• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2015

Retinyl palmitate (RP)-loaded pectinate micro- and nano-particles (PMP and PNP) were designed for stabilization of RP that is widely used as an anti-wrinkle agent in anti-aging cosmeceuticals. PMP/PNP were prepared with an ionotropic gelation method, and anti-oxidative activity of the particles was measured with a DPPH assay. The stability of RP in the particles along with pectin gel and ethanolic solution was then evaluated. In vitro release and skin permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells. Distribution of RP in each skin tissue (stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis) was also determined. PMP and PNP could be prepared with mean particle size diameters of $593{\sim}843{\mu}m$ (PMP) and 530 nm (i.e., $0.53{\mu}m$, PNP). Anti-oxidative activity of PNP was greater than PMP due largely to larger surface area available for PNP. The stability of RP in PMP and PNP was similar but much greater than RP in pectin bulk gels and ethanolic solution. PMP and PNP showed the abilities to constantly release RP and it could be permeated across the model artificial membrane and rat whole skin. RP was serially deposited throughout the skin layers. This study implies RP loaded PMP and PNP are expected to be advantageous for improved anti-wrinkle effects.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제54권8호
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• pp.3059-3072
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• 2022

A Jacobian-Free Newton Krylov Two-Nodal Coarse Mesh Finite Difference algorithm based on Nodal Expansion Method (NEM_TNCMFD_JFNK) is successfully developed and proposed to solve the three-dimensional (3D) and multi-group reactor physics models. In the NEM_TNCMFD_JFNK method, the efficient JFNK method with the Modified Incomplete LU (MILU) preconditioner is integrated and applied into the discrete systems of the NEM-based two-node CMFD method by constructing the residual functions of only the nodal average fluxes and the eigenvalue. All the nonlinear corrective nodal coupling coefficients are updated on the basis of two-nodal NEM formulation including the discontinuity factor in every few newton steps. All the expansion coefficients and interface currents of the two-node NEM need not be chosen as the solution variables to evaluate the residual functions of the NEM_TNCMFD_JFNK method, therefore, the NEM_TNCMFD_JFNK method can greatly reduce the number of solution variables and the computational cost compared with the JFNK based on the conventional NEM. Finally the NEM_TNCMFD_JFNK code is developed and then analyzed by simulating the representative PWR MOX/UO₂ core benchmark, the popular NEACRP 3D core benchmark and the complicated full-core pin-by-pin homogenous core model. Numerical solutions show that the proposed NEM_TNCMFD_JFNK method with the MILU preconditioner has the good numerical accuracy and can obtain higher computational efficiency than the NEM-based two-node CMFD algorithm with the power method in the outer iteration and the Krylov method using the MILU preconditioner in the inner iteration, which indicates the NEM_TNCMFD_JFNK method can serve as a potential and efficient numerical tool for reactor neutron diffusion analysis module in the JFNK-based multiphysics coupling application.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.57-65
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• 2007

지난 수년간 콘크리트의 염소이온 침투와 유관되어 실험 방법론 및 해석적 모델 기법의 개발에 많은 발전이 있어 왔다. 그러나 실제 콘크리트 구조물에는 다소의 균열이 존재하며 이는 장기 내구성에 큰 영향을 줄 수 있음에도 불구하고 대부분의 연구들은 비균열의 콘크리트를 대상으로 연구되어 온 문제점이 있었으며 균열이 존재하는 콘크리트의 염소이온 침투에 대한 연구는 매우 드문 실정이다. 염소이온 침투에 대한 균열폭의 임계치는 유지관리 차원에서 필요하지만, 대부분 콘크리트 코드는 사용성의 견지에서 허용 균열폭을 보편적인 값 0.3mm로 제안하고 있을 뿐, 염소이온 침투 및 내구성의 견지에서 임계 균열폭에 대한 규정도 부재한 실정이다. 이미 제안된 값도 연구자들마다 상이하여 논란의 여지가 있다. 본 연구는 임계 균열폭의 도출을 목적으로 균열이 콘크리트의 염소이온 침투에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다. 실험적 방법으로 다양한 균열폭과 균열 깊이를 실험 변수로 하여 급속 염소이온 침투 실험 (RCMT)를 행하였다. 한편, 임계 균열폭이 갖는 공학적 의미를 설명하고자, 균열폭에 따른 염소이온 침투의 현상학적 모델이 제안되었다. 즉, 균열된 콘크리트는 3 구간으로 나누어지며 내부 안쪽으로 들어갈수록 확산자유 영역, 확산경화 영역, 순수 확산 영역의 3가지 구간이 존재한다. 이는 균열폭에 따른 염소이온 확산계수를 산출하기 위한 해석적 방법론의 개발에 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.367-371
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• 1986

