• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.825-827
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• 2012

In this study, the variation in surface morphology of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) thin films treated with a flow of acetone vapor assisted by nitrogen carrier gas was investigated. The CuPc nanorods with similar dimensions were well dispersed throughout the whole film surfaces after ~20 min. of treatment. However, the electronic absorption spectra only changed slightly, which indicates that molecular stacking was not altered during treatment. This treating method is simple and more advantageous compared to other solvent treating technologies such as mixed solvent spray treatment using organic solvents and water since it requires relatively mild treating conditions and does not need the presence of water.

• Clean Technology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.275-280
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• 2008

In this study, we carry out economic and technical feasibility study for treatment process of waste solvent such as SD waste solution and stripper solution from LCD manufacturing process. Extensive screening work has been done for selecting the best extraction solvent. As a result, it is shown that $CHCl_3$ is the most adequate extraction solvent for separation and recovery of both SD waste solvent and stripper waste. Rigorous simulation study has been carried out for extraction process and distillation process as a candidate of waste solvent treatment. The result shows that the solvent extraction process is more beneficial than the simple distillation process.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.284-289
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• 1998

The effect of reaction condition, solvent addition and thermal treatment on the bulk density, crystallinity and chemical properties of the freeze-dried cefazohn sodium was inves tigated to prepare the cefazolin sodium powder for injection with good flowability. Crystalline cefazolin sodium powder with high untapped-bulk density (about 45%) and low compressibility (about 40%) was obtained by solvent addition to the very highly concentrated cefazohn sodium solution followed by subsequent thermal treatment before freeze-drying. The desirable solvent was low substituted alcohol such as isopropyl alcohol and anhydrous ethanol with the final concentration of about 9%. The pH adjustment and nitrogen gas purging during the reaction did not give significant effect on the chemical properties such as content, color, transmittance and pH of the reconstituted cefazolin sodium aqueous solution.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2012.02a
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• pp.276-276
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• 2012

The interface morphology of organic active layers is known to play a crucial role in the performance of organic photovoltaic (OPV) cells. Especially, a controlled nanostructure with a large contact area between electron donor (D) and acceptor (A) layers is necessary to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the cells since the short exciton diffusion lengths in organic semiconductors limit the charge (hole and electron) separation before excitons recombination. In this work, we developed simple solvent treating methods to fabricate a nanostructured DA interface and applied them to enhance the PCE of ZnPc/C60 based small molecule OPV cells. Interestingly, it was observed that the solvent treatment on the donor layer prior to the deposition of the acceptor layer resulted in a significant decrease in PCE, which was due to an existence of undesirable voids at the DA interface. Instead, the solvent vapor treatment after the DA bilayer formation led to densely packed and well dispersed DA contacts. Consequently, 3-fold enhancement of PCE as compared to the untreated bilayer cell was accomplished.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.8-16
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• 2003

Poly(trimethylene terephthalate)(PTT) fiber was pretreated with organic solvent/water solution of various compositions. The organic solvents used in this experiment were benzyl alcohol, n-buthanol, and N,N-dimethylformamide(DMF). Density of the fibers were investigated as a measure of crystallite region. The dye uptake increased in the order of pretreatment with hot water < untreated < 5% benzyl alcohol < 100% benzyl alcohol < 90% benzyl alcohol; hot water < untreated $\risingdotseq$ 5% butanol < 100% beutanol < 90% butanol; hot water $\risingdotseq$ 5% DMF < untreated < 90% DMF < 100% DMF. The dye uptake increases with increase of crystallinity. It seems likely that the recrystallization process during the pretreatment with organic solvent/water solutions leads to an increase in the microvoid and then a large increase in the dye uptake. Also the dyeing rate increased and the dyeing transition temperature decreased with the pretreatments. The results obtained are corresponds with the plasticization of the fiber structure formed during the pretreatrnent.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.718-722
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• 2015

