• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.94-106
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• 2010

Understanding of the amount of energy resources and site selection are required prior to develop Ocean Thermal Energy (OTE). It is necessary to calculate the appearance probability of difference of seawater temperature(${\Delta}T$) between sea surface layer and underwater layers. This research mainly aimed to calculate the appearance probability of ${\Delta}T$ using frequency analysis(FA) and harmonic analysis(HA), and compare the advantages and weaknesses of those methods which has used in the South Sea of Korea. Spatial scale for comparison of two methods was divided into local and global scales related to the estimation of energy resources amount and site selection. In global scale, the Probability Differences(PD) of calculated ${\Delta}T$ from using both methods were created as spatial distribution maps, and compared areas of PD. In local scale, both methods were compared with not only the results of PD at the region of highest probability but also bimonthly probabilities in the regions of highest and lowest PD. Basically, the strong relationship(pearson r=0.96, ${\alpha}$=0.05) between probabilities of two methods showed the usefulness of both methods. In global scale, the area of PD more than 10% was less than 5% of the whole area, which means both methods can be applied to estimate the amount of OTE resources. However, in practice, HA method was considered as a more pragmatic method due to its capability of calculating under various ${\Delta}T$ conditions. In local scale, there was no significant difference between the high probability areas by both methods, showing difference under 5%. However, while FA could detect the whole range of probability, HA had a disadvantage of inability of detecting probability less than 10%. Therefore it was analyzed that the HA is more suitable to estimate the amount of energy resources, and FA is more suitable to select the site for OTE development.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.137-170
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• 2008

This study is presenting the logistics strategy in the international logistics markets which makes competition and corporation among north-east Asian countries to establishing the multi-pass Eurasian railroads. The countries located in north-east area of Eurasia like China, Japan, Russia and Korea are paying higher costs and disutility to the transportations and communications due to repeated conflicts and confrontations causes from the politic problems. They are being used surface transportation for most of all logistics between Europe and Asia except special merchandises because of characteristic of cargo to be air, the Silk Road remains vestige only which was main logistic passage to this area since BC. So far the Trans-Siberian Railway is being used by Russia mostly as north of Eurasian transport because of difficulties of service. The Trans-China Railway built in 1992 is not accomplishing as a international logistic passages. It is expected to take a long lead time because of characteristic of resource development and poor logistic infrastructure to the countries like Uzbekistan, double landlocked country, Mongolia and Azerbaijan, the countries do not be adjacent to the sea, even they have great economic jump-up plans through the development of their own resources. The Shanghai Cooperation Organization(SCO) start to sail officially in 2001 is constructed with China, Russia, Tadzhikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan as regular members of 6 countries and Mongolia, India, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Iran as observers 5 countries. It is started as a military alliance to protect terror, but now, it is expended to cooperate with the traffic, transportation, trade and share of energies. The Russia is doing their best to activate TSR as a government target to developnorth area equivalently, and economic develop of far-east Siberia. And also it is agreed provisionally to improve and repair of rail road between Nahjin and Hassan to connect TSR and TKR( Trans-Korea Railroad) by Russia, North Korea and South Korea with Russian's aggressive efforts. The development plan of this area is over lapped with GTI(Greater Tumen Initiative) promoted by UNDP, and is a cooperated project by 5 countries of South Korea, Mongolia, China, Russia and North Korea, subject to review the appropriation of energy, tour, environment, rail road connection between Mongolia and China and establishing a ferry route to north-east Asia. It is Japanese situation to pay attention to Russia and China even they have been supplying large-scope of infrastructure in Mongol area without any charges, target to get East Asia Main Rail Road to connect Mongolia and Zalubino of Russia. In case of the program for the Denuclearization of North Korea is not creeping, it will be accelerated to connect the TKR and TSR, TKR and TCR by somehow attending United States, including developing program promoted by UN ESCAP. As the result, Korean peninsular will continue the central role of competition and cooperation as in the past, now and future of north-east Asia, as of geographical-economics and geographical-politics whether it is requested or not wanted by neighbor countries.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.14 no.11
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• pp.6008-6014
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• 2013

