• KSBB Journal
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2016

Ferritin is known to regulate iron metabolism and maintain iron in a variety of the eukaryotic organisms. The region encoding the mature ferritin (0.47 kb, H-type) of Periserrula leucophryna was amplified using the designed primers including restriction enzyme site and termination codon and subcloned in frame to the pRBAS secretion vector containing the signal sequence, RBS, and promoter of amylase gene (E. coli-Bacillus shuttle vector), resulting in recombinant pRBAS-PLF vector. Recombinant ferritin (18 kDa) was correctly processed and secreted from Bacillus subtilis LKS strain harboring the pRBAS-PLF vector and quantitatively analyzed by SDS-PAGE and western blot, respectively. Secretion of the ferritin was optimized by culture conditions (host, medium, temperature, nitrogen source) in 3 L batch culture and 5 L jar fermenter. Finally. the ferritin was largely produced using 50 L fermenter as the following conditions; at $30^{\circ}C$, 150 rpm, 1 vvm in Bacillus subtilis LKS using PY medium. The secreted ferritin was maximally measured (approximately 177.6 ug/ml) when the cell density reached to 14.4 at $OD_{600}$ (20 h incubation). The iron binding activity was confirmed by Perls' staining in 7.5% non-denaturing gel, indicating that the multimeric ferritin (composed of 24 subunits) was formed in the culture broth after secretion. Biologically, the culture broth and powder type containing ferritin were tested for possibility as feed additive in chicken broiler. As a result, the ferritin stimulated the growth of chick broil and improved feed efficiency and production index.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.123-127
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• 2003

Sphingomonas chungbukensis DJ77 is able to metabolize phenanthrene as the sole carbon and energy source. The plasmid pUPX5 includes phnS gene encoding 2-hydroxychromene-2-carboxylate (HCCA) isomerase, which is needed for phenanthrene and naphthanene degradation. We determined the nucleotide sequence of DNA fragment of 3271 bp which included the phnS gene. The fragment included an open reading frame of 594 bp which has ATG initiation codon and TAA termination codon and GGAA ribosomal binding site. The predicted amino acid sequence of the enzyme consists of 198 amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the phnS enzyme exhibited 94％ identity with that of the corresponding enzyme in Sphingomonas aromaticivorans F199. The phnS gene is located downstream and in the same operon as phnQ and phnR, encoding a 2,3-dihydroxybiphenyl 1,2-dioxygenase and a ferredoxin component of biphenyl dioxygenase, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.95-108
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• 2005

Objective : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to several acupoints and non-acupoint in CFA-induced knee arthritis was examined. Methods : A common source of persistent pain in humans is arthritis. Arthritis was induced by injection of CFA $125\;{\mu}l$ into knee joint cavity under enflurane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee. EA was applied to either of $LR_2,\;LI_4$, or non-acupoint on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 4 h. Results : EA applied to $LR_2$ point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the affected foot lasting for at least 2 h. However, neigher $LI_4$ point nor non-point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on CFA-induced knee arthritic pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a point, $LI_4$ or non-acupoint. In addition, both NO production and iNOS protein expression increased by arthritis were suppressed by EA applied to $LR_2$ point. Conclusion : These data suggest that EA produces a potent analgesic effect in the rat model of CFA-induced knee arthritis. This analgesic effect is produced by applying EA to an acupoint at opposite side from the painful area in a stimulus point-specific way.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.561-572
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• 2008

Responses of real-time control parameters, such as ORP, DO and pH, to the conditions of biological animal wastewater treatment process were examined to evaluate the stability of real-time control using each parameter. Also an optimum index for supplemental carbon source addition based on NOx-N level was determined under a consideration of denitrification rate by endogenous respiration of microorganism and residual organic matter in liquor. Experiment was performed with lab-scale sequencing batch reactor(SBR) and working volume of the process was 45L. The distinctive nitrogen break point(NBP) on ORP-and DO-time profiles, which mean the termination of nitrification, started disappearing with the maintenance of low NH4-N loading rate. Also the NBP on ORP-and DO-time profiles was no longer observed when high NOx-N was loaded into the reactor, and the sensitivity of ORP became dull with the increase of NOx-N level. However, the distinctive NBP was constantly occurred on pH(mV)-time profile, maintaining unique profile patterns. This stable occurrence of NBP on pH(mV)-time profile was lasted even at very high NOx-N:NH4-N ratio(over 80:1) in reactor, and the specific point could be easily detected by tracking moving slope change(MSC) of the curve. Revelation of NBP on pH(mV)-time profile and recognition of the realtime control point using MSC were stable at a condition of over 300mg/L NOx-N level in reactor. The occurrence of distinctive NBP was persistent on pH(mV)-time profile even at a level of 10,000mg/L STOC(soluble total organic carbon) and the recognition of NBP was feasible by tracing MSC, but that point on ORP and DO-time profiles began to disappear with the increase of STOC level in reactor. The denitrfication rate by endogenous respiration and residual organic matter was about 0.4mg/L.hr., and it was found that 0.83 would be accepted as an index for supplemental carbon source addition when 0.1 of safety factor was applied.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.178-186
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• 2020

