• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1999.05a
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• pp.300-303
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• 1999

For the fast dry of the aqueous tape, the process which water was replaced by organic solvent was proposed. So-called, it was the solvent washing dry, Three organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, and acetone) were selected for the washing solvent. The weight loss of the washed tapes was measured to evaluate the dry rate of the tapes and dried tapes were examined the generation of the cracks with the variations of the organic solvent and the washing time. Methanol, ethanol, and acetone were all available organic solvents for this method. The tapes washed in methanol, ethanol, and acetone were dried rapidly for twenty minutes. After thirty minutes, the weight losses were not any more. The solvent of the lower surface tension can decreases the crack of dried tape. If solvent substitutes water completely, though it was fast dried, crack can be eliminated. The tape casting system was designed for the solvent washing dry and prepared. An homogeneous tape was established by continuous tape casting process.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.55-57
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• 2001

For the fast dry of the aqueous tape, the process which water was replaced by organic solvent was proposed. Socalled, it was the solvent washing dry. Three organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) were selected for the washing solvent. The weight loss of the washed tapes was measured to evaluate the dry rate of the tapes and dried tapes were examined the generation of the cracks with the variations of the organic solvent and the washing time. Methanol, ethanol and acetone were available organic solvents for this method. The tapes washed in methanol, ethanol and acetone were dried rapidly for twenty minutes. After thirty minutes, the weight losses were not found any more. The solvent of the lower surface tension can decreases the crack of dried tape. If solvent substitutes water completely, though it was fast dried, crack can be eliminated.

• The Korean Journal of Ceramics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.16-19
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• 2001

For the fast dry of the aqueous tape, the process which water was reaplaced by organic solvent was proposed. Socalled, it was the solvent washing dry. Three organic solvents (methanol, ethanol and acetone) were selected for the washing solvent. The weight loss of the washed tapes was measured to evaluate the dry rate of the tapes and dried tapes were examined the generation of the cracks with the variations of the organic solvent and the washing time. Methanol, ethanol and acetone were available organic solvents for this method. The tapes washed in methanol, ethanol and acetone were dried rapidly for twenty minutes. After thirty minutes, the weight losses were not found any more, The solvent of the lower surface tension can decreases the crack of dried tape. If solvent substitutes water completely, though it was fast dried, crack can be eliminated.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.10-16
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• 1994

A Study was performed in order to measure mixed organic solvent concentrations in air of painting operations during January 5-28, 1991. The mixed organic solvent concentrations were analyzed by the gas chromatography. The results were as follows: 1. The detection of organic solvent was highest in aromatic hydrocarbon(68%), and followed by aliphatic hydrocarbon (18%), and ketone (14%). 2. The detection of organic solvent by component category was highest in the grid class solvent (79.4%), and followed by the 3rd class solvent (20.6%). 3. Number of cases exceeding TLVS of mixed solvent level in air was highest on dipping operation (44%), and followed by spray operation (40%), dry and washing operation (33%), and adhensive operation (12%).

• Journal of Korea Soil Environment Society
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.99-107
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• 1997

In this study, a series of batch-scale tests were conducted to optimize the design parameters for the application of soil washing techniques to the hydrophobic organic compounds(HOCs)-contaminated soil and to find the effective methods for the recovery of surfactants from washing effluent by using solvent. Several nonionic surfactants (polyoxyethylene oleyl ester) and sophorolipid were applied to the artificially contaminated soil (4,000 mg n-dodecane/kg dry soil). The effects of washing time, concentration of surfactant solution, dilution ratio, and temperature on washing efficiencies were examined. Hydrophile-liphophile balance (HLB) number was proven to be one of the important parameters for soil washing. The HLB numbers of OA-5 and sophorolipid are too low to form a stable soil-water emulsion. They showed very low washing efficiencies less than 10e1o. If HLB number is in the proper range to form a stable soil-water emulsion, surfactant having higher solubility for HOCs shows higher washing efficiency. OA-14 having higher HLB number than OA-9 formed more stable soil-water emulsion. But its washing efficiency was about 20% due to a lower molar solubility ratio (MSR) than OA-9. OA-9, which forms a stable soil-water emulsion and has comparatively high sotubility for HOCs, showed about 60% washing efficiency by itself. To recover anthracene effectively from OA-9 washing effluent by using benzene as an organic solvent, desirable temperature and pH were $30^{\circ}C$ and 2, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.79-83
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• 1996