This study aimed to understand seasonal variation of physico-chemical factors and biomass of size-fractionated phytoplankton at Ulsan seaport during the period from February 2007 to November 2009. Water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), pH, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total suspended solid (TSS) varied in the range of 8.94-$24.26^{\circ}C$, 25.06-34.54 psu, 4.30-10.73 mg/L, 7.97-8.53, 0.66-40.70 mg/L and 57.4-103.3 mg/L, respectively. These factors showed no clear spatial variation unlike spatial pattern of inorganic nutrients and total chlorophyll-a (chl-a) concentration as biomass. Concentration of phosphate, nitrate and silicate ranged from 0.01 to 3.03 ${\mu}M$, 0.05 to 21.62 ${\mu}M$, and 0.01 to 27.82 ${\mu}M$, respectively, with 2 times higher concentration at inner stations than that at outer stations during the study period. Within the range of total chl-a concentration (0.36-7.11 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$), higher concentration (avg. 1.88 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$) of total chl-a were observed at inner stations compared to that (avg. 0.90 ${\mu}gL^{-1}$) at outer stations. Micro-sized phytoplankton dominated total biomass of phytoplankton in spring (34.0-81.2%), summer (35.1-65.6%) and winter (3.9-62.0%). Nano- and pico-sized phytoplankton contributed 58.2-74.5% and 22.4-38.2% to total biomass of phytoplankton in autumn, respectively. However, contribution in biomass of size-fractionated phytoplankton to total phytoplankton biomass showed no clear difference between inner and outer stations. Consequently, these results indicated that spatio-temporal distribution of phytoplankton biomass at Ulsan seaport was dominated by micro-phytoplankton (avg. 52.3%) during the study period except autumn, which was closely dependent on the concentration of inorganic nutrients (p<0.05).

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.169-193
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• 2016

In order to characterize the Neotectonic crustal deformation and current stress field in and around the Korean Peninsula and to interpret their tectonic implications, this paper synthetically analyzes the previous Quaternary fault and focal mechanism solution data and recent geotechnical in-situ stress data and examines the characteristics of crustal deformations and tectonic settings in and around East Asia after the Miocene. Most of the Quaternary fault outcrops in SE Korea occur along major inherited fault zones and show a NS-striking top-to-the-west thrust geometry, indicating that the faults were produced by local reactivation of appropriately oriented preexisting weaknesses under EW-trending pure compressional stress field. The focal mechanism solutions in and around the Korean Peninsula disclose that strike-slip faulting containing some reverse-slip component and reverse-slip faulting are significantly dominant on land and in sea area, respectively. The P-axes are horizontally clustered in ENE-WSW direction, whereas the T-axes are girdle-distributed in NNW direction. The geotechnical in-situ stress data in South Korea also indicate the ENE-trending maximum horizontal stress. The current crustal deformation in the Korean Peninsula is thus characterized by crustal contraction under regional ENE-WSW or E-W compression stress field. Based on the regional stress trajectories in and around East Asia, the current stress regime is interpreted to have resulted from the cooperation of westward shallow subduction of the Pacific Plate and collision of Indian and Eurasian continents, whereas the Philippine Sea plate have not a decisive effect on the stress-regime in the Korean Peninsula due to its high-angle subduction that resulted in dominant crust extension of the back-arc region. It is also interpreted that the Neotectonic crustal deformation and present-day tectonic setting of East Asia commenced with the change of the Pacific Plate motion during 5~3.2 Ma.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.34 no.10
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• pp.781-786
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• 2010

In this study, a new concept of ocean transport system, called the mobile harbor serving for a short distance transport of containers with cargo handling cranes between mother containerships and coastal ports, is introduced. Instead of direct berthing a very large containership at the coastal port, Mobile Harbor is moving to the offshore mooring basin with enough water depth condition. Therefore, investigation of the coastal environment, technical condition and limitation of the domestic trade ports for the application of Mobile Harbor, is essential process. To figure out the accessibility of mobile harbor, the environmental conditions, the cargo handling capacity and marine traffic volume and flow pattern has been analyzed with the tools for marine traffic simulation and virtual navigation aids system. The most proper Mobile Harbor mooring areas among trade ports of the south and east coast are selected by analyzing the obtained information and evaluating its application: (1) Under natural environmental conditions such as air and sea weather, three candidate areas are selected such as Masan port, Ulsan port, and Busan(New port) port. (2) Under marine traffic and appropriateness of water facilities, three candidate areas are selected as Mokpo port, Busan(New port) port, and Donghae & Mookho port (3) For a region-based analysis considering handling capacity and the local managed trade ports in vicinity, three candidate areas are selected as Busan region, Yosu & KwangYang region, and Mokpo region. Through this study, the basic guideline for selection of optimum trade port and offshore mooring basin for mothership and Mobile Harbor is recommended. In order to apply the Mobile Harbor to the real water, navigaton aids as the virtual route identification with AIS must be introduced for maritime safety in the vicinity of Mobile Harbor area which berthing and cargo handling is being conducted.

