• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.39-46
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• 2012

In Korea, the leaves of Sonchus brachyotus (Compositae), an edible mountainous vegetable, are traditionally used to treat hepatitis and hemorrhage and are known to have diuretic action. The aqueous ethanolic extract of this plant was selected in our screening experiment using the peroxynitrite ($ONO_2^-$)-scavenging assay, and the present study was performed to qualitatively and quantitatively identify the active compounds from S. brachyotus and validate the present high-permormance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with ultraviolet absorption detection method based on accuracy, precision and repeatability. Five phenolic substances including the main compound, luteolin $7-O-{\beta}-D$-glucuronopyranoside, as well as chlorogenic acid, luteolin 7-O-rutinoside, luteolin $7-O-{\beta}-D$-glucopyranoside, and luteolin, were found in the aqueous ethanolic extract of S. brachyotus. In the HPLC validation experiment, the linearity of the four compounds was established by $R^2$ values of more than 0.999 within the test ranges, and the recovery rate ranged from 98.2 - 105.3%. Luteolin 7-O-glucuronide was a predominant compound (143 mg/g of extract and 18.3 mg/g of the dry weight of plant material) with a potent peroxynitrite-scavenging effect ($IC_{50}$, $1.02{\pm}0.08{\mu}M$). Luteolin and its three glycosides together with chlorogenic acid were qualitatively and quantitatively determined using an HPLC method validated in the present study.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.428-436
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to isolate and identify secondary metabolites from Sonchus brachyotus and evaluate their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we isolated three flavonoids from a 70% EtOH extract by Medium Pressure Liquid Chromatography (MPLC) and prep-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). To evaluate the biological activities (antioxidant and anti-inflammatory) of these flavonoids, their in vitro inhibitory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, nitric oxide (NO) production, and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) secretion were determined. We successfully identified three flavonoids, namely luteolin (1), luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2), and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide (3) by spectral analyses. Luteolin (1) at 20 ㎍/mL inhibited ROS generation, NO production, and PGE₂ secretion by 48.6%, 61.28% and 12.10%, respectively, and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) inhibited NO and PGE₂ generation by 67.03% and 20.82%, respectively. Luteolin (1) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) showed similar anti-inflammatory activities; however, luteolin (1) was observed to be a stronger antioxidant. Besides antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, S. brachyotus extract containing luteolin (1) and luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucoside (2) is considered to possess diverse biological activities. The results indicate that S. brachyotus is an edible medicinal plant, which is believed to be significant resource of functional foods.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.40-46
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• 2018

The aim of this study was to measure and compare polyphenol content, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activity of six halophytes (Limonium tetragonum, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda japonica, Salicornia europaea, Triglochin maritimum, and Sonchus brachyotus). Depending on the total polyphenol content, the plants were categorized into two groups: (1) a high total polyphenol content group that included L. tetragonum, S. brachyotus, and S. europaea, and, (2) a low total polyphenol content group consisting of S. glauca, T. maritima, and S. japonica. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assays, and by measuring ROS. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by measuring NO and $PGE_2$. L. tetragonum and S. brachyotus, that have high polyphenol content, also showed strong antioxidant activity. In addition, L. tetragonum, S. brachyotus, and S. europaea showed good anti-inflammatory activity. Consequently, the total polyphenol content was thought to be related to antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. Therefore, S. brachyotus and L. tetragonum are good candidates for use in pharmaceuticals and functional foods.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1990

For reaserching the factors of plants micro-distribution, accumulation of 5 minerals-total-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and calcium-for 19 plant species was investigated in reclaimed land, in western coast of Korea, In the five minerals, sodium contents were quite different among the species. Plant species were divided into 4 groups based on the sodium accumulation and accumulation site in plant tissue: Na accumultion type above-ground part>below-ground part : Triglochin maritimum, Chenopodium virgatum, Atriplex subcordata, Salicornia herbacea, Suaeda japonica, suaeda asparagoides, Limonium tetragonum, Aster tripolium, Artemisia scoparia, Sonchus brachyotus above-ground partbelow-ground part : Zoysia sinica, amagrostis epigeiosa bove-ground part

