• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제66권4호
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• pp.749-762
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• 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, and palatability of dried persimmon byproducts (persimmon peel [PP] and damaged whole persimmons [WP]) ensiled with rice straw in different mixing ratios. PP and WP were ensiled with rice straw at ratios of 3:7 (PP3R7, WP3R7), 5:5 (PP5R5, WP5R5), 7:3 (PP7R3, WP7R3), and 8:2 (PP8R2, WP8R2) for 70 d. WP3R7 had the highest (p < 0.05) crude protein and lactate contents compared to the other combinations. On the other hand, PP3R7 and PP8R2 had lower concentrations of neutral and acid-detergent fibers (p < 0.05) and produced lower amounts of ammonia-N (p < 0.05). The silages were compared to rice straw silage (RS), maize silage (MS), whole-crop rye silage (WCRS), and sorghum-sudangrass silage (SSGS) during an in vitro study. The results showed that PP8R2 and WP7R3 had higher (p < 0.05) dry matter digestibility values than RS, MS, WCRS, and SSGS in a 6 h incubation period. In addition, a palatability test of the silages was conducted on Hanwoo cattle, goats, and deer, using the cafeteria method. The palatability index rate of PP7R3 was the highest (p < 0.05) for the goats and the Hanwoo cattle, whereas PP8R2 had the highest (p < 0.05) rate for the deer and the Hanwoo cattle. In conclusion, dried persimmon byproducts in the form of PP and WPs can be used as ruminant feed when ensiled with RS at ratios of 7:3 and 8:2.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.378-384
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• 2007

Three microorganisms and one chemical preservative were tested for their effects on the fermentation and aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages. Wheat at the early dough stage, sorghum at the late milk stage and maize at the one-third milk line stage were harvested and ensiled in 1.5-l anaerobic jars untreated or after the following treatments: control (no additives); Lactobacillus plantarum (LP) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ colony-forming units (CFU)/g of fresh forage; L. buchneri (LB) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; Propionibacterium acidipropionici (PA) at $1.0{\times}10^6$ CFU/g; and a formic acid-based preservative (FAP) at 3 ml/kg of fresh forage weight. Three jars per treatment were sampled on d 90 after ensiling, for chemical and microbiological analysis. At the end of the ensiling period, 90 d, the silages were subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 d. In this test, $CO_2$ produced during aerobic exposure was measured along with chemical and microbiological parameters which serve as spoilage indicators. The silages inoculated with LP had higher concentration of lactic acid compared with the controls and the other treated silages (p<0.05). The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The controls and LP-inoculated silages spoiled upon aerobic exposure faster than LB, PA and FAP-treated silages due to more $CO_2$ production (p<0.05) in these two groups and development of yeasts unlike the other groups. In the experiment, the silages treated with LB, PA and FAP were stable under aerobic conditions. However, the numbers of yeasts was higher in the LP-inoculated wheat, sorghum and maize silages compared with the LB, PA and FAP-treated silages. The LB, PA and FAP improved the aerobic stability of the silages by causing more extensive heterolactic fermentation that resulted in the silages with high levels of acetic and propionic acid. The use of LB, PA and FAP as silage additives can improve the aerobic stability of whole-crop wheat, sorghum and maize silages by inhibition of yeast activity.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.35-43
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this research was to evaluate the effect of different concentrate levels in diets based on cactus Opuntia Stricta (Haw.) Haw cladodes on the performance of lactating Girolando cows. Methods: The experiment involved 10 Girolando multiparous dairy cows at 512.6 kg of body weight (BW) and producing 13.2 kg milk/d, allocated into two 5×5 Latin squares. The experimental treatments consisted of control diet composed by cactus Nopalea cochenillifera. Salm-Dyck. cladodes (Nopalea), forage sorghum silage and concentrate at 20% on dry matter (DM) basis, and four concentrate levels diets (20%, 24%, 28%, and 32%) plus cactus Opuntia stricta (Haw.) Haw. cladodes (Opuntia) and forage sorghum silage. Results: Regarding cows fed control diet, the nutrients intake were greater than for cows fed with cactus Opuntia and concentrate. Regarding concentrate levels, intakes of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC), and total digestible nutrients of cows increased linearly. Organic matter, CP, and NDF digestibilities were similar in between to control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets. The digestibility of NFC increased linearly when the concentrate was inserted. The N balance was the same for control diet and cactus Opuntia-based diets, irrespective the concentrate levels. Conclusion: For cows producing 14 kg/d with 3.5% of fat, it is recommended 32% of concentrate to be included in cactus Opuntia-based diets, and the increase in concentrate level promotes a linear increase in milk yield.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권8호
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• pp.1162-1173
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the fermentation profiles, bacterial community and predicted metabolic characteristics of Sudangrass (Sorghum sudanense Stapf.) during ensiling. Methods: First-cutting Sudangrass was harvested at the vegetative stage and ensiled in laboratory-scale silos (1 L capacity). Triplicate silos were sampled after 1, 3, 7, 15, 30, and 60 days of ensiling, respectively. The bacterial communities on day 3 and 60 were assessed through high-throughput sequencing technology, and 16S rRNA-gene predicted functional profiles were analyzed according to the Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes using Tax4Fun. Results: The Sudangrass silages showed good fermentation quality, indicated by higher lactic acid contents, and lower pH, butyric acid and ammonia nitrogen contents. The dominant genus Lactococcus on day 3 was replaced by Lactobacillus on day 60. The metabolism of amino acid, energy, cofactors and vitamins was restricted, and metabolism of nucleotide and carbohydrate was promoted after ensiling. The 1-phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase of bacterial community seemed to play important roles in stimulating the lactic acid fermentation, and the promotion of arginine deiminase could help lactic acid bacteria to tolerate the acidic environment. Conclusion: High-throughput sequencing technology combined with 16S rRNA gene-predicted functional analyses revealed the differences during the early and late stages of Sudangrass ensiling not only for distinct bacterial community but also for specific functional metabolites. The results could provide a comprehensive insight into bacterial community and metabolic characteristics to further improve the silage quality.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) and liquid swine manure (LSM) on the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, amino acids, minerals, and free sugars in cultivating Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid (SSH) on paddy soil. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of CF 100% (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). The application of LSM was based solely on the nitrogen. Plant length, leaf length, leaf width and number of leaf were significantly higher in T4 (p<0.05), but stem diameter did not show significant differences among treatments. Stem hardness increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased, but sugar degree decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased. Fresh yield, dry matter yield and TDN yield were the highest in T4, whereas the lowest in T2 (p<0.05). Crude protein, crude fat and crude ash were the highest in C, T4 and T2, respectively (p<0.05). However, NDF and ADF did not show significant difference among treatments. Crude fiber decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The total mineral content was decreased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. Total amino acid content was higher in the order of T1> C> T3> T4> T2 (p<0.05). Free sugar content increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate increased. The analysis of all the above results suggests that the application of liquid swine manure is very effective, considering the yield performance and the content of sugar degree and free sugar. In addition, liquid swine manure may be possible to grow Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrid without chemical fertilizer.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제11권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 1991