In this study, in attempt to develop a new application technique of discharge plasma, we employed a kind of discharging method called SPCP ( short for Surface discharge induced Plasma Chemical Process). Applications of SPCP have been widely used for years. Compact ozonizers to deodorize household equipments like refrigerators we a part of such applications. We took advantages of the compactness and durability of the SPCP electrode to set up an experimental apparatus for decompositing vapor of aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, benzene and xylenes, which are major substances given off In painting or washing processes and aggravate working conditions. Results obtained from this study are summarized as follows. 1) Aromatic hydrocarbon vapors of up to 2,000ppm were almost thoroughly decomposed at the flow rate of 4ℓ/min or lower under the discharge with electric power of 400 Watts. 2) In dry air, as the decomposition progresses, tar-like substance deposits on the discharging areas, which deteriorated the decomposition rate in the end. This substance, however, was almost thoroughly removed by keeping discharge in dry air containing no solvent vapor.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.12
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• pp.1776-1783
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• 2006

Despite being a rich source of protein (28-34%), karanj (Pongamia glabra) cake is found to be bitter in taste and toxic in nature owing to the presence of flavonoid (karanjin), tannin and trypsin inhibitor, thereby restricting its safe inclusion in poultry rations. Feeding of karanj cake at higher levels (>10%) adversely affected the growth performance of poultry due to the presence of these toxic factors. Therefore, efforts were made to detoxify karanj cake by various physico-chemical methods such as dry heat, water washing, pressure cooking, alkali and acid treatments and microbiological treatment with Sacchraromyces cerevisiae (strain S-49). The level of residual karanjin in raw and variously processed cake was quantified by high performance liquid chromatography and tannin and trypsin inhibitor was quantified by titrametric and colorimetric methods, respectively. The karanjin, tannin and trypsin inhibitor levels in such solvent and expeller pressed karanj cake were 0.132, 3.766 and 6.550 and 0.324, 3.172 and 8.513%, respectively. Pressure-cooking of solvent extracted karanj cake (SKC) substantially reduced the karanjin content at a cake:water ratio of 1:0.5 with 30-minute cooking. Among chemical methods, 1.5% (w/w) NaOH was very effective in reducing the karanjin content. $Ca(OH)_2$ treatment was also equally effective in karanjin reduction, but at a higher concentration of 3.0% (w/w). A similar trend was noticed with respect to treatment of expeller pressed karanj cake (EKC). Pressure cooking of EKC was effective in reducing the karanjin level of the cake. Among chemical methods alkali treatment [2% (w/w) NaOH] substantially reduced the karanjin levels of the cake. Other methods such as water washing, dry heat, HCl, glacial acetic acid, urea-ammoniation, combined acid and alkali, and microbiological treatments marginally reduced the karanjin concentration of SKC and EKC. Treatment of both SKC and EKC with 1.5% and 2.0% NaOH (w/w) was the most effective method in reducing the tannin content. Among the various methods of detoxification, dry heat, pressure cooking and microbiological treatment with Saccharomyces cerevisiae were substantially effective in reducing the trypsin inhibitor activity in both SKC and EKC. Based on reduction in karanjin, in addition to tannin and trypsin inhibitor activity, detoxification of SKC with either 1.5% NaOH or 3% $Ca(OH)_2$, w/w) and with 2% NaOH were more effective. Despite the effectiveness of pressure cooking in reducing the karanjin content, it could not be recommended for detoxification because of the practical difficulties in adopting the technology as well as for economic considerations.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.431-441
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• 2011

