• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 2017

For people who have a food allergy the only way to manage the allergy is to avoid the food allergen. The mackerel is one of the major food allergens, but no immunoassay for the rapid and simple detection of mackerel has been reported. The objectives of this study are to develop and characterize monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific to mackerel using thermal stable-soluble proteins (TSSP) as an immunogen and to characterize the MAbs by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (iELISA). The mice immunized with mackerel TSSP and showing high titer were used for cell fusion and cloning. The characterization of MAbs produced from hybridoma cells obtained was confirmed by indirect ELISA and western blot. Four MAbs were confirmed to be specific to mackerel without cross-reaction to other marine products and livestock products in the both methods. The iELISA and western blot based on the MAbs can sensitively detect 1% mackerel protein in other marine products. These results support that immunochemical methods based on the MAb produced could be used as rapid means to detect low levels of mackerel and to identify mackerel adulterated in food.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 2010

Previous studies report that organo-sulfur compounds derived from garlic inhibited smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation and induced apoptosis of cancer cells. Recently, lipid-soluble compounds such as diallyl sulfides (DAS) and diallyl disulfides (DADS) have been reported to more effectively suppress tumor cell proliferation. However, there were few studies on the suppressive effects of lipid-soluble garlic sulfur compounds on the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Therefore, this study investigated the effect of DAS and DADS on VSMC proliferation/migration induced by oleic acid (OA), a principal fatty acid in circulating triglyceride of blood stream. Assays performed include a tetrazole (MTT) assay, a wound healing assay and a Western blots. VSMC proliferations were enhanced by OA in a dose-dependent manner at concentrations of $10{\sim}50\;{\mu}M$ and inhibited by DAS and DADS compared to non-treated control. OA-induced proliferations were also attenuated by DAS and DADS. OA-induced cell migrations were 2.5 times higher than non-treated control, and they were significantly attenuated by DAS (32% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 50% at $200\;{\mu}M$) and DADS (40% at $150\;{\mu}M$ and 46% at $200\;{\mu}M$). OA-induced cell migration was also attenuated by PD98059 (ERK inhibitor), SB203580 (P38 inhibitor) and particularly by LY204002 (PI3K inhibitor) and SP600125 (JNK2 inhibitor). Additionally, Western blot assays showed that OA-induced JNK1/2-phosphorylation was down-regulated after treatment with DAS and DADS. In conclusion, the findings of our study support the idea that DAS and DADS may have a suppressive effect on the proliferation and migration of OA-induced VSMC and that this effect may be partly associated with PI3K and JNK2 pathways.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.307-313
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• 1994

We have previously shown that crude water extract of Euonymus alatus (EA) had strong prophylactic effect against chemically induced-and tumor cell implanted-cancer, and that the mechanisms responsible for its antitumor effects were due to nonspecific enhancement of the NK cell activities and the cell mediated immunity. However, it was unknown that any components of crude extract did work so, since it consisted of several components. In this paper, we fractionated the crude watar EA-extract into several fraction such as hexane-, ethylether-, ethyl acetate-, n-butanol- and water soluble-fraction, and screened the immune regulating activities of each fraction by the evaluation of lymphokine production and activated lymphocyte proliferation. As a result of the component fraction of EA-extract, it was found that n-butanol fraction was a potent immunostimulator, and the remained water soluble fraction also contained some stimulator, But, other fraction did not showed any remarkable effect. It is therefore suggested that EA-glycosides in n-butanol fraction may be new one of the potent biological response modifiers. The present study was also undertaken in an efforts to investigate the effects of elm-bark(EB, Ulmus clavidiana var japonica), which has been used for curing ulcer and inflammation as a folk medicine without any kind of experimental evidence to support this, on the cellular- and humoral-immune responses, lymphocyte function and NK cell activities in mice. Regardless of time and duration of EB-treatment, Arthus reaction and antibody response to SRBC were not modified by EB, but delayed hypersensitivity to SRBC was significantly enhanced only when EB was treated prior to SRBC-sensitization. EB slightly inhibited the proliferation responses of splenocytes to PHA-stimulation, but it significantly augmented the responses of these cells to S aureus Cowan 1 and Con A-activation, and these effects were manifested only when EB was added at culture initiation. EB did not influence Ig secretion of spleen cells but it significantly augmented the Con A-induced 1L 2 and MIF production of splenocytes. NK cell activities of splenocytes were markedly riled when effector cells were pretreated with EB and this augmentation was dine to the increase of binding affinity of effector cells to target cells and the target cell lytic activities of effector cells. These results led to the conclusion that EB triggers increase of cellular immune responses, such as delayed hypersensitivitiy, lymphokine production and NK cell activities. Also these results suggested that EB contains potent immune stimulants, which may provide the rational basis for their therapeutic use as one of the new biological response modifiers.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.733-744
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• 2002