Dynamic and equilibrium properties of n-alkane chains immersed in solvent molecules have been investigated by a molecular dynamics method. The n-alkane chain is assumed to be a chain of elements (CH$_2$) interconnected by bonds having a fixed bond length and bond angle, but each bond of the chain is allowed to execute hindered internal rotation. We studied the effect of the number of the chain elements (N$_c$ = 10, 15 and 20) on the equilibrium properties of the system, e.g., the pair correlation functions between a chain element and solvent molecules, g$_{cs}$(r), and between the chain elements, g$_{cc}$(r), and the configurational properties such as the mean-square end-to-end distance < R$^2$ >, the mean-square radius of gyration < S$^2$ >, and the eigenvalues of the moment-of-inertia tensor < S$_i^2$ > / < S$^2$ > (i = 1, 2 and 3). We also studied the dynamic properties of the system, e.g., the autocorrelation function C(A;t) where A = R$^2$(t), = S$^2$(t), or = ${\vec{V}}(t)({\vec{V}}$ = velocity of the center of mass), and the diffusion coefficient D. The g$_{cs}$(r)'s are almost equal irrespective of the change of Nc while g$_{cc}$(r) becomes larger as N$_c$ increases; The MD computed configurational properties < R$^2$2 > and < S$^2$ > were found to be a little different from the values calculated from the statistical equations of < R$^2$ > and < S$^2$ >, it may be due to the fact that our model for the MD simulations includes a long-range volume effect. From the < S$_i^2$ > / < S$^2$ >, it is found that the chain molecule has a nearly spherical shape irrespective of the variation of N$_c$. For the dynamic properties we found that the C(R$^2$;t) and C(S$^2$;t) of lower N$_c$ decay faster than those of higher N$_c$, while the C($\vec V$;t) of the center of mass in the chain is weakly dependent on the N$_c$. The center of mass diffusion coefficient D$_c$ decreases as N$_c$ increases while the end point diffusion coefficient D$_e$ is nearly equal irrespective of the change of N$_c$.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.39-46
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• 1982

회전원판접촉법(回轉圓板接觸法)에 의한 폐수처리(廢水處理)의 이해(理解)를 증진(增進)시키고 여러가지 조건(條件)의 변화(變化)에 따라 달라지는 처리효율(處理效率)을 산정(算定)하기 위하여 모형(模型)을 개발(開發)하고 Simulation을 통하여 정상상태(定常狀態)와 비정상상태(非定常狀態)에서의 모형(模型)을 분석(分析)하였다. 회전원판(回轉圓板)에 의한 기질제거모형(基質除去模型)은 용액(溶液)으로부터 미생물막내부(微生物膜內部)로의 기질전달(基質傳達)과 미생물(微生物)에 의한 기질(基質)의 분해(分解)에 의해 처리(處理)가 이루어진다고 가정(假定)하고 정립(定立)되었고 모형(模型)은 여러개의 요소(要素)로 나뉘어진 액체막(液體膜)과 미생물막(微生物膜), 그리고 용액중(溶液中)의 기질농도(基質濃度)에 관한 일련의 물질수지식(物質收支式)으로 구성(構成)된다. 정상상태(定常狀態)에서 처리효율(處理效率)은 기질(基質)의 확산계수(擴散係數)와 미생물(微生物)의 최대기질분해율(最大基質分解率)에 의해 좌우(左右)되고 확산(擴散)에 의한 영향은 용액중(溶液中)의 기질농도(基質濃度)가 낮고 최대기질분해율(最大基質分解率)이 높을 경우 현저하게 나타난다. 기질제거효율(基質除去效率)은 미생물막(微生物膜)의 두께가 얇을 때는 거의 두께에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하나 두께의 증가(增加)에 따라 효율증가(效率增加)는 둔화(鈍化)되고 한계(限界)두께에 이르면 기질(基質)의 침투(浸透)가 불충분(不充分)하여 효율(效率)은 일정(一定)해진다. 비정상상태(非定常狀態)에서 유출수(流出水)의 수질(水質)은 반응조(反應槽)의 체적(體積)에 의해 영향을 받는다. 반응조(反應槽)의 체적증가(體積增加)는 첨두부하(尖頭負荷)에 대하여 첨두농도(尖頭濃度)를 낮게하는 완충효과(緩衝效果)를 나타내기 때문에 반응조(反應槽)는 균등조(均等槽)의 역할을 한다 할 수 있다.