Microbial colorants produced from Zooshikella sp. were developed as a reddish dye for fabrics. The reddish colorants were extracted from cell mass of Zooshikella sp. using 100% ethanol and were identified as prodiginine by 1H-NMR and FT-IR analysis. Microbial prodiginine had a maximum spectrophotomatric absorbance at 530nm and were chemically stable and 30 to $60^{\circ}C$. The microbial prodiginine could dye natural fibers such as cotton, silk, and wool as well as synthetic fibers such as nylon. The maximum K/S values of the dyed fiber were shown at 540 run with a color appearance of RP (reddish purple). Silk and nylon had an excellent dyeability among the experimental fibers. The optimum pH for the dyeing of experimental fibers was at pH 3.0 and dyeability was improved as the temperature increased. The cover change of dyed multifiber fabrics with the microbial prodiginine were measured after washing with detergents and a dry cleaning solvent for the selection of a proper fabric against microbial prodiginine. Among the experimental fibers, silk and nylon did not show significant color change after washing. Therefore, under the criteria of dyeability, silk and nylon were excellent fabrics for being dyed by microbial prodiginine.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.82-90
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• 1997

This study was conducted to establish an ideal condition for obtaining maximum extraction efficiencies using an array of soil types and under a wide variety of conditions. Nine characteristic compounds were studied: benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, n-propylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, and n-butylbenzene which were found in gasoline. Increasing the moisture content resulted in decreased recovery, and recovery of hydrocarbons from wet soils was significantly lower than from dry soils. For the batch extraction process, 4 hours of extraction time was sufficient to give optimum recovery of the contaminants. With methanol as an extraction solvent, maximum recovery time appeared to be reached quicker for BTEX components than with 2-propanol. The 2 to 1 ratio of solvent/soil was chosen as a compromise to provide for the indicated minimum solvent use and high extraction efficiency. The 0.4 mg/g soil contamination was adequate to show quantitative recovery. The percent recovery of BTEX was concentration dependent more than the semivolatile compounds. Methanol and 2-propanol consistently gave higher efficiency than water. Methanol was superior to 2-propanol in removing contaminants from silty clay loam soil. Using the most efficient extraction procedure, the average recovery of the light hydrocarbons from the three soils was 66 percent. Recoveries were also dependent on soil type, solvent type, extraction time, solvent amount, contaminant concentration, and compounds volatility. This study provided a useful screening technique for procedures that can be used to remediate soils contaminated with light hydrocarbons.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.138-146
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• 2013

Chemical compositions and biological functions of brown colorants extracted from pine bark(Pinus densiflora) have been studied. Dyeing test using multifiber fabrics with extracted colorants were preliminary carried out. Dyeing conditions and fastness tests of selected fabrics have been also studied. The brown colorants were produced 1.5% concentrations by solvent extraction from milled pine bark using methanol. The colorants were extracted with 80% methanol as best choice by a criteria of solid quantity and dyeability on fabrics. The chemical compositions were identified as mixtures of taxifolin epicatechin and procyanidin by LC/MS analysis. The brown colorants could be dyed not only natural fibers such as cotton, silk and wool but also synthetic fiber as nylon and semi-synthetic fiber as viscose rayon. Maximum K/S values was shown at 400 nm according to different fiber with color appearance of redish brown. Optimum pH and temperature of dyeing conditions was 4 and above $80^{\circ}C$, respectively. The brown colorants had a strong antioxidant activity compared to Butylated hydroxyanisole as standard and weak antimicrobial activity against E. coli. compared to kanamycin. Washing, rubbing, perspiration, dry cleaning and light fastness for cotton, nylon and silk dyed with the brown colorants were carried out by KS K method. Most of color fastness such as washing, rubbing, perspiration, and dry cleaning were represented as 4-5 grade. However, light fastness was reported as 2-3 grade. From this studies, brown colorants produced pine bark have a high potentials for natural dyeing on fabrics with antioxidant activity.