• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2021

This study was aimed to investigate the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Pseudomonas spp. isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples. A total of 50 (4.9%) Pseudomonas spp. was isolated from 1,023 samples, those collected between 2018 and 2021, derived from 110 dairy farms. The prevalence of the identified species of Pseudomonas isolates was as follows; P. aeruginosa (70.0%), P. fluorescens (14.0%), P. putida (10.0%), P. fragi (4.0%), and P. chlororaphis (2.0%). Most of somatic cell counts in the quarter milk carrying Pseudomonas spp. were less than 3,000,000 cell/ml (90.0%). The isolates of Pseudomonas spp. showed high susceptibility to cefepime (98.0%), ciprofloxacin (98.0%), ceftazidime (96.0%), and colistin (96.0%). The rate of antibiotic resistance in the isolates was highest to ceftiofur (92.0%), followed by the resistance rate to chloramphenicol (86.0%) and trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole (80.0%). In addition, there is a remarkable difference in antimicrobial resistance pattern among Pseudomonas species. P. aeruginosa and P. putida showed a similar resistance pattern, whereas P. fluorescens showed exceptionally lower resistance to trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole and chloramphenicol than that of the other species. This study showed that prevalence of Pseudomonas spp. other than P. aeruginosa were 30.0% in bovine mastitis milk, and the occurrence rate of antibiotic resistance were similar or higher level, compared with the previous reports on the mastitisderived Pseudomonas spp. isolated in Korea.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.318-321
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• 2005

Forty- nine quarters from 24 lactating cows with chronic mastitis were selected. The cows were raised on dairy farms in Gongju, Jochiwon and Yeongi in Chungnam province, and Iksan in Jeonbuk province, Korea. The 49 quarters with bovine mastitis were divided into control (7 quarters) and experimental (42 quarters) groups. The experimental quarters were assigned to experimental group A (10 quarters, somatic cell count: $50-100\times10^4/ml)$, experimental group B (14 quarters, somatic cells count: $100-300{\times}10^4/ml)$, and experimental group C (18 quarters, somatic cells count: $>300\times10^4/ml$), according to the number of the somatic cells in their milk. The quarters of control group were treated with norfloxacin ointment (10 g/tube) based on the result of sensitivity, twice a day for 3 days. The quarters or experimental groups were infused 10ml or ozonated oils twice a day for 3 days. After treatment, the milk of the control group contained non-significantly lower numbers of somatic cells and bacteria on day 7, compared with pretreatment levels. Experimental groups A, B and C had lower somatic and bacterial cells in their milk on day 7, compared with pretreatment levels. Experimental group B and C had significantly lower numbers of somatic cells in their milk ell day 7 than before treatment (p<0.01). However, no significant difference in somatic cell numbers was detected between the control alld experimental groups. It was concluded that ozone therapy with ozonated oil applied on bovine mastitis might be effective.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2005

The objective of this study was to estimate the effects of daily milk yield, somatic cell count(SCC), days in milk(DIM), and parity on the compositions of milk and blood in high or low producing dairy cows. To divide the high or low producing group, there were some restrictions in this study. 235 Holstein dairy cows had a average daily milk yield of 23.2 $\pm$ 6.8 kg were grouped into two classes with low producing(average daily milk 17kg) or high producing(average daily milk 29 kg). The other restrictions were two parities(first and second parity), two SCC groups(under $l{\times}10^5$cells/ml, and $l{\times}10^5$ to $7{\times}10^5$ celis/ml), and three DIM groups(under 80, 81 to 180, and 181 to 305DIM). The blood urea nitrogen(BUN), milk urea nitrogen(MUN) and glucose between two group with high and low somatic cell count were not affected by parity, DIM and SCC. But there were significantly different on BUN and glucose between high and low milk producing(p< 0.01), also was different on glucose between parities(p < 0.05). White blood cell(WBC) and lymphocyte were affected(p< 0.05) by SCC level, protein percent was also affected by DIM(p< 0.01). The least square means of protein in second parity was a 1.3 times higher than that in first parity(p < 0.05), and it showed a higher level in the low producing group than the high producing group(p < 0.0l). WBC and lymphocyte were lower in the $1{\sim}7{\times}10^5$ celis/ml than those under $1{\times}10^5$ celis/ml(p< 0.05). Neutrophil was a higher level in first parity than that in second parity(p < 0.05). Only protein and total solid were affected by parity, the other compositions were not affected by parity, DIM, SCC and milk yields. The results suggested that significant differences were in the blood components such as glucose, WBC, lymphocyte and neutrophil between high and low producing cows. The results also show that more studies are required to clarify the factors and markers related to milk yield, quality and mastitis.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.566-572
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• 2001