• Korea-Australia Rheology Journal
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.131-140
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• 2005

In this work we show the results of our most recent Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of turbulent viscoelastic channel flow using spectral spatial approximations and a stabilizing artificial diffusion in the viscoelastic constitutive model. The Finite-Elasticity Non-Linear Elastic Dumbbell model with the Peterlin approximation (FENE-P) is used to represent the effect of polymer molecules in solution, The corresponding rheological parameters are chosen so that to get closer to the conditions corresponding to maximum drag reduction: A high extensibility parameter (60) and a moderate solvent viscosity ratio (0.8) are used with two different friction Weissenberg numbers (50 and 100). We then first find that the corresponding achieved drag reduction, in the range of friction Reynolds numbers used in this work (180-590), is insensitive to the Reynolds number (in accordance to previous work). The obtained drag reduction is at the level of $49\%\;and\;63\%$, for the friction Weissenberg numbers 50 and 100, respectively. The largest value is substantially higher than any of our previous simulations, performed at more moderate levels of viscoelasticity (i.e. higher viscosity ratio and smaller extensibility parameter values). Therefore, the maximum extensional viscosity exhibited by the modeled system and the friction Weissenberg number can still be considered as the dominant factors determining the levels of drag reduction. These can reach high values, even for of dilute polymer solution (the system modeled by the FENE-P model), provided the flow viscoelasticity is high, corresponding to a high polymer molecular weight (which translates to a high extensibility parameter) and a high friction Weissenberg number. Based on that and the changes observed in the turbulent structure and in the most prevalent statistics, as presented in this work, we can still rationalize for an increasing extensional resistance-based drag reduction mechanism as the most prevalent mechanism for drag reduction, the same one evidenced in our previous work: As the polymer elasticity increases, so does the resistance offered to extensional deformation. That, in turn, changes the structure of the most energy-containing turbulent eddies (they become wider, more well correlated, and weaker in intensity) so that they become less efficient in transferring momentum, thus leading to drag reduction. Such a continuum, rheology-based, mechanism has first been proposed in the early 70s independently by Metzner and Lamley and is to be contrasted against any molecularly based explanations.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.35-48
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• 1991

본 논문에서는 원심모형실험 결과를 바탕으로 대상의 상재하중하의 보강토옹벽의 파괴 메카니즘에 관하여 연구를 실시하였다. 모형실험은 보강재의 재질, 길이, 배열을 변화시키면서 실시하였으며 보강재에 유발되는 인장력 을 측정하기 위하여 strain gauge를 부착하였다. 실험 결과를 분석하여 현재 사용되고 있는 설계 및 해석방법들과 비교함으로서 그들의 타당성 에 대한 검증을 실시하였다. 결론적으로 원심모형실험은 보강토옹벽의 거동을 연구하기 위한 매우 효과적인 방법이었다. 상 재하중하의 보강토옹벽의 극한 지지력을 산정하기 위한 2:1응력 분포법은 실험결과와 일치하였다. 뒷채움재의 자중과 상재하중에 의하여 보강재에 유발되는 인장력을 산정하기 위한 중첩법이 유효하다는 결론을 얻었다. 탄성이론을 사용하여 상재하중에 의해 보강재에 유발되는 최대 인장력을 산정한 결과 Boussinesq와 Westergaar해는 실험결과 보다 작게 산정된 반면에 Frohlich해는 실험결과와 일치하였다.