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 1985

Aboveground net productions of four stands in the coastal salt marsh of Incheon were estimated with three different methods: first method was to measure peak live standing crop; second to measure both live and dead standing crops; thrid to measure live and dead standing crops and dead disappearance as well. Net productions estimated by the first method were lowest with a difference of 28~50% from those by the third method. Whereas estimates by the second method approximated considerably to those by the third method with a difference of 4~15%. The third method figured out the highest values and seemed to be most appropriate in estimating net production of herbaceous community. Form these results it is known that live standing crop, dead standing crop and dead disappearance respectively accounted for about 60, 30, 10% of net production estimated by the third method. Annual net productions estimated by the third method for Suaeda japonica-Salicornia herbacea, Artemisia scoparia-Limonium tetragonum, Calamagrostis epigeios, and Sonchus brachyotus-Setaria viridis stand were 650, 1, 080, 1, 409 and 1, 126 g.$m^{-2}.yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.447-453
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• 2009

Vegetation distribution and soil salinity were surveyed on the conservation plot in the Daeho reclaimed tidal land, in where the plants species distribution was more various than a periodically inundated tidal flat and the early stage of reclamation. According to the soil salinity where the vegetation patches were occurred, the mono patches of Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, and Suaeda glauca were distributed in the average range of 31.05 dS/m in soil salinity, the mixed patches of them were distributed in the average range of 42.75 dS/m. Therefore, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, and Suaeda glauca showed strong salt tolerance. The mono patches of Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachyotus, and Scirpus planiculm were distributed in the range of 11.73 dS/m in soil salinity, and the mixed patches were distributed in the average range of 9.43 dS/m. Therefore Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachyotus, and Scirpus planiculmis showed moderate salt tolerance. The mono patches of Imperata cylindrica, Trifolium pratense, Miscanthus sinensis, Setaria viridis, and Trisetum bifidum were distributed in the range of 2.42 dS/m in soil salinity. These species showed characteristics of glycophytes with weak salt tolerance. The distribution of vegetation patches was influenced by the soil salinity as pioneer halophytes patches occurred at higher soil salinity zone than facultative halophytes patches, glycophytes patches occurred at lower soil salinity zone than facultative halophytes. These results suggested that occurrence of plant species and plant distribution type might be useful index to evaluate the soil salinity and desalinization in the reclaimed land of the midwest coastal area of Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.26 no.4 s.87
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• pp.562-573
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• 1998

The symbiotic activities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) by analyzing spore density, symbiosis intensity and vertical distribution of AMF spores, phytomasses of higher plants such as Calamagrostis epigeios, Imperata cylindrica, Artemisia scoparia, Aster tripolium and Sonchus brachyotus, and physico-chemical properties of soil were determined in the rhizospheres of higher plants in abandoned two coastal reclaimed lands, which were constructed in 12 and 30 years ago, respectively. Vertical distribution of the AMF spores in the rhizospheres of higher plants was restricted within 20 cm depth from soil surface, which would be closely related with vertical distribution of root system, water table and soil aeration. Of vertical distribution of soil properties, W.C., A-P and K concentrations were increased as soil depth was lowered. In the coastal reclaimed lands, symbiotic activities of the AMF such as spore density and symbiotic intensity, were conspicuously stimulated by the increase of soil pH value, organic matter and total nitrogen concentrations, but inhibited by the increase of moisture, available phosphorus and sodium concentrations in the rhizosphere soil. Phosphorus absorption by higher plants growing in the reclaimed lands increased by the rise of symbiotic activities of AMF. Since symbiotic activities of AMF were stimulated with decreasing soil phosphorus concentrations, higher plants associated with AMF absorbed a large amount of phosphorus from the soil is low phosphorus concentrations.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.394-409
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• 1994