체세포 수는 유우유선염증의 측정에 일반적으로 수용되었다. 염증에 대단히 중요한 유방염은 미생물의 존재 또는 유선에 감염된 것이 원인이 된다. 세계의 현대 낙농생산국 들은 SCC는 사람소비가 확대되는 우유 질과 안전성 측정에 유용하다라는 것에 동의한다. 그리고 거의 모든 나라들은 상한 이상을 이룩하였고, 우유는 가공공장에 운반하지 않거나 상한 이상은 현금으로 벌을 취한다. SCC는 우유와 유제품의 국제무역에서 지레 대(leverage)의 힘으로 또한 작용한다. 현재 SCC에 관련된 국제표준은 없다. 그러나 Codex표준과 같은 국제표준은 소비자를 도와 줄 것이다. 그리고 이들에 대한 것을 우유와 유제품국제무역에 포함 시키는 것이다. 많은 것을 낙농목장 내 유방염관리와 낮은 SCC우유생산에서 배웠다. 그리고 우리 지식의 현재상태는 400,000 초과 세계표준은 적절할 수가 없다는 것을 제시하였다. 낙농생산국들은 우유에 허용될 수 있는 염증산물의 수용량에 관하여 동의 되는 것이 필요하다. 염증산물은 현실적으로 SCC에 의한 것이 가장 좋은 측정이 된다 SCC에 대한 국제표준화 이익은 소비자와 낙농산업 양자에게 줄 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.93-104
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• 1997

The major economic health problem of dairy cattle is mastitis which can affect 10 to 50% of cow-quarters. This health problem is difficult for many dairy farmers and health advisors to understand, diagnose and control. Without special laboratory testing, most mastitis is overlooked. Estimates of annual mastitis cast per cow vary from $50 to $200. For the nearly 9 million cows in the United States, annual loss to the dairy industry amounts to over one billion. A knowledge-based decision aid has been developed to evaluate mastitis data retrieved electronically from two of nine U. S. regional dairy records processing centers. Heuristic rules to diagnose herd mastitis problems were collected and incorporated into the system from various domain experts. This system information. It allows users to select mastitis control schemes with various degrees of aggressiveness and teaches commonly accepted mastitis control practices.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.4104-4104
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• 2001

Milk somatic cell count (SCC) is a recognized indicator of cow health and milk quality. The potential of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy in the region from 1100 to 2500nm to measure SCC content of cow milk was investigated. A total of 196 milk samples from 7 Holstein cows were collected for 28 days, consecutively, and analyzed for fat, protein, lactose and SCC. Three of the cows were healthy, and the rest had mastitis periods during the experiment. NIR transflectance milk spectra were obtained by the InfraAlyzer 500 spectrophotometer in a wavelength range from 1100 to 2500 nm. The calibration for logSCC was performed using partial least square (PLS) regression and different spectral data pretreatment. The best accuracy of determination was found for equation, obtained using smoothed absorbance data and 10 PLS factors. The standard error of calibration was 0.361, calibration coefficient of multiple correlation 0.868, standard error of prediction for independent validation set of samples 0.382, correlation coefficient 0.854 and the variation coefficient 7.63%. The accuracy of logSCC determination by NIR spectroscopy would allow health screening of cows, and differentiation between healthy and mastitic milk samples. When the spectral information was studied it has been found that SCC determination by NIR milk spectra was indirect and based on the related changes in milk composition. In the case of mastitis, when the disease occurred, the most significant factors that simultaneously influenced milk spectra were alteration of milk proteins and changes in ionic concentration of milk.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.553-563
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• 2011

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of nattokinase (NK) additives on milk production and composition, and blood metabolites in dairy cows. The two kinds of nattokinase with high fibrinolytic activity were produced by two strains of bacteria, Bacillus amyloliquefacines (NK1) and Bacillus subtilis (NK2). Total fifteen Holstein cows (average $1.83{\pm}0.37$ parity; average milk yield $23.2{\pm}3.2$ kg/d) were randomly assigned to three treatments (5 animals per treatment). Cows were fed TMR supplemented with 0g, 100g and 100g for control, NK1 and NK2 treatment, respectively for 4 weeks. Milk yield was significantly higher (p<0.05) for NK1 (22.89 kg/d) than for control (21.07 kg/d) and NK2 (21.36 kg/d). Somatic cell counts in NK treatments were significantly lower than that in control group (58,000 vs. 21,000 and 35,000 cells/ml, control vs. NK1 and NK2). Serum ALT levels in all treatment were similar to the range of 32.00~35.83 IU/L, but AST levels in NK1 (85.67 IU/L) was significantly decreased compared with those in control and NK2 (121.67 and 117.67 IU/L respectively). Serum T-CHO levels in NK1 (145.33 mg/dl) was significantly decreased (p<0.05) compared with that in control (179.00 mg/dl) and NK2 (176.17 mg/dl). This finding showed that NK1 additives could possibly have a positive effect in lactation performance of mid-lactation dairy cows by increasing milk yield, reducing somatic cell count, improving liver function and decreasing cholesterol in blood.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 1998

