• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.5 no.3
• /
• pp.247-255
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate changes in the flesh firmness, evolution of ethylene, cell wall components, and degradation and solubilization of polyuronide(PU) and polysaccharide(PS) in green(GP) and mature persimmon(MP) fruits according to testing time of ethylene(50${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ ). When ethylene was treated in GP and MP, flesh firmness rapidly decreased and it was decreased more GP than MP. When ethylene were treated for 12 hours in GP, production of ethylene began after 3 days. The amount of ethylene product was maximum 16,000 ${\mu}\ell$ㆍL$^{-1}$ at 24 hours of ethylene treatment. However, ethylene was not producted until 7 days after 24 hours ethylene treatment at MP. The content of pectic substances decreased in the distilled- water, 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$,4M and 8M KOH-soluble fractions during softening according to increasing time of ethylene treatment. Arabinose and galactose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 0.05M CDTA and 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$-soluble pectic fractions. Glucose, galactose and xylose were the major non-cellulosic neutral sugars in the 4M KOH- soluble hemicellulosic fraction. High molecular of PU and PS were degraded and solubilized in the distilled-water, 0.05M CDTA 0.05M $Na_2$CO$_3$ and 4M KOH-soluble fractions during time of ethylene treatment.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
• /
• v.18 no.12
• /
• pp.42-49
• /
• 2017

The application of electro-coagulation has been attempted to control the membrane fouling problem in a MBR (Membrane Bio-Reactor). This study examined the effects of the operating parameters (current density and contact time) of the electro-coagulation process on the change in the characteristics of activated sludge. The current density changed from 2.5 to 12, $24A/m^2$, and the contact time was varied from 0 to 2 and 6 hr, respectively. At a current density of $24A/m^2$ and 6 hr of operation, the MLSS changed from 6,800 to 7,000 mg/L (3% increase), but the MLVSS did not increase significantly. After 6 hr of operation, the soluble COD decreased from 71 to 37 mg/L under the $24A/m^2$ condition, from 113 to 67 mg/L under the $12A/m^2$ condition, and from 84 to 80 mg/L under the $2.5A/m^2$ condition. On the other hand, soluble-TN and -TP concentration showed slight changes. The soluble-EPS and Bound-EPS concentration decreased slightly with increasing current density. The membrane filtration performance of activated sludge before and after electro-coagulation was compared. The filtration resistances after electro-coagulation decreased from 6 to 61 %, particularly as the current density and contact time were increased. This indicates that electro-coagulation can be used to control membrane fouling in the MBR process.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
• /
• v.34 no.2
• /
• pp.257-268
• /
• 2016

Physiological characteristics of five new apple cultivars from the Korean apple breeding program were evaluated as a function of harvest time and storage after harvest. Internal ethylene concentration (IEC), flesh firmness, soluble solids concentration (SSC), and titratable acidity (TA) were measured in 'Summer Dream', 'Summer King', 'Green Ball', 'Picnic', and 'Hwangok' apples at harvest, during shelf life at $20^{\circ}C$, and one day after cold storage at $0.5^{\circ}C$ in air. IEC increased during shelf life in 'Summer Dream', 'Summer King', and 'Green Ball' but not in 'Picnic' or 'Hwangok', regardless of harvest time. Flesh firmness decreased towards harvest time and decreased gradually with time in cold storage only in the former three cultivars. In turn, IEC increased during cold storage in the first three cultivars but not for the last two cultivars, irrespective of harvest time. Changes in SSC and TA did not consistently relate to harvest time or storage period but TA tended to decrease as IEC increased. Furthermore, IEC was negatively correlated with flesh firmness except in the 'Green Ball' cultivar but the significance level was much greater in 'Summer Dream' and 'Summer King' (p < 0.0001) than in 'Picnic' (p < 0.01) or 'Hwangok' (p < 0.05) cultivars. Flesh firmness was positively correlated with TA in the first three cultivars but not in the last two cultivars. Overall, the results indicate that cultivars for which IEC increased after harvest had reduced flesh firmness and TA after storage.

