• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.379-383
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in nitrogen and soluble reactive phosphorus(SRP) contents from hanwoo manure using probiotics to feed and manure additives during 5 weeks. A total of 45 hanwoo(24 months old) with averaging $580{\pm}20$ kg in weight were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments with 3 replicates per treatment(5 hanwoo per pen, $5{\times}8m$). The treatment were supplemented, control, T1(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis)), and T2(10 kg roughage + 2 kg concentrate(2% probiotics as-fed basis) + 7 kg probiotics on the surface of hanwoo manure (top-dressing)). During the experimental period, there were statistically significant differences(P<0.05) in pH values at 3 and 5 weeks; TN contents at 5 weeks; and SRP contents at 5 weeks in all treatments. Adding probiotics to feed or feed and manure increased manure pH in comparison with controls. As time increased, changes in TN contents decreased in the order: T2 > Control > T1. Especially, the reduction in SRP contents in all treatments at 5 weeks was in following order: T1 > T2 > Control. This result suggests that it is possible to make efficient use of probiotics as feed and manure additives for reducing environmental pollution or to provide fundamental information on livestock managements to producers.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.233-237
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• 2008

The objective of this study was conducted to evaluate the effects of poultry litter amendments on pH and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) in poultry litter. Two laboratory studies were conducted for 42 d in Exp. 1 and for 10 d in Exp. 2, respectively. The poultry litter was treated with various amendments which included 4 g fly ash and 4 g $AlCl_3\;(AlCl_36H_2O)/100g$ litter in Exp. 1 and 4 g alum$(Al_2(SO_4){_3}\;14H_2O)$, 8 g alum, 8.66 g liquid alum, and 17.3 g liquid alum/100 g litter in Exp. 2; untreated litter served as controls. There were no differences in pH between control and T1(4 g fly ash) and SRP contents between T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) in Exp. 1. A significant difference in pH and SRP contents in Exp. 2 was observed among all treatments(P< 0.05). In experiment 1, T1(4 g fly ash) and T2(4 g $AlCl_3$) at 42 d decreased SRP in litter by 47.1% and 62.6% of that from litter alone, respectively. In experiment 2, T1(4 g alum), T2(8.66 g liquid alum), T3(8 g alum), and T4(17.3 g liquid alum) treatments at 10 days reduced SRP contents by up to 36.2%, 62.9%, 87.0%, and 83.9%, respectively, when compared with the controls. Decrease in SRP contents was chiefly associated with reduction in litter pH. These results indicate that use of various litter amendments to limit P solubility has potential and should be pursued as a means of reducing soluble reative phosphorus during short term.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.589-594
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• 2009

The goals of this study were conducted to investigate the effects of applying liquid aluminum chloride ($AlCl_3$) to rice hulls on pH and soluble reactive P (SRP). A total of 800 broiler chicks (4 treatments $\times$ 4 replicates $\times$ 50 birds) were housed into 16 floor pens in a single house for 5 weeks. The treatments were divided into 4 groups: control, 100 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls, 200 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls, and 300 g of liquid $AlCl_3/kg$ of rice hulls. Liquid $AlCl_3$ was sprayed on the rice hulls surface at a rate of 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid $AlCl_3$ per kg rice hull. pH values and SRP contents were significantly decreased (P<0.05) with the increased liquid $AlCl_3$ levels in comparison with control. However, no significant differences in SRP contents were observed among all treatments at 3 and 4 weeks. Applying 100 g, 200 g, and 300 g liquid $AlCl_3$ to rice hulls reduced SRP contents by 18, 25, and 52% for 5 weeks, respectively, compared with the controls. In conclusion, these results suggest that using liquid $AlCl_3$ on rice hulls should be promising for reducing water contamination and resulted in a reduction in SRP contents, which reduced pH.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.773-783
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• 2008

In this paper, data collected from 22 different rural watersheds during stormflow conditions were analyzed. Those watersheds consisted of forest and cultivated land. EMC data analysis indicates that as agricultural land use increases, EMC values of TSS, COD and TN clearly tends to increase, but TP does not show a significant increase. Pattern of the pollutographs mostly has a similarity in hydrograph shape except nitrogen which inherently shows a variability and complication. The fraction of soluble reactive-P to TP increases as cultivated land use increases while mobile-nitrogen portion was higher in the runoff from forested watersheds than agricultural areas. During stormflow, pollutograph of the nitrogen was determined mainly by change in Particle-TKN as other pollutants but its effect is thought to be masked by decrease of dissolved form of nitrogen due to the dilution.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.819-824
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• 2009

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.865-872
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• 2002