샤일리지용 수수와 청예용 수수-수만그라스 교잡 종의 사료생산에 안맞은 수확기를 안기 위하여 수수 2품종(p 931, P 956)과 수수 수단그라스 교잡종 1 품종(P 988)을 재배하여, 수수는 출수기부터 1주일 간격으로 6회 수확하였고 재생한 것은 10월 13일에 모두 수확하였다 수수-수단그라스는 출수 1주전부 터 1주후까지 6회 수확하였고, 재생한 것은 2차 혹은 3차 수확하여 수화시기가 사료의 생산성과 사료가치에 미치는 영향을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다 1. 수수의 1차 수확과 수수-수단그라스 1,2차 수확의 건물비율은 수확기가 늦을수록 증가하였으나 수수의 2차 수확은 생육기간이 충분하지 않아 1차 수화가가 빠를수록 건물비율이 높았다. 2. 1자 수확에서 수수는 수확기가 늦을수록 잎몸과 줄기+옆집의 구성비율은 감소하나 이삭비율은 증가 하였고 수수 P 956이 P 931 보다 이삭비율의 증가율은 컸으나 줄기+잎집 비율은 감소하였다 그러나 수수-수단그라스는 수획기가 늦을수록 잎몸비율은 감소하고 줄기+잎집 비율은 증가하였다 3 .수수의 l차 수확에서는 수확기가 늦을수록 조단백질, 조섬유 함량은 감소하였고, 가용성 무질소물 은 증가하였으며, 조지방과 조회분은 비슷하였다. 그러나 2차 수확은 1차 수확기가 빠를수록 조단백질과 조회분 함량은 다소 감소하였고, 가용성 무질소물은 증가하였으며, 조지방, 조섬유 함량은 비슷하였다. 수수-수단그라스는 수확기가 늦을수록 1차 수확의 조단백질은 감소하였고, 1차 수확의 조섬유와 1,2차 수확의 가용성 무질소물은 증가하였으며, 나머지는 수확기간에 차이가 없었다. 4 수수의 1차 수확에서는 출수기에서 출수 3주 후까지 건물수량이 증가하였으나 재생수량을 합한 총 건물수량은 수확기간에 차이가 없었다 수수-수단그라스는 수확가가 늦을수록 1차 수확과 1, 2, 3차 수확을 합한 총 건물수량이 증가하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.379-385
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• 1983

