• Speech Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.59-72
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• 2000

Vocal tract resonances are of paramount importance to voice sounds. Resonance frequencies determine vowel quality and the personal voice timber. The aim of this study was to make an effective diction program according to tuning formant frequencies by adjusting the vocal tract shape in professional voice users. Twelve male student singers and eleven female student singers participated in this study. The subjects repeated five simple vowels /a, e, i, o, u/ in normal speech and singing. The spoken vowels and sung vowels were measured by formant frequencies and the singer's formant frequencies using CSL and DSP Sona-Graph. Separately, Plot formants program was used to draw the vowel chart. The results were as follows. (1) Total formant frequencies of female singers were 11% higher than those of males singers in singing. (2) The F1 and F3 of sung vowels increased compared to F1 and F3 spoken vowels. However, The F2 of sung vowels decreased in comparison with F2 of spoken vowels. (3) Posterior vowel /u/ were moved anteriorly. This phenomenon seemed to be due to head voice singing training. (4) Singer's formant frequencies in student singers appeared according to the part: 2560 Hz for baritone, 2760 Hz for Tenor, 2821 Hz for Mezzo soprano and 3420 Hz for soprano.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1660-1669
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• 2014

Partial discharge (PD) detection plays a major role in the life time assessment of liquid insulation in power transformers. Many research works are being carried out to replace conventional mineral oil insulation in transformers by vegetable oils. It is necessary to understand the PD characteristics of vegetable oils before recommending them as an alternate for mineral oil. In this paper, the breakdown strength and PD characteristics of palm and corn oil were investigated in both unaged and thermally aged conditions. Laboratory experiments were performed as per IEC test procedures. PD signals were measured using wide band detection system. Phase resolved PD pattern of vegetable oils and mineral oil were compared. Effect of increase in voltage stress on the PD pattern of palm and corn oil were studied. Time and frequency domain analysis of PD pulses at needle-plane electrode configuration was carried out. Statistical analysis of PD pattern i.e. skewness and shape parameter variations with respect to applied thermal stress were also carried out. From the results, it is observed that palm and corn oils have better breakdown strength and PD characteristics even under long-term thermal stress and hence they can be used for power transformer applications.

• Journal of Electrical Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.1677-1685
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• 2014

Major problem in the high voltage power transmission line is the flashover due to polluted ceramic insulators which leads to failure of equipments, catastrophic fires and power outages. This paper deals with the development of a better diagnostic tool to predict the flashover and pollution severity of power transmission line insulators based on the wavelet transform and fuzzy c-means clustering approach. In this work, laboratory experiments were carried out on power transmission line porcelain insulators under AC voltages at different pollution conditions and corresponding leakage current patterns were measured. Discrete wavelet transform technique is employed to extract important features of leakage current signals. Variation of leakage current magnitude and distortion ratio at different pollution levels were analyzed. Fuzzy c-means algorithm is used to cluster the extracted features of the leakage current data. Test results clearly show that the flashover and pollution severity of power transmission line insulators can be effectively realized through fuzzy clustering technique and it will be useful to carry out preventive maintenance work.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.85-94
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• 2019

Purpose: This study presents methodological research that aimed to verify the content validity, construct validity, reliability, and criterion-related validity of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (CAPI), originally developed by Milner and then translated into Korean by Ahn. Methods: Data used in this study were collected from 209 mothers of infants, toddlers, and children of preschool age in D metropolitan city. The collected data were analyzed using SPSS version 24. Results: The Korean version of the Child Abuse Potential Inventory (K-CAPI) was developed by condensing 44 of the original 77 CAPI items. Four factors of K-CAPI were extracted using principal component analysis. These 4 factors-distress; problems with child, self, family, and others; unhappiness; rigidity-accounted for 54.01% of variance. The Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ was .96, the Guttman split-half coefficient was .88, and test-retest reliability was r=.86 (p<.001). Conclusion: The results of this study established the reliability and validity of the K-CAPI and found it to be an appropriate tool to evaluate mothers' potential to abuse their children.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.5357-5381
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• 2018

Cloud computing offers a wide range of on-demand resources over the internet. Utility-based resource allocation in cloud data centers significantly increases the number of cloud users. Heavy usage of cloud data center encounters many problems such as sacrificing system performance, increasing operational cost and high-energy consumption. Therefore, the result of the system damages the environment extremely due to heavy carbon (CO2) emission. However, dynamic allocation of energy-efficient resources in cloud data centers overcomes these problems. In this paper, we have proposed Energy and Service Level Agreement (SLA) Aware Resource Allocation Heuristic Algorithms. These algorithms are essential for reducing power consumption and SLA violation without diminishing the performance and Quality-of-Service (QoS) in cloud data centers. Our proposed model is organized as follows: a) SLA violation detection model is used to prevent Virtual Machines (VMs) from overloaded and underloaded host usage; b) for reducing power consumption of VMs, we have introduced Enhanced minPower and maxUtilization (EMPMU) VM migration policy; and c) efficient utilization of cloud resources and VM placement are achieved using SLA-aware Modified Best Fit Decreasing (MBFD) algorithm. We have validated our test results using CloudSim toolkit 3.0.3. Finally, experimental results have shown better resource utilization, reduced energy consumption and SLA violation in heterogeneous dynamic cloud environment.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2453-2457
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• 2016