Techniques for immobilizing effective enzymes on nanoparticles for stabilization of the activity of free enzymes have been developing as a pharmaceutical field. In this study, we examined the effect of three different pH conditions of phosphate buffer, as a dissolving solvent for lysosomal enzymes, on the direct immobilization of lysosomal enzymes extracted from Hen's egg white and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Titanium(IV) oxide (TiO₂) nanoparticles, which are extensively used in many research fields, were used in this study. The lysosomal enzymes immobilized on TiO₂ under each pH condition were evaluated to maintain the specific activity of lysosomal enzymes, so that we can determine the degree of melanin treatment in lysosomal enzymes immobilized on TiO₂. We found that the immobilization efficiency and melanin treatment activity in both lysosomal enzymes extracted from Hen's egg white and S. cerevisiae were the highest in an acidic condition of phosphate buffer (pH 4). However, the immobilization efficiency and melanin treatment activity were inversely proportional to the increase in pH under alkaline conditions. In addition, enhanced immobilization efficiency was shown in TiO₂ pretreated with a divalent, positively charged ion, Ca²⁺, and the melanin treatment activity of immobilized lysosomal enzymes on TiO₂ pretreated with Ca²⁺ was also increased. Therefore, this result suggests that the immobilization efficiency and melanin treatment activity of lysosomal enzymes can be enhanced according to the pH conditions of the dissolving solvent.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.42-43
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• 2011

Improvement of the photovoltaic efficiency via exposure of organic solar cells to solvent-vapor at room temperature is reported. Carbon disulfide ($CS_2$) vapor treatment can induce Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) self-organization into ordered structure leading to enhanced hole transport and light absorption. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the organic solar cells can be increased from 0.89 to 1.67% by solvent-vapor treatment.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.399-409
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• 2012

Effects of pretreatment and extraction conditions on total polyphenol yield from licorice root were investigated using statistical method. For pretreatment, heat treatment at $121^{\circ}C$ for 10 min was applied. Licorice root content in solvent (10, 20, and 30%) ethanol concentration (20, 40, and 60%) and reaction time (1, 2, and 3 h) were used as variables for extraction conditions. Two experiments, with heat treated and no treated licorice, were prepared with same experimental design. Box behnken design was employed and produced a total of 15 trials. Total polyphenol yield from licorice root was not affected by heat treatment. Among variables, licorice content in solvent showed most significant effect regardless of other variables (p<0.05). Finally, optimum conditions for the extraction of total polyphenol from licorice root was detected as following: 10% of licorice in solvent, 52% ethanol as solvent, 2 h of reaction time and non-heat treatment and the extraction yield from optimized condition was 17.6 mg/g licorice root.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.371-377
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• 2006

Nano porous, transparent silica aerogels monoliths were prepared under ambient drying (1 atm, $270^{\circ}C$) condition by the combination of sol-gel process and surface modification with subsequent heat treatment. Three kinds of solvent, n-hexane, n-heptane and xylene, were selected in the point view of low surface tension and vapor pressure in order to restrain a formation of cracks during drying. Crack-free silica aerogels with over 93 % of porosity and below $0.14g/cm^3$ of density were obtained by solvent exchange and surface modification under atmosphere condition. Optimum solvent was confirmed n-heptane among these solvents through estimation of FT-IR, TGA, BET and SEM. Modified silica aerogel exhibited a higher porosity and pore size compare to unmodified aerogels. Hydrophobicity was also controled by C-H and H-OH bonding state in the gel structure and heat treatment over $400^{\circ}C$ effects to the hydrophobicity due to oxidation of C-H radicals.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fashion and Beauty
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• v.3 no.3 s.3
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• pp.56-63
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• 2005

In the study of permanent waving method after mixing ample and permanent wave solvent in permanent wave the dyed humans hair are as follows; First, Permanent waving method after mixing ample and permanent wave solvent is that the better effective way in permanent wave the dyed humans hair because permanent waving cycle is constant and hair cuticle is glossy. Second, This study is not interpret in permanent wave dyed humans hair that tensile strength is effect of permanent waving method after mixing ample and permanent wave solvent. A extension degree is effect of permanent waving method after mixing ample and permanent wave solvent use indifferent ample treatment method. Third, Hair cuticle damages are a little permanent waving method after mixing ample and permanent wave solvent in permanent wave dyed humans hair.