In the domain of Korean weapon system development, issues about software reliability have become crucial factors when developing a weapon system. There is a process required for weapon system software development and management that includes certain activities required to improve the reliability of software. However, these activities are biased toward static and dynamic analyses of source code and do not include activities necessarily required by the international standard. IEEE std. 1633-2016 defines a process for software reliability engineering and describes software reliability estimation as an essential activity in the process. Software reliability estimation means that collecting defective data during the test and estimating software reliability by using the statistical model. Based on the estimated model, developers could estimate the failure rate and make comparisons with the objective failure rate to determine termination of the test. In this study, we collected defective data and applied reliability estimation models to analyze software reliability in the development of a weapon system. To achieve objective software reliability, we continuously tested our software and quantitatively calculated software reliability. Through the research, we hope that efforts to include activities described by the international standard will be carried out in the domain of Korean weapon system development.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.69-82
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• 2004

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to hand yang meridian on the ankle sprain model was examined. Methods & Results : A common source of persistent pain in humans is the lateral ankle sprain. To model this condition, the rat's right ankle was bent repeatedly, overextending lateral ligaments, for 4 min under halothane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful ankle. EA was applied to the several acupuncture point on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 4 h. EA applied to SI-6 point produced a significant improvement of stepping force of the sprained foot lasting for at least 2 h. However, neigher LI-4 point nor TE-3 point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to a nearby point, LI-4 or TE-3. The analgesic effect of EA applied to SI-6 was more powerful when EA was applied by low-frequency and high-intensity stimulation. In addition, this effect need to be stimulated more than 15 min. Conclusions : These data suggest that EA produces a potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model in the rat. This analgesic effect is produced by applying EA to a Tae-Yang meridian at opposite side from the painful area in a stimulus point-specific way.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.49-57
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• 2020

Due to the sewage sludge's characteristics of high water content and low calorific value, it is hard to use sewage sludge as an energy source. In this study, we investigated production of bio-solid fuel which is mixed both sewage sludge and woody biomass in order to improve the sewage sludge's characteristics and replace fossil fuels. A thermogravimetric analysis was used to investigate the co-combustion characteristics of the mixed coal and bio-solid fuel of 5%, 10%, 15%, respectively. The analysis was carried out under non-isothermal conditions by raising the internal temperature of 25℃ to 900℃ with an increment of 10℃/min. In the case of comparing single coal sample and mixture sample of coal and bio-solid fuel, the initiation combustion temperature has slightly changed. However, both the maximum combustion temperature and the termination start combustion temperature were hardly noticeable. The initiation combustion was occurred between 200~315℃ and the thermal decomposition causing a significant weight change occurred between 350~700℃. As a result of the kinetic analysis of the co-combustion, the activation energy was decreased as the mixing rate was higher. Therefore, it is able to co-combust the mixed coal and bio-solid fuel in power plants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1625-1631
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• 2016

