• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.266-268
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• 2008

The antimicrobial effect of acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) solution on whole croaker skin was evaluated. Whole croaker skin was treated with ASC (50, 100, 200, 400, and 600 ppm) and distilled water. After 10-minute exposure to 600 ppm ASC, 8% of Gram-negative bacteria survived on the whole croaker sample. Treatment with 50 ppm ASC eliminated all coliforms in the initial load. Immersion treatment with 600 ppm ASC resulted in $1.3\;log\;CFU/cm^2$ greater kill of the initial mesophile loads of control ($2.8\;log\;CFU/cm^2$) than distilled water. Fifty ppm ASC solution produced a 1.6-log reduction of psychrotrophic bacteria. ASC treatment was an effective method for reducing naturally occurring microflora on whole croaker skin.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.395-400
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• 2001

The objectives of this study are to establish efficient pretreatment concentration and rehydration process for the production of the high quality of freeze-dried Mook, a traditional gel food in Korea, as an instant food. Effect of immersion in sucrose solution as pretreatment before freeze-drying on the rehydration efficiency and quality characteristics was studied. The rehydration efficiency of non-treated Mook was the highest. The rehydration efficiency increased as the concentration of sucrose increased. The texture of rehydrated Mook treated in sucrose solution was decreased with increase in rehydration temperature. The Mook treated at 60% sucrose solution was somewhat similar to the market selling Mook in the quality and the treatment prevented color and texture degradation.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.617-627
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• 2006

Statement of problem: HA has been used as a coating material on Ti implants to improve osteoconductivity. However. it is difficult to form uniform HA coatings on implants with complex surface geometries using a plasma spraying technique. Purpose : To determine if Ti6Al4V sintered porous-surfaced implants coated with HA sol-gel coated and hydrothermal treated would accelerate osseointegration. Materials and Methods : Porous implants which were made by electric discharge were used in this study. Implants were anodized and hydrothermal treatment or HA sol-gel coating was performed. Hydrothermal treatment was conducted by high pressure steam at $300^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours using a autoclave. To make a HA sol, triethyl phosphite and calcium nitrate were diluted and dissolved in anhydrous ethanol and mixed. Then anodized implant were spin-coated with the prepared HA sols and heat treated. Samples were soaked in the Hanks solution with pH 7.4 at $37^{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks. The microstructure of the specimens was observed with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and the composition of the surface layer was analyzed with an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Results : The scanning electron micrographs of HA sol-gel coated and hydrothermal treated surface did not show any significant change in the size or shape of the pores. After immersion in Hanks' solution the precipitated HA crystals covered macro- and micro-pores The precipitated Ca and P increased in Hanks' solution that surface treatment caused increased activity. Conclusion : This study shows that sol-gel coated HA and hydrothermal treatment significantly enhance the rate of HA formation due to the altered surface chemistry.

• the MEAT Journal
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• s.34 winter
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• pp.48-59
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of marination condition(immersion and tumbling) on quality characteristics of cured pork meat and sensory properties of pork jerky. Pork meat was immersed for 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours or tumbled for 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes with curing solution. The jerky was made from cured pork meat, immersed for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours or tumbled for 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. The curing yields and water holding capacity in immersion and tumbling treatments were increased as marination time increased, and the curing yields of tumbling treatments were higher than those of immersion treatments, but water holding capacity was not. The pH value of all treatments were not significantly different. CIE L*- and b*-value of immersion treatments were significantly decreased as marination time increased, but CIE a*-value were increased. Objective color of tumbling treatments showed a similar tendency with those of immersion treatment. The sensory properties of pork jerky were not significantly different between immersion and tumbling treatments.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.229-235
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of marination condition(immersion and tumbling) on quality characteristics of cured pork meat and sensory properties of pork jerky. Pork meat was immersed for 1, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours or tumbled for 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes with curing solution. The jerky was made from cured pork meat immersed for 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours or tumbled fer 10, 20, 30, and 60 minutes. The curing yields and water holding capacity in immersion and tumbling treatments were increased as marination time increased, and the curing yields of tumbling treatments were higher than those of immersion treatments, but water holding capacity was not. The pH value of all treatments were not significantly different. CIE $L^*$- and $b^*$-value of immersion treatments were significantly decreased as marination time increased, but CIE $a^*$-value were increased. Objective color of tumbling treatments showed a similar tendency with those of immersion treatment. The sensory properties of pork jerky were not significantly different between immersion and tumbling treatments.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.372-376
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• 1998

Internal mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of gingers in sugar solution was examined as a function of concentration, temperature and immersion time of those solutions using moisture loss, sugar gain, molality and rate parameter. Influence of osmotic dehydration on browning reaction and texture properties of air dried rehydrated was also evaluated. Increasing the concentration and temperature of sugar solutions increased moisture loss, sugar gain, molality and rate parameter. Water loss and sugar gain were rapid in the first 3 min and then changed gentle slope. Moisture loss during osmotic dehydration using a sugar solution $(60\;Brix,\;80^{\circ}C)$ with 18 min immersion time was 40.05 g moisture/100 g wet ginger which was 52% reduction of initial moisture content in ginger (83.02%, wet basis). The changes of rate parameter were more affected by temperature than by concentration of sugar solution. Minimum browning degree (O.D.=0.027) was carried out by osmotic dehydration in sugar solution $(40\;or\;50\;Brix,\;80^{\circ}C)$ with 15 min immersion time compared to control (O.D.=0.132). Influence of osmotic dehydration on puncture forces of 3 min rehydrated ginger in boiling water were $22{\sim}34%$ of reduction, while blanching treatment had not affected compared to those of control.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.87-95
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• 2020