• Journal of Adhesion and Interface
• /
• v.10 no.3
• /
• pp.148-153
• /
• 2009

An atmospheric plasma pre-treatment method was applied to PU foam, Leather (Action), Rubber to improve its adhesion using solvent and water soluble type pressure sensitive adhesion in atmospheric plate type reactor. In order to investigate the optimum reaction condition of plasma treatment, type of reaction gas (nitrogen), rate of gas flow (30~100 mL/min), and reaction time (0~30 s) were examined in a plate plasma reactor. The result of the surface modification with respect to the treatment procedure was characterized by using SEM. Due to a de-crease of the contact angle of various materials, the greatest adhesion strength was achieved at optimum condition such as flow rate of 100 mL/min, reaction time of 10 second for an atmospheric plasma treatment of the PU foam, EVA foam, Leather (Action) and Rubber also resulted in the improvement of the adhesion.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.192-198
• /
• 1990

Texture, losses of total solids and proteins o) soybeans were studied during cooking at $100-135^{\circ}C$. The textural changes were measured using the puncture probe with an Instron Universal Testing Machine, and changes in microstructure of beans were observed with scanning electron microscopy during the cooking. The major effect observed was a breakdown of the cell walls and appearance of the protein bodies with soaking process. As the cooking time at $100^{\circ}C$ is longer, the separation of cells and changes in cell shape could be seen in the sample. The greater amounts of soluble solids were leached out with longer coo king time from the beans.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.56 no.2
• /
• pp.67-74
• /
• 2016

Tomato extract has been shown to exert antiplatelet activity in vitro and to change platelet function ex vivo, but with limitations. In this study, antiplatelet activity of water soluble tomato concentrate (Fruitflow I) and dry water soluble tomato concentrate (Fruitflow II) was investigated using rat platelets. Aggregation was induced by collagen and adenosine diphosphate and granule-secretion, $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, thromboxane B2, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels were examined. The activation of integrin ${\alpha}_{IIb}{\beta}_3$ and phosphorylation of signaling molecules, including mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and PI3K/Akt, were investigated by flow cytometry and immunoblotting, respectively. Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were examined. Moreover, in vivo thrombus weight was tested by an arteriovenous shunt model. Fruitflow I and Fruitflow II significantly inhibited agonist induced platelet aggregation, adenosine triphosphate and serotonin release, $[Ca^{2+}]_i$, and thromboxane B2 concentration, while having no effect on cAMP and cGMP levels. Integrin ${\alpha}_{IIb}{\beta}_3$ activation was also significantly decreased. Moreover, both concentrates reduced phosphorylation of MAPK pathway factors such as ERK, JNK, P38, and PI3K/Akt. In vivo thrombus formation was also inhibited. Taken together, these concentrates have the potential for ethnomedicinal applications to prevent cardiovascular ailments and can be used as functional foods.

• Clean Technology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.201-207
• /
• 2007

Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), which is water-soluble at room temperature, was synthesized from cellulose in this study. Experimental parameters included reaction temperature, time, concentration of NaOH, and monochloroacetic acid (MCA). In mercerization and etherification, solubility and degree of substitution (DS) increased when NaOH (or MCA) concentration increased and maximum solubility and DS were achieved when NaOH or MCA was 30%. The effect of MCA concentrations on the DS was larger than that of the NaOH concentration. Tensile strength of the CMC was decreased by the increases of reaction time, reagent concentration and reaction temperature. Tensile strength also decreased by NaOH and MCA. However, low decrease of tensile strength was observed in near neutral region.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.117-124
• /
• 2000

Considering the thermal unstableness of ginseng components, microwave-assisted extraction(MAE) was performed under the atmospheric pressure condition. The monitoring of extraction characteristics and the optimization of extraction conditions were made by response surface methodology. The extraction efficiency of soluble ginseng components was high at lower ethanol concentration and at higher microwave power, while crude saponin content was easily extracted at higher ethanol concentration. Estimated conditions for the maximized extraction of soluble components including crude saponin, total phenolics and electron donating ability were $54{\sim}60%$ in ethanol concentration, $41{\sim}90$ W in microwave power, and within 4 min in extraction time. Predicted values at the optimum condition(60% ethanol, 80 W microwave power and 4 min extraction time) were in good agreement with observed values.

• Membrane Journal
• /
• v.12 no.1
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2002

The formation of soluble microbial products(SMP) and molecular weight distribution on loading rate were observed in batch-type culture medium, which phenol was fed as a substrate. The molecular weight destribution was obtained by using 30K, 100K dalton and $0.45{\mu}$ membrane filters. When the phenol concentrationas a substrate was 120, 230 and 440 mg/L , the specific substrate utilization rate(q) showed 0.639, 1.281 and 1.744 mgTOC/mgMLSS/day, respectively. The endogenous biomass decay rate constant($K_d$) at each substrate concentration was 0.00536, 0.0661 and 0.0749($day^1$), respectively. The $SMP_e$ product rate constant($k_{SMP}_ e$) showed 0.006, 0.0058 and 0.0057($day^1$), respectively. The initial influent substrate during the course of time degraded and produced $SMP_s$. The $SMP_s$ was converted to the $SMP_{nd}$ and endogenous phase converted to the $SMP_e$ ingredients. The molecula weight distribution on loading rate was converted to a higher MW during the course of time.

• Proceedings of the Optical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2007.07a
• /
• pp.109-110
• /
• 2007