The fibroblasts are the principal cells in the periodontal ligament of peridontium. As the periodontal ligament fibroblasts (PDLF) show similar phenotype with osteoblasts, the PDLF are thought to play an important role in alveolar bone remodeling. Cell-to-cell contacted signaling is crucial for osteoclast formation. Recently it has been reported that PDLJ enhance the bone resorbing activity of osteoclasts differentiated from hematopoietic preosteoclasts. The aims of this study were to $clarify\;^{1)}$ the mechanism of PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis $and\;^{2)}$ whether we can use preosteoclast cell line instead of primary hematopoietic preosteoclast cells for studying the mechanism of PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis. Osteoclastic differentiation of mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 was compared with that of mouse bone marrow-derived M-CSF dependent cell (MDBM), a well-known hematopoietic preosteoclast model, by examining, 1) osteoclast-specific gene expression such as calcitonin receptor, M-CSF receptor (c-fms), cathepsin K, receptoractivator nuclear factor kappa B (RANK) ,2) generation of TRAP(+) multinucleated cells (MNCs), and 3) generation of resorption pit on the $OAAS^{TM}$ plate. RAW264.7 cultured in the medium containing of soluble osteoclast differentiation Factor (sODF) showed similar phenotype with MDBM-derived osteoclasts, those are mRNA expression pattern of osteoclast-specific genes, TRAP(+) MNCs generation, and bone resorbing abivity. Formation of resorption pits by osteoclastic MNCs differentiated from sODF-treated RAW264.7, was completely blocked by the addition of osteoprotegerin (OPG), a soluble decoy receptor for ODF, to the sODF-containing culture me야um. The effects of PDLF on differentiation of RAW264.7 into　the TRAP(+) multinucleated osteoclast-like cells were examined using coculture system. PDLF were fxed with paraformaldehyde, followed by coculture with RAW264.7, which induced formation of TRAP(+) MNCs in the absence of additional treatment of sODF. When compared with untreated and fixed PDLF (fPDLF), IL-1 ${\beta}$-treated, or lipopolysaccha-ride-treated and then fixed PDLF showed two-folld increase in the supporting activity of osteoclastogenesis from RAW264.7 coculture system. There were no TRAP(+) MNCs formation in coculture system of RAW264.7 with PDLF of no fixation. These findigs suggested that we can replace the primary hematopoietic preosteoclasts for RAW264. 7 cell line for studying the mechanism of PDLF-induced osteoclastogenesis, and we hypothesize that PDLF control osteoclastogenesis through ODF expression which might be enhanced by inflammatory signals.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.198-202
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• 2003

Of all toxic inhalant exposures, chlorine is one of the most common toxic chemical inhalants. When acutely inhaled, it can be responsible for symptoms ranging from upper air way irritation to more serious respiratory effects. It can also deteriorate lung function and lead to death. Chlorine and its compounds such as chlorinated cyanurates and hypochlorites are commonly used in water disinfection. The chemical agents discussed in this article are sodium dichloroiso cyanurate and calcium hypochlorite which are the two most popular products for swimming pool chlorination. They are both strong oxidizing agents which are soluble in water. Between the above two alkali agents, acid-base interaction occurred and generated heat. And the acid drove the combination of hypochlorous and chloride ions to form chlorine gas. We have experienced, two boys who had inhalation injuries caused by an accidental explosion which occurred in a swimming pool by mixing two different chlorinating agents : sodium dichloroiso cyanurate and calcium hypochlorite. The children suffered from respiratory difficulties after the exposure. They both required intensive care management and one needed the support of mechanical ventilation.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2010

Objective : Notochordal cells in the intervertebral disc interact with nucleus pulposus (NP) cells and support the maintenance of disc homeostasis by regulation of matrix production. However, the influence of notochordal cells has not been evaluated in the annulus fibrosus (AF), which is the primary pain generator in the disc. We hypothesized that the notochordal cell has the capacity to modulate inflammatory mediators secreted by AF cells secondary to stimulation. Methods : Notochordal and AF cells were isolated from adult New Zealand white rabbits. AF pellets were cultured with notochordal cell clusters or in notochordal cell-conditioned media (NCCM) for 24 or 48 hours with proinflammatory cytokines at varying concentrations. Gene expression in AF pellets were assayed for nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2, and interleukin (IL)-6 by real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results : AF pellet in NCCM significantly decreased the iNOS and COX-2 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) levels compared to AF pellets alone and AF pellets with notochordal cells (p < 0.05). AF pellet resulted in dose-dependent iNOS and COX-2 expression in response to IL-$1{\beta}$, stimulation, demonstrating that 1 ng/ml for 24 hours yielded a maximal response. AF pellet in NCCM significantly decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in response to 1ng/ml IL-$1{\beta}$, stimulation at 24 hours (p < 0.05). There was no difference in IL-6 expression compared to AF pellets alone or AF pellets with notochordal cell clusters. Conclusion : We conclude that soluble factors from notochordal cells mitigate the gene expression of inflammatory mediators in stimulated AF, as expected after annular injury, suggesting that notochordal cells could serve as a novel therapeutic approach in symptomatic disc development.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.6 no.6
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• pp.481-490
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• 2012