As an experimental study on the corrosion behavior of steel materials to which ATMS method using EIS was applied in concrete, immersion of Ca(OH)₂ saturated aqueous solution and NaCl aqueous solution simulating the environment inside concrete The corrosion behavior was tested. The equivalent circuit was derived through the analysis of the Nyquist plot, and the interfacial resistance and the polarization resistance of the Ca(OH)₂ aqueous solution were compared, and Al ATMS was the best interfacial resistance and Zn ATMS was the best polarization resistance. After burying ATMS steel material of cement mortar, the initial immersion impedance measurement value was the highest in the Zn ATMS test body in the impedance measurement by the immersion time by immersing it in the NaCl aqueous solution. Al ATMS test piece has the highest impedance and is highly reliable. This is because Al, which has a high ionization tendency, is continuously oxidized in a strong alkaline environment to form a film and protect the steel from permeation of chlorine ions.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.55-63
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• 2018

Background: The present study assessed the response of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus L., Jangdae) seed to NaCl and the effects of polyethylene glycol (PEG) on kenaf seed germination and vigor. Methods and Results: Seed germination ranged from 11.3% to 58.8% after 24 hours of immersion in NaCl concentrations from 0% to 0.5%. The priming treatments had lower electrical conductivity (EC) values for the seeds than for the control and a deteriorated palisade layer. Priming in 10% PEG for 48 hours increased the germination upto 96.3% in $H_2O$ solution and 98.8% in 0.3% NaCl solution compared to that of the control (78.8%). Germination synchronization, and shoot and root growth of the primed seeds were greater than those of the control. The $T_{50}$ of the control in $H_2O$ and 0.3% NaCl solution was 22 and 28 times, respectively. After priming, nine times was sufficient to reach $T_{50}$ in both solution. The mean number of days to germination (MDG) decreased from 1.43 days for the control to 0.55 days for 0% PEG in $H_2O$ solution and from 1.57 days for the control to 0.56 days for 0% PEG in 0.3% NaCl solution. The dry weight after the 10% PEG treatment was higher than that of the control. Conclusions: Taken together, 10% PEG treatment for 24 hours is recommended for kenaf seed invigoration before planting.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.119-129
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• 1986

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the marginal leakage of glass ionomer cement with different cavosurface margins. 192 class V cavities were prepared on freshly extracted non-carious teeth and glass ionomer cement were inserted according to the manufacturer's instructions. Cavity preparations for this investigation were performed in four groups. The experimental specimens were made by packing the glass ionomer cement (Fuji Ionomer Type II G-C Co. Japan) into the prepared 192 cavities of four groups with different modes: Group I. - The 48 cavities with $90^{\circ}$ butt-joint cavosurface preparation and restored with glass ionomer cement. Group II. - The 48 cavities with butt-joint preparation modified by $135^{\circ}$ beveling the cavosurface in the dentin and restored with glass ionomer cement. Group III. - The 48 cavities with butt-joint preparation modified by cutting a chamfer in the dentin and restored with glass ionomer cement. Group IV. - The same 48 cavities as group I, and overfilled with glass ionomer cement beyond the cavosurface angle. And four groups above described divided into three subgroups by means of conditioning the cavity walls: Control group. - Glass ionomer cement filled in the prepared 64 cavities after being cleaned with a stream of tap water. Phosphoric acid treatment group. - Glass ionomer cement filled in the prepared 64 cavities after being conditioned with a 50% phosphoric acid. Citric acid treatment group. - Glass ionomer cement filled in the prepared 64 cavities after being conditioned with a 50% citric acid. All 192 specimens were immersed in the 2.0% basic fuchsin solution and subjected to thermal stress at one-minute intervals ($4{\pm}2^{\circ}C$ to $60{\pm}2^{\circ}C$) for 70 minutes before exposure to the dye. The specimens were sectioned ecclesiologically through the center of the restorations for different periods of immersion time, 24 hours, 7 days, 14 days 30 days. The sections were examined under a stereoscopic microscope. The results were as follows: 1. The degree of marginal leakage in group II and III was greater than that in group I and IV. 2. The degree of marginal leakage in phosphoric acid treatment group was similar with that in control group. 3. The degree of marginal leakage in citric acid treatment group was less than that in control group. 4. In all groups, the degree of marginal leakage in phosphoric acid treatment group was greater than that in citric acid treatment group. 5. There is no statistical difference of the degree of marginal leakage according to the immersion time in the dye solution.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.125-130
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• 2011

This study was performed to improve the corrosion resistance and the stability of passive film on copper tube by potentiostatic polarization method in synthetic tap water. Formation of passive film was carried out by anodic potentiostatic polarization at various passivation potentials and passivation times in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Stability of passive film and corrosion resistance was evaluated by self-activation time, ${\tau}_0$ from passive state to active state on open-circuit state in 0.1 M NaOH solution. Addition of polyphosphate in NaOH solution prolonged the self-activation time and improved the corrosion resistance, and the addition of 5 ppm polyphosphate was most effective. It was also observed that better corrosion resistance was obtained by potentiostatic polarization at 1.0 V (vs. SCE) than at any other passivation potentials. Passivated copper tube showed perfect corrosion resistance for the immersion test in synthetic tap water showing that the anodic potentiostatic polarization treatment in 0.1 M NaOH with 5 ppm polyphosphate solution would be effective in improving the corrosion resistance and preventing the blue water problem.