The symbiotic activities of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) such as spore density, symbiotic intensity and vesicle density, phytomasses of higher plants such as Calamagrostis epigeios, Imperata cylindria, Artemisia scoparia, Aster tripolium and Sonchus brachyotus and seasonal change of the AMF activities, electric conductivity and zinc contents in plant and soil were determined in the rhizospheres of higher plants at abandoned old coastal reclaimed lands, where constructed in 12 and 30 years ago. If plants of reclaimed land classified to salinity, symbiotic activities of AMF were high in order of obligate halophyte, facultative halophyte and glycophyte. Also, those plants classified to life form, symbiotic activities of AMF were high in order of annual, biennial and perennial plants. Seasonal variation of spore density, one of symbiotic activities showed that the plateau density maintained continuously from the end of growing season of the higher plants to next spring. For this reason, it regarded that reproduction of AMF spore would be formed in autumn, when the higher plants will be developed. Seasonal change of symbiosis intensity, other symbiotic activities, however, showed that the highest symbiosis intensity occurred in spring and summer but the lowest in autumn. In relationships among symbiotic activities, spore density was directry proportional increase of symbiosis intensity. Moreover, phytomass of higher plants also was directly proportional to increase the spore density as well as symbiosis intensity. Vesicle density, however, did not any correlation with the phytomass, spore density and symbiosis intensity. From these results, it can know that both spore density and symbiosis intensity are strongly possible to use as the measure of symbiotic activity owing to symbiosis of tho-AMF, the more absorption of zinc by the higher plants carried out the less concentration of zinc in the soil.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.289-300
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• 2009

Flora distribution was surveyed in the newly reclaimed tidal flats in the west coastal area in Korea to understand changes in flora dynamics after reclamation. The surveyed reclaimed tidal flats were the newly reclaimed tidal flat in Hangdam, the mid Kyonggi Bay in 2002, and three reclaimed lands in Seukmun and Daeho, Chungnam, and Hangdam in Kyonggi Bay, of which reclamation years based on embankment were 7, 9 and 18 years, respectively. In the newly reclaimed tidal flat, the dominant flora was Suaeda japonica and other florae were rare, while various halophytes and glycophytes were distributed in the reclaimed lands. On the newly reclaimed tidal flat, four species of halophytic pioneer florae, Salicornia europaea, Suaeda glauca, Suaeda japonica, and Suaeda maritime occurred, and along with age facultative halophyte and glycophyte occurred sequently. On the reclaimed lands, the florae were more complex with various facultative halophyte and glycophyte, so these were predominated rather than pioneer halophyte, while one of pioneer halophyte that Suaeda japonica was not occurred. Increasing of various facultative halophyte and glycophyte, and decreasing of pioneer halophyte indicated that flora changed toward to increase of facultative halophyte and glycophyte by aged after reclamation. On the newly reclaimed tidal flat the ratio of flora species changed rapidly with the invasion of plant. This implied that the flora had begun to change in the early stage of reclamation. Facultative halophyte and glycophyte started to increase on the early stage of reclamation but relative density and frequency of pioneer halophyte was higher than facultative halophyte and glycophyte. According to the investigation up to 3 years after reclamation, pioneer halophyte predominated on it. Although flora changed, there were common representative halophytes among the reclaimed tidal flats: Salicornia europaea, Suaeda maritima, and Suaeda glauca as pioneer halophyte, Aster tripolium, Sonchus brachyotus, and Phragmites communis as facultative halophytes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.79-86
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• 2003

This research was conducted to present reference data to be used as newly reclaimed tidal land management. We investigated vegetation succession at 4 reclaimed/reclaiming project areas and discussed relationship with soil and vegetation trhrough investigation and analysis soil chemical characteristics at 2 areas. 14 families 58 kinds were investigated. Vegetation were variou at Dea-Ho conservation polt and Seok-Mun National Industrial Area which are maintaining naturally. Vegetation were simple at Hong-Bo and Dongjin and MinKyong river areas which effected sea water. Common species that were investigated at 9 sites were Suaeda asparagoides, Aster tripolium, Phragmites australis, Suaeda maritima, Suaeda japonica, Carex scabrifolis. As soil desalinization progressing, soil classified at first saline-soidc soil, the nest saline soil and then normal soil. Chenopodiaceae revealed at about 30 dS/m of soil ECe and existed to 10 dS/m of soil ECe. At about 20 dS/m of soil ECe. Aster tripolium, Calamagrostis epigeios, and Sonchus brachyotus revealed and then non-halophytes and common plants at inland revealed at low soil ECe of about 10 dS/m. However it was not to progress vegetation sucdession and soil desalinization at the same time, owing to input of seeds or plants ect from out-ecosystem. So for promotion of vegetation at newly reclaimed tidal land, we proposed that it was very effective to plant artificially halophytes or suitable species through soil test.