• Strategy21
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• s.46
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• pp.239-276
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• 2020

The failure of early economic sanctions aimed at hurting the overall economies of targeted states called for a more sophisticated design of economic sanctions. This paved way for the advent of 'smart sanctions,' which target the supporters of the regime instead of the public mass. Despite controversies over the effectiveness of economic sanctions as a coercive tool to change the behavior of a targeted state, the transformation from 'comprehensive sanctions' to 'smart sanctions' is gaining the status of a legitimate method to impose punishment on states that do not conform to international norms, the nonproliferation of weapons of mass destruction in this particular context of the paper. The five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council proved that it can come to an accord on imposing economic sanctions over adopting resolutions on waging military war with targeted states. The North Korean nuclear issue has been the biggest security threat to countries in the region, even for China out of fear that further developments of nuclear weapons in North Korea might lead to a 'domino-effect,' leading to nuclear proliferation in the Northeast Asia region. Economic sanctions had been adopted by the UNSC as early as 2006 after the first North Korean nuclear test and has continually strengthened sanctions measures at each stage of North Korean weapons development. While dubious of the effectiveness of early sanctions on North Korea, recent sanctions that limit North Korea's exports of coal and imports of oil seem to have an impact on the regime, inducing Kim Jong-un to commit to peaceful talks since 2018. The purpose of this paper is to add a variable to the factors determining the success of economic sanctions on North Korea: preventing North Korea's evasion efforts by conducting illegal transshipments at sea. I first analyze the cause of recent success in the economic sanctions that led Kim Jong-un to engage in talks and add the maritime element to the argument. There are three conditions for the success of the sanctions regime, and they are: (1) smart sanctions, targeting commodities and support groups (elites) vital to regime survival., (2) China's faithful participation in the sanctions regime, and finally, (3) preventing North Korea's maritime evasion efforts.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.762-770
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• 2016

This study intended to investigate environmental factors including soil and vegetation in order to understand the environmental and ecological characteristics of the Korean endemic species, Syringa fauriei. Syringa fauriei is mainly distributed along the valley and riverside of the Gangwondo and its population is located at an elevation of 121~520m. Consequent to a vegetation survey within natural populations, a total of 320 taxa were identified from 20 quadrates in 4 natural populations. The Syringa fauriei population was classified into Securinega suffruticosa dominant population, Acer pseudosieboldianum dominant population, Amorpha fruticosa dominant population and Sorbaria sorbifolia var. stellipila dominant population. According to the physical and chemical soil analysis, Syringa fauriei habitats contained 1.98~2.81% of organic matter and 0.13~0.20 mg/kg of total nitrogen. The concentrations of cation exchange capacities $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were $0.10{\sim}0.33cmol^+/kg$, $3.44{\sim}20.53cmol^+/kg$, and $0.34{\sim}0.95cmol^+/kg$, respectively. Positive ion substitution capacity was $8.08{\sim}13.68cmol^+/kg$. The pH was 6.28~7.74. The importance value of Deutzia glabrata, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum, Syringa fauriei, Juglans mandshurica, and Salix koreensis in the Syringa fauriei population were 86.99%, 43.97%, 23.01%,18.52, 18.40%, and 11.56%, respectively. Correlation analysis between the vegetation of Syringa fauriei populations and its environmental factors using DCCA revealed that the altitude above sea level and $Mg^{2+}$ were the most influential factors, while dominant populations of Securinega suffruticosa and Acer pseudosieboldianum were spread across areas with high percentages of pH, CEC, and $Mg^{2+}$. Acer pseudosieboldianum population was dispersed in areas with higher $K^+$ compared to Securinega suffruticosa population. The dominant population of Amorpha fruticosa was found to live in places with high altitudes above sea level and with high rates of available phosphate, $K^+$, and rock-exposure.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.113-126
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• 2022

The tectonic history of the Chukchi Abyssal Plain in the Amerasia Basin, Arctic Ocean, has not been fully explored due to the harsh conditions of sea ice preventing detailed observation. Existing models of the tectonic history of the region provide contrasting interpretation of the timing of formation of the crust (Mesozoic to Cenozoic), crust type (from hyper-extended continental crust to oceanic crust), and formation process (from parallel/fan-shaped rifting to transformation faulting). To help determine the age of the oceanic crust, the geothermal gradient was measured at three stations in the south of abyssal plain at depth of 2,160-2,250 m below sea level. Heat flow measurement stations were located perpendicular to the spreading axis over a 40 km-long transect. In-situ thermal conductivity measurement, corrected by the laboratory test, gave observed marine heat flows of 55 to 61 mW/m². All measurements were taken during Arctic expeditions in 2018 (ARA09C expedition) and 2021 (ARA12C expedition) by the Korean ice-breaking research vessel (IBRV) Araon. Given the assumption of oceanic crust, the results correspond to formation in the Late Cretaceous (Mesozoic). The inferred age supports the hypothesis of formation activated by the opening of the Makarov Basin during the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic. This would make it contemporaneous with rifting of the Chukchi Border Land immediately east of the abyssal plain. The heat flow data indicate the base of the gas hydrate stability zone is located 332-367 m below the seafloor, this will help to identify the gas hydrate-related bottom simulating reflector in the future seismic survey, as already identified on the Chukchi Plateau. Further geophysical surveys, including heat flow measurements, are required to increase our understanding of the formation process and thermal mantle structure of the abyssal plain.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.92-100
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• 1984