옥수수 흑조위축병의 이병이 심한 남부평야지에서 사일리지 옥수수의 대체 작물을 개발하기 위하여 율무 2품종, 염주 2품종, 수수-수단그래스 교잡종 1품종(Pioneer-988), 옥수수 1품종(광옥)을 공시하여 사료생산성을 검토하고 또 조사료생산에 알맞는 율무와 염주품종의 생육특성을 비교 시험한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 한발로 인하여 발아가 지연되어 파종에서 출현까지 일수는 율무와 염주는 30-34일, 수수-수단그래스 교잡종은 18일, 옥수수는 19일이 소요되었다. 2. 생체수량은 율무와 염주를 개화후 40일에 1회 예취한 것과 개화기마다 2회 예취한 것 간에 차이가 없었으나 건물수량 및 가소화건물생산량은 개화후 40일에 1회 예취한 것이 2회 예취한 것보다 많았다. 3. 개화후 40일에 1회 예취한 율무 및 염주의 건물수량은 3회 예취한 수수-수단그래스 교잡종과 차이가 없었으나 옥수수보다는 건물수량이 높았으며 2회 예취한 율무 및 염주의 건물수량은 옥수수 보다 낮았다. 가소화건물생산량은 수수-수단그래스 교잡종이 가장 높고, 옥수수, 염주품종 1의 1회 예취가 그 다음이며 2회 예취한 율무와 염주의 가소화건물생산량이 가장 낮았다. 4. 율무와 염주의 초기생육 및 예취후 재생력은 수수-수단그래스 교잡종보다 현저히 낮았다. 5. 옥수수는 대부분이 흑조위축병에 이병되었고 간장, 수장, 수중, 건물수량 등은 현저히 감소되었다. 6. 율무와 염주 품종 중 사료생산에 알맞는 것은 포가 두껍고 종자가 구형인 염주품종이었으며 초장이 크며, 간경이 굵고, 엽신폭이 넓고, 생초 및 건물수량이 높고 엽신이 총건물중에 차지하는 비율이 커서 조사료생산에는 타 율무 및 염주품종보다 우수하였다. 7. 조곡수량은 율무 및 염주의 품종간에는 차이가 없었으나 염주 품종은 포가 두꺼워 정곡/조곡 비율이 현지히 낮아 정곡수량은 율무품종이 염주품종보다 현저히 높았다.

• 한국작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국작물학회 2017년도 9th Asian Crop Science Association conference
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• pp.78-78
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• 2017

This study was carried out to introduce of agronomic characteristics, forage yields and quality of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids 'Cadan 99B' and 'Sweet Sioux WMR' from 2015 to 2016 in middle and southern regions of Korea. The field experiment design was randomized compete block in seven varieties with three repetitions. Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids were sown in mid-May in middle region, and end-May in southern region of Korea, 2015 and 2016. And, the first harvests were from the end of July to the beginning of August, and the second harvests were from the end of September to the beginning of October in middle and southern regions of Korea. The observed average heading date of Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were July 22. The heading date of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 8 days earlier than heading control variety SX-17 and 5 days earlier than BMR control Revolution. The sugar contents of Candan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.5 and $6.9Brix^{\circ}$, respectively. Comparison with brown mid-rid (BMR) variety, the sugar contents of Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were 0.2 and $0.6Brix^{\circ}$ higher than Revolution, respectively. The average of dry matter (DM) yield for 2 years and 2 regions of Cadan 99B (24,587kg/ha) was the highest among the seven varieties, but there was no significant difference among other varieties except headless control variety Jumbo (19,119kg/ha) and test variety LATTE (20,778kg/ha) (p>0.05). The crude protein (CP) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of Cadan 99B were 7.5% and 60.2%, and Sweet Sioux WMR were 6.9% and 60.7%, respectively. The results of this study indicated that Sorghum ${\times}$ Sudangrass hybrids Cadan 99B and Sweet Sioux WMR were recommended that earlier heading date than other varieties, suitable for silage because of high sugar contents, and high yields of DM in middle and southern regions of Korea.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2005