The effects of chitosan on mastitis in lactating holstein cows were evaluated. Fifty six cows with intramammary infection(IMI) from nine farms were selected and the cows were fed with diets which contained 15~20g chitosan per day for 5~7 days. The milk samples were obtained from cows at 7 days and 14 days after administration to determine effect of the curing of mastitis and the reduction of somatic cell counts(SCC). The average value of SCC levels in quarter milk from the cows administrated with chitosan significantly decreased up to 31.8% and 47.7% at 7 and 14 days, respectively(P<0.05). The cure rates of chitosan for Stapylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative Staphylococci, Streptococci spp, other gram positive bacteria and coliforms were 30.4, 42.8, 33.3, 66.6 and 54.5 % respectively. Twenty three out of 64 cases were cured by feeding with chitosan. The results showed that administration of chitosan could reduce SCC in milk and improve cure rates of bovine mastitis caused by microorganisms. The further studies will be pursued to study on the mechanism of chitosan in the immune responses of cows with mastitis.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.272-277
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• 2014

This retrospective study evaluated the effect of somatic cell count (SCC) in milk during early lactation on reproductive performance in dairy cows. Data were collected on 774 cows from six dairy farms, including cow parity, dates of previous calving, artificial insemination, pregnancy diagnosis, incidence of postpartum endometritis, reproductive performance (the intervals from calving to first insemination and conception), milk production and SCC. Data on 774 lactations were grouped based on the average first 3 months postpartum linear somatic cell score (SCS) as T1 (< 3.0, n = 521), T2 (3.0 ${\leq}$ and < 4.0, n = 113), and T3 (${\geq}$ 4.0, n = 140) groups. The odds ratio (OR) for the probability of endometritis increased 1.6 (p < 0.05) and 3.2 times (p < 0.0001) in the T2 and T3 groups, respectively, compared with that in the T1 group. The hazard of first insemination by 150 days in milk (DIM) was lower in the T3 group (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.76, p < 0.01) than in the T1 group. First insemination conception rate did not differ among the 3 groups (28.7-34.2%, p > 0.05). The hazard of pregnancy by 365 DIM in the T3 group was lower (HR: 0.75, p < 0.05 respectively) than in the T1 and T2 groups. The SCS during 4 to 7 months postpartum differed (p < 0.0001) among the 3 groups. Farm and cow parity were important risk factors for higher SCS (${\geq}$ 4.0). Multiparous cows were more likely to have a higher SCS (OR: 2.26, p = 0.0005) compared with primiparous cows. In conclusion, higher SCS (${\geq}$ 4.0) during early lactation was associated with decreased reproductive performance of dairy cows.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.177-190
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• 2011

This study was conducted to determine effects of dietary herbaceous peat on in vitro fermentation and milk production in dairy cows. Ruminal pH, gas production, VFA (volatile fatty acid), Ammonia-N, and rumen degradability were examined by the addition of three times over 0, 1, and 5% herbaceous peat with substrate of timothy hay, and the change of rumen fermentation characteristics were evaluated. In 0, 3, 12 and 24 hours cultivation, all treatments did not show a significant difference but the control at 6 hours appeared significantly lower pH compared to 1 and 5% treatments (p<0.05). The gas production of the treatments significantly increased until 12 hours of cultivation compared to control (p<0.05), the rumen ammonia concentration showed a tendency to increase until 24 hours in all treatment groups, and there was no significant difference between treatments. About the rumen degradability, 5% treatment showed higher rumen degradability in all hours than control and 1% treatment (p<0.05). Meanwhile, for in vivo trial, 16 heads of Holstein lactation dairy cows were selected for experiment for four weeks in order to research the change of milk yield, milk compositions and change of somatic cell counts of lactation dairy cows by herbaceous peat feeding. The milk yield of vitamin C and herbaceous peat treatments (T3) was 25.0 kg but the control was 23.2 kg, herbaceous peat treatment (T1) was 23.1 kg, and vitamin C treatment (T2) was 23.4 kg, so there was linear increase effect of milk yield by T3. The partial significance of the milk (fat, milk protein, lactose, MUN and SNF) and change of somatic cell count before and after experiment by the control and treatments about change of milk and somatic cell counts (p<0.05) were recognized. About change of milk in the first half (1~2 weeks) and latter half (3~4 weeks) during four weeks of experiments period, the herbaceous peat supplement treatments showed a tendency of significant decrease of quality of milk protein and SNF. The control and treatments did not show significant change of blood nutrients (total protein, cholesterol, NEFA, BUN), liver function component (AST, GGT) and minerals (Ca, P, Mg) before and after experiment. In summary, it is judged that herbaceous peat feeding for lactation dairy cows would be recommendable based on the results of milk, somatic cell count physiologically.