Background: Dysregulation of HSP90 gene expression is known to take place in breast cancer. Here we used D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid-polyethylene glycol-17-dimethylaminoethylamino-17-demethoxy geldanamycin (PLGA-PEG-17DMAG) complexes and free 17-DMAG to inhibit the expression of HSP90 gene in the T47D breast cancer cell line. The purpose was to determine whether nanoencapsulating 17DMAG improves the anti-cancer effects as compared to free 17DMAG. Materials and Methods: The T47D breast cancer cell line was grown in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS. Encapsulation of 17DMAG was conducted through a double emulsion method and properties of copolymers were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Assessment of drug cytotoxicity was by MTT assay. After treatment of T47D cells with a given amount of drug, RNA was extracted and cDNA was synthesized. In order to assess HSP90 gene expression, real-time PCR was performed. Results: Taking into account drug load, IC50 was significant decreased in nanocapsulated 17DMAG in comparison with free 17DMAG. This finding was associated with decrease of HSP90 gene expression. Conclusions: PLGA-PEG-17DMAG complexes can be more effective than free 17DMAG in down-regulating of HSP90 expression, at the saesm time exerting more potent cytotoxic effects. Therefore, PLGA-PEG could be a superior carrier for this type of hydrophobic agent.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.276-283
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• 2016

The goal of this study was to evaluate the effect of effluents from conventional activated sludge (CAS) and biological nutrient removal (BNR) processes on algal bloom in receiving waters. We made multiple effluent sampling from one CAS and two BNR facilities, characterized their effluents, and conducted bioassay using river and ocean water. The bioassay results showed that CAS effluents brought similar productivity in both river and ocean water, while BNR effluents were more reactive and productive in ocean water. Unexpectedly, nitrogen-based biomass yields in ocean water were up to six times larger for BNR effluents than CAS effluent. These results indicated that nitrogen in BNR effluents, although its total concentration is lower than that of CAS effluent, is more reactive and productive in ocean water. The ocean water bioassay further revealed that effluents of BNR and CAS led to considerably different phytoplankton community, indicating that different characteristics of effluents could also result in different types of algal bloom in receiving waters. The present study suggests that effects of upgrading CAS to BNR processes on algal bloom in receiving waters, especially in estuary and ocean, should be further examined.

• Proceedings of the KSPS conference
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.71-73
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• 2007

The Purpose of the study is to give Korean-English leaners better knowledge on vowel sounds in their learning English. The traditional description of the cardinal vowel system developed by Daniel Johns in 1917 is not enough to provide English learners with clear ideas in producing native like vowel sounds. For the reason, three Korean-native subjects, one male, one female and one child are chosen to produce 7 cardinal vowels and compare them with native English and American speaker's vowel sounds. The difference of produced vowels sounds is quantified and visualized by employing Sona-match program. The results have been fairly remarkable. Firstly, Korean-English learner's vowel sounds are articulated differently from their intention of vowel production. Secondly, the tongue positions of Koreans are placed slightly more down and forward to the lips than those of English and Americans. However, the front vowel /i/ sound is quite close to English and Americans. Lastly the mid-vowel /${\partial}$/ sound is not produced in any articulations of Korean-native speakers. It is thought that the mid vowel, /${\partial}$/ is a type of a weak sound regarded as 'schwa' which needs a great deal of exposure to the language to acquire a physical skill of articulation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.8
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• pp.4815-4818
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• 2013

Background: Atrophic epithelium of cervix sampled from postmenopausal women may mimic high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia in Papanicolaou-stained (Pap) smears. Ki-67 (MIB-1) protein presents on proliferating cells, and percentage of cells with positive nuclei provides a reliable tool for rapid evaluation of the growth fraction. The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of protein Ki67 staining in atypical pap smears of postmenopausal women. Methods: In a case-control setting, pap smears of 75 women with an atypical pap smear (case group) and 75 with normal pap smears (controls) were obtained before and after estrogen treatment. Afterward, samples were exposed to the monoclonal antibody Ki-67 (MIB-1) and the immunohistochemically demonstrated Ki-67+ cells were compared. Results: Mean ages of cases and controls were $60.4{\pm}4.5$ and $59.9{\pm}4.3$ years respectively (P=0.50). There was one (2.7%) positive Ki-67 specimen in the case group, without any positive Ki-67 specimen in the control group (P=0.50). Conclusions: Measurement of proliferative activity index in Pap smears restrained with MIB1 is a simple, reliable, and cost-effective method for excluding negatives. This would imply that it might allow a substantial reduction of diagnostic estrogen courses and subsequent Pap smears in postmenopausal women with atypical findings.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.62-69
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum vitamin E levels and the risk of allergic rhinitis among Koreans. This study is a secondary data analysis using big data from the seventh Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES VII-3), which was conducted in 2018. Complex-sample descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA and odds ratio were used for data analysis in SPSS 25. The average serum vitamin E level among Koreans aged above 10 was 12.60 mg/L, and 15.9% had been diagnosed with of allergic rhinitis by a doctor. Lower serum vitamin E levels were significantly associated with the prevalence of allergic rhinitis (β=-0.05, p=.013). Therefore, efforts to prevent and manage allergic rhinitis among Koreans should incorporate regular monitoring of vitamin E level and ongoing research into antioxidants.