• 대한의생명과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.140-149
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• 2016

All pesticides must be assessed strictly whether safe or not when agricultural operators are exposed to the pesticides in farmland. A pesticide is commonly regarded as safe when estimated dermal absorption amount is lower than the acceptable operator's exposure level (AOEL). In this study, dermal absorption rate of chlorpyrifos, a widely used organophosphate insecticide, was investigated using rat dermal tissue model. Chlorpyrifos wettable powder solved in water (250, 500 and 2,500 ppm) was applied to freshly excised rat dermal slices ($341{\sim}413{\mu}m$ thickness) on static Franz diffusion cells at $32^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. After exposure period of 6 hours, and then washing-at residual amount of chlorpyrifos was analyzed in dermal tissues, tape strips, washing solution, washing swabs of receptor bottles and receptor fluids at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Chlorpyrifos was only detected in dermal tissue but not found in receptor fluid at each concentration and time point, and the absorption rate of 250, 500 and 2,500 ppm was 2.36%, 1.96% and 1.69%, respectively. The estimated exposure level of chlorpyrifos was calculated as 0.012 mg/kg bw/day. The health risk for farmers in this condition is a level of concern because the estimated exposure level is 12 times higher than AOEL 0.001 mg/kg bw/day. However, actual health risk will be alleviated than estimated because absorbed chlorpyrifos is not permeated into internal body system and only retained in skin layer.

• 한국구조물진단유지관리공학회 논문집
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.129-139
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• 2008

콘크리트 구조물의 내구성 해석 변수들의 변동성과 불확실성으로 인해 확률론적인 접근법의 사용이 증가되어 왔다. 특히, 몬테칼로시뮬레이션 방법(Level III 방법)은 접근성의 용이함으로 인해 많은 내구신뢰성 해석에 사용되어왔지만, 결과를 얻기위해서는 수 십만번의 반복계산이 필요하다. Level II 수준의 신뢰성 해석법인 일계이차모멘트법(FOSM)은 MCS법과 비교할 수 없을 정도의 짧은 시간에 신뢰도지수나 파괴확률을 계산할 수 있어, 유효성만 검증된다면 편리성과 신속성으로 인해 폭넓은 사용이 가능할 것이다. 본 연구에서는 FOSM법과 MCS법에 의한 부식확률(내구성 파괴확률)을 서로 비교하여 FOSM법의 유효성을 검증하고 각 내구성 해석변수들의 변동성이 부식확률에 미치는 영향을 검토하였다.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.19-26
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• 1993

The purpose of this paper is to explore the possible applicability of alginate beads as an oral controlled release system of polymeric drugs. Cellulase was used as a model polymeric drug. The release of cellulase from alginate beads was moderately affected by the ratio of cellulase to sodium alginate and strongly affected by $CaCl_2$ concentration. However, the release was not particularly affected by the other factors such as sodium alginate concentration and curing time. The drug was not released from alginate beads at pH 1.2, but was released continuously up to 8 hr at pH 6.8. At pH 6.8, the beads were swollen highly up to 3 hr, thereafter, were eroded into the bulk solution up to 6 hr, completely. Drug release from the beads can be caused due to diffusion and erosion of the matrix. Activity of cellulase was reduced when alginate beads containing cellulase were stored in simulated gastric juice. Further investigation would be necessary to improve the acid resistance of the beads. Since the release of cellulase as a model polymeric drug could be controlled by the regulation of the preparation conditions of alginate beads, the alginate beads may be used for a potential oral controlled release system of such polymeric drugs as polypeptide drugs.