Phytochemicals are reported to provide various biological functions leading to the promotion of health as well as the reduced risk of chronic diseases. Fat-soluble plant pigments, carotenoids, are extensively studied micronutrient phytochemicals for their potential health benefits. It is noteworthy that specific carotenoids may be responsible for different protective effects against certain diseases. In addition, each carotenoid can be obtained from different types of plant foods. Considering the fact that the phytochemical content in foods can vary according to, but not limited to, the varieties and culture conditions, it is important to establish a database of phytochemicals in locally produced plant foods. Currently, information on individual carotenoid content in plant foods commonly consumed in Korea is lacking. As the first step to support the production and consumption of sustainable local plant foods, carotenoids and total phenolic contents of plant foods commonly consumed in Korea are presented and their potential biological functions are discussed in this review.

• BMB Reports
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.293-298
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• 2001

Tryptic activation of the 130-kDa Bacillus thuringiensis Cry4B $\delta$-endotoxin produced protease-resistant products of ca. 47 kDa and ca. 21 kDa. The 21-kDa fragment was identified as the N-terminal five-helix bundle (${\alpha}1-{\alpha}5$,) which is a potential candidate for membrane insertion and pore formation. In this study, we constructed the recombinant clone over-expressing this putative pore-forming (PPF) fragment as inclusion bodies in Escherichia coli. The partially purified inclusions were composed of a 23-kDa protein, which cross-reacted with Cry4B antibodies, and whose N-terminus was identical to that of the 130-kDa protein. Dissimilar to protoxin inclusions, the PPF inclusions were only soluble when the carbonate buffer, pH 9.0, was supplemented with 6 M urea. After renaturation via a stepwise dialysis, the refolded PPF protein appeared to exist as an oligomer and was structurally stable upon trypsin treatment. Unlike the 130kDa protoxin, the refolded protein was able to release entrapped glucose from liposomes, and showed comparable activity to the full-length activated toxin, although it lacks larvicidal activity These results, therefore, support the notion that the PPF fragment that consists of ${\alpha}1-{\alpha}5$ of the activated Cry4B toxin is involved in membrane pore-formation.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.286-295
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• 2018

A novel multi-valent salt based on polyethyleneimine having molecular weight of 800 (PEI 800) has been synthesized and characterized as forward osmosis draws solute. A reaction intermediate was synthesized by the neutralization reaction of polyethyleneimine and methyl acrylate, and was hydrolyzed with potassium hydroxide to synthesize a water soluble carboxylic acid (potassium salt) polyethyleneimine. NMR spectrometry, viscometry measurements and osmometry measurements was performed to characterize the draw solute. Forward osmosis experiments were done to know whether the solute could be used as a draw solute or not. The result shows comparable water flux and lower reverse salt flux compared with NaCl as a draw solute. We have also demonstrated recycling of the draw solute in the FO-NF integrated process.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.138-146
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• 2009

Garlic (Allium sativum) are an agronomically important genus because of their sulfur flavour components. The majority of the volatiles flavour principles are generated through the enzymatic hydrolysis of the non-volatile organosulfur compounds. However, these compounds may be possible sources of new novel bioacuve and therapeutic principles. Garlic has strong antioxidant activity, and epidemiological studies support the fad that diets rich of garlic may prevent some of the chronic diseases. The health cares of garlic likely arise from a wide variety of components, which may work synergistically. The chemical changes of garlic composition makes it plausible that a variation in processing can lead to acquisition of differential chemical compositions of garlic products. Especially highly unstable allicin can easily disappear during processing and are quickly transformed into a various organosulfur compounds. Various supplements of garlic, particularly aged garlic extract (AGE), are known to possess a promising antioxidant potential and are effective in prevention of chronic diseases because of the bioactive constituents. Although all of active ingredients of AGE are not elucidated, water-soluble components of AGE, including S-allylcysteine, S-allylmercaptane, steroid saponins, tetrahydro-${\beta}$-carboline derivatives, and fructosyl-arginine, appears to be associated with the pharmacological effects of AGE. Consequently, the allicin free garlic components such as S-allylcysteine, S-allylmercaptane, steroid saponins, tetrahydro-${\beta}$-carboline derivatives, and fructosyl-arginine can be applicable to standardization of the quality of commercial garlic products. This review provides an insight into garlic's biomarkers and presents evidence that they may either prevent or delay chronic disease associated with aging.