The seasonal variation of catch and the fishing ground formation of anchovy caught by gill net are studied by using the data for 14 years, 1969 to 1982, published by the Fisheries Research and Development Agency of Korea. The main fishing season of anchovy by gill net can be devised into two seasons: spring and autumn. The former begins early in spring, marks peak in May with the monthly mean catch of 3,000 $\frac{M}{T}$ and ends in summer. The latter begins early in autumn, marks peak in October with the monthly mean catch of 1,500$\frac{M}{T}$ and ends in winter. The fishing ground begins to be formed in the southern waters of Korea with the begining of spring fishing season, and it is extended all over the south-eastern waters from spring to summer and it is converged to the coastal areas from autumn to winter. From the calculation of correlationship between adjacent fishing sections, the fishing ground can be devided into three areas; the northern area of $37^{\circ}N$, the southern area of $35^{\circ}N$ and the area between $35^{\circ}N\;and\;37^{\circ}N$. In the northern area of $37^{\circ}N$, monthly centers of the fishing ground are located in the adjacent aea area of Sockcho-Jumunjin district in the whole year, and its annual mean variance shows about 8 miles in the latitudinal direction and 10 miles in the longitudinal direction. In the area between $35^{\circ}N\;and\;37^{\circ}N$, monthly centers are located in the adjacent sea area of Kijang-Kuryongpo district, and the variance shows about 10 miles in the longitudinal direction and 20 miles in the latitudinal direction. In the southern area of $35^{\circ}N$, monthly centers are located in the open sea in spring and summer, and are conversed to the coastal area in autumn and winter, and the variance shows 8 miles in the latitudinal direction and 35 miles in the longitudinal direction. Water temperature and salinity at the fishing ground where the anchovy gill net was effectively operated are estimated from 14 to $20^{\circ}C$ and from 33.0 to $34.0\%0$ respectively.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.91-108
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• 2018

An ecological study on subtidal macrobenthic fauna was conducted from 25 stations in the estuarine area of Wando-Doam Bay, southern coast of Korea during August 2013. A total of 186 species was collected with a mean density of $1,229ind./m^2$ and a mean biomass of $265.7g/m^2$. Polychaetes showed the richest benthic fauna comprising 43% of total fauna, whereas mollusks appeared as density- and biomass-dominant fauna accounted for 45% and 48% of the mean density and biomass, respectively. The number of species and mean faunal density were relatively higher at the stations surrounded by Sinjido, Joyakdo and Gogeumdo showing a gradual decrease toward inner bay stations. Species number and density were negatively correlated with bottom water temperature, but they were positively correlated with both the bottom salinity and DO. The most dominant species in terms of density was a semelid bivalve, Theora fragilis which showed a positive correlation with TOC content of surface sediment and its high density occurred around Gogeum-Sinji-Joyakdo area where dense aquaculture facilities exist. In the bay mouth area, an amphipod species, Eriopisella sechellensis showed its higher density at the stations with low organic content but fine grains. The combination of water temperature, salinity, pH of bottom water, water and sulfur content of the surface sediment could explain 71% of the spatial distribution of macrobenthic fauna from the Bio-Env analysis. From the cluster analysis, the study area consisted of 6 distinct station groups lineated from offshore area toward inner area. Ampharete arctica, Goniada maculata, Eriopisella sechellensis, Theora fragilis, Caprella sp. were identified as the main contributing faunas in classification by the SIMPER analysis. From the value of BPI, the benthic communities at the inner and central Wando-Doam Bay were assessed to be in a normal condition whereas those at the outer Wando harbor and Gogeum-Sinji-Joyakdo area were assessed in a poor or very poor condition due to the high concentration of particulate organic matter might be originated from the nearby dense aquaculture facilities. This study indicated that pristine inner bay has been influenced by the organic material supplied from the outer bay. Thus it is necessary to establish an ecological management plan to reduce organic enrichment of sediment from dense aquaculture facilities in the outer bay.