Forty-eight barrows with an average initial body weight of $25.5{\pm}0.3kg$ were assigned to 6 dietary treatments arranged in a $3{\times}2$ factorial of 3 graded levels of P at 1.42, 2.07, or 2.72 g/kg, and 2 levels of casein at 0 or 50 g/kg to compare the estimates of true total tract digestibility (TTTD) of P in soybean meal (SBM) for pigs fed diets with or without casein supplementation. The SBM is the only source of P in diets without casein, and in the diet with added casein, 1.0 to 2.4 g/kg of total dietary P was supplied by SBM as dietary level of SBM increased. The experiment consisted of a 5-d adjustment period and a 5-d total collection period with ferric oxide as a maker to indicate the initiation and termination of fecal collection. There were interactive effects of casein supplementation and total dietary P level on the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) and retention of P (p<0.05). Dietary P intake, fecal P output, digested P and retained P were increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM in diets regardless of casein addition (p<0.01). Compared with diets without casein, there was a reduction in fecal P in the casein-supplemented diets, which led to increases in digested P, retained P, ATTD, and retention of P (p<0.01). Digested N, ATTD of N, retained N, and N retention were affected by the interaction of casein supplementation and dietary P level (p<0.05). Fecal N output, urinary N output, digested N, and retained N increased linearly with graded increasing levels of SBM for each type of diet (p<0.01). The estimates of TTTD of P in SBM, derived from the regression of daily digested P against daily P intake, for pigs fed diets without casein and with casein were calculated to be 37.3% and 38.6%, respectively. Regressing daily digested N against daily N intake, the TTTD of N in SBM were determined at 94.3% and 94.4% for diets without casein and with added casein, respectively. There was no difference in determined values of TTTD of P or N in SBM for pigs fed diets with or without casein (p>0.05). In summary, our results demonstrate that the estimates of TTTD of P in SBM for pigs were not affected by constant casein inclusion in the basal diets.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.7-21
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• 2005

Objectives : In the present study, the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to SI6 and won-rak point on the ankle sprain model was examined. A common source of persistent pain in humans is the lateral ankle sprain. Methods : To model this condition, the rat's right ankle was bent repeatedly, overextending lateral ligaments, for 4 min under enflurane anesthesia. The rat subsequently showed swelling of the ankle and a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for the next several days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful ankle. EA was applied to the several acupuncture point on the contralateral forelimb for 30 min under gaseous anesthesia. After the termination of EA, behavioral tests measuring stepping force and Paw volume were Periodically conducted during the next 4 h and 18 h respectively. Results : EA applied to $SI_6$ with won-rak point produced more powerful improvement of stepping force of the sprained foot than to $SI_6$ alone lasting for at least 4 h. However, neigher $KI_4$ point nor $BL_{64}$ point produced any significant increase of weight bearing force. The improvement of stepping pressure was interpreted as an analgesic effect. The analgesic effect was specific to the acupuncture point since the analgesic effort on the ankle sprain pain model could not be mimicked by EA applied to $KI_4$ or $BL_{64}$. In addition, EA applied to $SI_6$ with won-rak combination point showed inhibitory effect on the paw edema induced by ankle sprain. Also, COX-2 protein expression increased by ankle sprain were suppressed by the EA stimulation. Conclusion : These data suggest that EA with won-rak combination point produces a more potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model in the rat and that EA with won-rak combination point induced anti-inflammatory effect through the suppression of COX-2 protein expression.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.359-365
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• 2021

A heavy particle accelerator is a device that accelerates particles using high energy and is used in various fields such as medical and industrial fields as well as research. However, secondary neutrons and particle fragments are generated by the high-energy particle beam, and among them, the neutrons do not have an electric charge and directly interact with the nucleus to cause radiation of the material. Quantitative evaluation of the radioactive material produced in this way is necessary, but there are many difficulties in actual measurement during or after operation. Therefore, this study compared and evaluated the generated radioactive material in the concrete shield for protons and carbon ions of specific energy by using the simulation code FLUKA. For the evaluation of each energy of proton beam and carbon ion, the reliability of the source term was secured within 2% of the relative error with the data of the NASA Space Radiation Laboratory(NSRL), which is an internationally standardized data. In the evaluation, carbon ions exhibited higher neutron flux than protons. Afterwards, in the evaluation of radioactive materials under actual operating conditions for disposal, a large amount of short-lived beta-decay nuclides occurred immediately after the operation was terminated, and in the case of protons with a high beam speed, more radioactive products were generated than carbon ions. At this time, radionuclides of ⁴⁴Sc, ³H and ²²Na were observed at a high rate. In addition, as the cooling time elapsed, the ratio of long-lived nuclides increased. For nonparticulate radionuclides, ³H, ²²Na, and for particulate radionuclides, ⁴⁴Ti, ⁵⁵Fe, ⁶⁰Co, ¹⁵²Eu, and ¹⁵⁴Eu nuclides showed a high ratio. In this study, it is judged that it is possible to use the particle accelerator as basic data for facility maintenance, repair and dismantling through the prediction of radioactive materials in concrete according to the cooling time after operation and termination of operation.