangeable potassium in the coastal area was higher than that in the inland area and medium in the mountainous area. The exchangeable potassium per province in decreasing order is Jeju>Jeonnam>Kangweon>Kyongnam. Barley : 4. The response of barley to an adequate rate of potassium seemed to be affected more by differences in climatic conditions than to the nature of the soil. 5. The response and the adequate rate of potassium in the southern area, where the temperature is higher, were low because of more release of potassium from the soil. However, the adequate rate of phosphorus was increased due to the fixation of applied phosphorus into the soil in high temperature regions. The more nitrogen application would be required in the southern area due to its high precipitation. 6. The average response of barley to potassium was lower in the southern provinces than northern provinces. Kyongsangpukdo, a southern province, showed a relatively higher response because of the low exchangeable potassium content in the soil and the low-temperature environment in most of cultivation area. 7. Large annual variations in the response to and adequate rates of potassium on barley were noticed. In a cold year, the response of barley to potassium was 2 to 3 times higher than in a normal year. And in the year affected by moisture and drought damage, the responses to potassium was low but adequate rates was higher than cold year. 8. The content of exchangeable potassium in the soil parent materials, in increasing order was Crystalline Schist, Granite, Sedimentary and Basalt. The response of barley to potash occurred in the opposite order with the smallest response being in Crystalline Schist soil. There was a negative correlation between the response and exchangeable potassium contents but there was nearly no difference in the adequate rates of potassium. 9. Exchangeable potassium according to the mode of soil deposition was Alluvium>Residium>Old alluvium>Valley alluvium. The highest response to potash was obtained in Valley alluvium while the other s showed only small differences in responses. 10. Response and adequate rates of potassium seemed to be affected greatly by differences in soil texture. The response to potassium was higher in Sandy loam and Loam soils but the optimum rate of potassium was higher in Clay and Clay loam. Especially when excess amount of potassium was applied in Sandy loam and Loam soils the yield was decreased. 11. The application of potassium retarded the heading date by 1.7 days and increased the length of culm. the number of spikelet per plant, the 1,000 grain weight and the ratio of grain weight to straw. Soybean : 12. Average response of soybean to potassium was the lowest among other cereal crops but 28kg of grain yield was incrased by applying potash at 8kg/10a in newly reclaimed soils. 13. The response in the parent materials soil was in the order of Basalt (Jeju)>Sedimentay>Granite>Lime stone but this response has very wide variations year to year. Corn : 14. The response of corn to potassium decreased in soils where the exchangeable potassium content was high. However, the optimum rate of applied potassium was increased as the soil potassium content was increased because corn production is proportional to the content of soil potassium. 15. An interaction between the response to potassium and the level of phosphorus was noted. A higher response to potassium and higher rates of applied potassium was observed in soils contained optimum level of phosphorus. Potatoes : 16. White potato had a higher requirement for nitrogen than for potassium, which may imply that potato seems to have a higher capability of soil potassium uptake. 17. The yield of white potato was higher in Sandy loam than in Clay loam soil. Potato yields were also higher in soils where the exchangeable potassium content was high even in the same soil texture. However, the response to applied potassium was higher in Clay loam soils than in Sandy loam soils and in paddy soil than in upland soil. 18. The requirement for nitrogen and phosphorus by sweet potato was relatively low. The sweet potato yield is relatively high even under unfavorable soil conditions. A characteristics of sweet potatoes is to require higher level of potassium and to show significant responses to potassium. 19. The response of sweet potato to potassium varied according to soil texture. Higher yields were obtained in Sandy soil, which has a low exchangeable potassium content, by applying sufficient potassium. 20. When the optimum rate of potassium was applied, the yields of sweet potato in newly reclaimed soil were comparable to that in older upland soils.

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