This experiments were carried out to determine growth characteristics, dry matter yield and voluntary intake of silage according to growth stage of Sorghum$\times$sudangrass(SSH) hybrid in mono-cropping and inter-cropping(C; com, T1; cutting of SSH at milk stage. T2; cutting of SSH at dough stage, T3; cutting of SSH at yellow ripe stage, T4; cutting of SSH and soybean at milk stage, T5; cutting of SSH and soybean at dough stage, T6: cutting of SSH and soybean at yellow ripe stage). Results obtained from these experiments are as follows; Plant length and leaf length of SSH(T2, T3, T4. T5 and T6)) were higher than C. T1 treatment was lower than it. C showed $2.3\~2.9$ times higher stem diameter as 29.5mm compare to SSH(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6). soybean(T4, T5 and T6) was lower in $4.3\~5.4$ times. But SSH of inter-cropping treatment(T4, T5 and T6) showed highly comparing with mono-cropping(T1, T2 and T3) at the same maturity. Leaf rate and stem hardness of SSH(T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6) were lower than C. The fresh yield was high line with T2(72,320kg/ha), T1(69,103kg/ha), T3(68,333kg/ha) and C(57,988kg/ha), dry matter yield was high in line with T3(22.413kg/ha), T2(21,479kg/ha), C(19,252kg/ha) and T6(18,175kg/ha), (P<0.05). Protein dry matter yield was higher in T3(1,434kg/ha), C(1,386kg/ha)T5 and T6(1,345kg/ha) it was lower in T1(872kg/ha), (P<0.05). Crude protein of silage of T4 and T5 was higher than C, T2 and T3 were lower than it(P<0.05), while NDF content was not different. ADF content of T6 was higher than those of the other treatment. The highest hemi-cellulose among treatments was shown in T1 whereas T6 showed the lowest. Fresh intake of silge was 160.4, 155.8, 168.7, 172.9, 132.9, 158.7 and 185.2 g/BW for C, T1, T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, respectively. Dry matter intake was high in line with T6(60.3g), C(153.8g), T3(53.6g), T5(47.8g), T2(46.8g), T4(35.2g) and T1(34.48g/BW), (P<0.05). Crude protein intake was high in line with T6(3.9g), T5(3.4g), C(3.4g), T2(2.9g), T3(2.9g), T4(2.6g) and T1(2.3g/BW), (P<0.05). As mentioned above the results, mono-cropping(T3) and inter-cropping(T5 and T6) could be recommended as increasing method of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid silage utilization when silage intake of dry matter and crude protein were considered.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.150-158
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• 2016

본 연구는 최근 개발되어 국내에 보급하고 있는 Teosinte 품종인 극동 6호의 생육특성, 수량성 및 사료가치를 평가하여, Teosinte 신품종 재배 및 이용을 위한 기초자료로 활용하고자 실시하였다. 실험설계는 옥수수(T1)와 수수${\times}$수단그라스 교잡종(T2)을 대조구로 하고 Teosinte 신품종인 극동 6호(T3)를 처리구로 한, 3처리 3반복 난괴법으로 배치하여 실시하였다. 초장은 T2구가 가장 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 엽폭, 엽수, 경의 굵기, 경경도, 건물수량은 T1구가 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05), 그리고 엽장, 분얼수, 생초수량은 T3구가 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 조단백질과 조회분은 T3구가 가장 높게 나타났으며(p<0.05), 조지방은 T1구가 가장 높았으며(p<0.05), ADF와 NDF에서는 T2구가 가장 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). Brix degree를 비롯하여 Fructose, Glucose, Dextran, Isomerose, Inverted sugar와 같은 당 종류별 함량에 있어서는 T2 > T3 > T1구 순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 총 무기물 함량은 T3 > T2 > T1구 순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 사일리지에 있어서 pH는 T1구가 3.82로 가장 높았으며 lactate 함량은 T3 > T2 > T1구 순으로 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 청예작물에 대한 기호성은 한우에서는 T1 > T3 > T2구 순으로 나타났고, 꽃사슴에서는 T3 > T1 > T2구 순으로 나타났으며 재래염소에서는 T1 > T2 > T3구 순으로 높게 나타났다. 그러고 사일리지를 제조하여 급여시 기호성을 보게 되면 한우, 꽃사슴, 재래염소에서 T1 > T3 > T2구 순으로 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 Teosinte 신품종인 극동 6호는 대조 작물에 비하여 경이 부드럽고, 엽수가 많아 단백질 함량이 높았지만, 기호성은 사일리지용 옥수수 보다는 떨어지고, 수수${\times}$수단그라스 교잡종 보다는 높은 특징을 가지고 있다. 특히 높은 수분함량으로 인하여 건물수량은 적지만 생초 수량이 높아 청예용으로 유리한 작물로 생각 된다. 그러나 Teosinte 신품종인 극동 6호에 대한 파종시기, 재식밀도, 비료량 및 수확시기 등에 체계적인 재배 방법에 대한 규명이 이루어진 후 Teosinte 신품종인 극동 6호에 대한 정확한 평가가 이루어지는 것이 바람직할 것이다.