In the course of the investigations of natural antioxidants, we examined the antioxidant activities of the methanol (MeOH) extracts of some selected Prunus species, including P. buergeriana, P. davidiana, P padus, P. pendula for. ascendens, P. sargentii, P. serrulata var. spontanea and P. yedoensis by three methods as represented by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, total ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) scavenging activity tests. We also evaluated the activities of the organic solvent-soluble fractions, including the dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions and the water ($H_2O$) layer of P. serrulata var. spontanea leaves. By means of bioassay-directed fractionation, we isolated eleven known flavonoids (1-11) from the EtOAc soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the Prunus serrulata var. spontanea leaves, exhibiting strong antioxidant activity and characterized as prunetin (1), genistein (2), quercetin (3), prunetin $4'-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (4), kaempferol $3-O-{\alpha}-arabinofuranoside$ (5), prunetin $5-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (6), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranoside$ (7), genistin (8), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (9), quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (10) and kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (11). Compounds 3 and 10 showed good activities in all tested model systems. Compounds 2 and 8 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and $ONOO^-$ tests, while compounds 5, 7, 9 and 11 were active in the $ONOO^-$ and ROS tests. On the other hand, compounds 1, 4 and 6 did not show any activities in the tested model systems.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.414-417
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• 2015

Background: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate as litter amendments on ammonia, soluble reactive phosphorus, and pathogen populations in poultry litters. Methods: Increasing levels of Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate were applied onto the surface of rice hull as a top-dress application; untreated rice hulls served as controls. Results: Treatment with Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate alone resulted in lower litter pH (p < 0.05), as compared with that of the controls. There were some differences (p < 0.05) between treatments with Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate alone and controls at 2-4 wk (not at 1 wk). Ammonia levels reduced on an average by 29%, 30%, and 32% for 10 g, 20 g Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate, and aluminum sulfate alone, respectively, as compared with controls at 4 wk. During the experiment, Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate or aluminum sulfate treatment had an effect (p < 0.05) on soluble reactive phosphorus content, as compared with the controls (not at 4 wk). A decrease in Salmonella enterica and Escherichia coli was observed (p < 0.05) in litter amended with both Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate and aluminum sulfate alone, as compared with the control, except at 1-3 wk for Salmonella enterica and 1 wk and 4 wk for Escherichia coli, respectively. Conclusion: The results showed that using Korean Red Ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate (blends), which act as acidifying agents by reducing the pH of the litter, was equally effective as aluminum sulfate in reducing the environmental impact.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Dyers and Finishers Conference
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.180-181
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• 2006

The hydrolysis of some vinylsulfonyl (VS) typed reactive dyes were investigated at the pH, temperature and other experimental conditions. The hydrolytic behaviour, especially, stability in various pH value, of the water soluble reactive dyes are examined. In neutral and acid condition, mother dyes are a quite stable. Other hand, it was found that dimerization and decomposition for these dyes were estimated in an aqueous alkaline medium. These alkaline hydrolysis behaviour was monitored by the high performance liquid chromatography.

• ALGAE
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.193-199
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• 2007

This study was carried out to investigate the charateristics of environmental factors and the species compositions of phytoplanktons and periphytons in order to analyze the marine ecosystem (DOK1-3) with freshwater (Mul) in the coast of Dokdo. Mean values of conductivity (TSD) (44.3 mS cm–1), total dissolved solids (30.9 mg L–1), salinity (31.8 psu), total suspended solids (39.2 mg L–1), and ash-free dry matter (AFDM) (8.8 mg L–1) were higher in DOK1- 3 than those in Mul (3.2 mS cm–1, 2.3 mg L–1, 1.9 psu, 2.8 mg L–1 and 2.8 mg L–1, espectively), while mean amounts of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (7.5 μg P L–1) and soluble reactive silicon (SRS) (0.1 μg Si L–1) were significantly lower in DOK1-3 than those in Mul (117.3 μg P L–1 and 4,105 μg Si L–1, respectively). The phytoplanktons was a total of 59 species in Dokdo, which were composed of 1 species (1.7%) for Chrysophyceae, 43 species (72.9%) for Bacillariophyceae and 15 species (25.4%) for Dinophyceae. The biomass (Chl-a, phaeopigment and AFDM) of epilithic algae (ELA), epizooic algae (EZA) and epiphytic algae (EPA) were varied with the kinds of substrates (EPA > ELA > EZA) in the whole stations. Water environments was comparatively clean in the coast of Dokdo as comparing with those of the land. However, the monitoring of marine ecosystem in the Dokdo should be continued for species conservation according to the global warming by the climatic change.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.170-180
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the antioxidant activity of oven-dried ($60^{\circ}C$) tomato powder (TP) as affected by water solubility and to evaluate the effects of TP on the physico-chemical properties, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of emulsified pork sausages with two levels of TP (1% and 2 %). After fresh tomatoes were homogenized and dried at $60^{\circ}C$ oven, they were extracted by stirring with water. Then, the aqueous solution was filtered, and water soluble and insoluble tomato powders were obtained with freeze drying. In experiment I, total phenolic contents in oven-dried tomato powder, water soluble and insoluble powder were more than 2 g/100 g. The radical scavenging activity and iron-chelation ability of the water-insoluble extracts were higher than those of dried TP and water-soluble extracts. In experiment II, pH values and Hunter L values of pork sausages formulated with TP were reduced. However, hunter a and b values were higher than those of the control, and those effects were increased with increased levels of TP. 2-Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance values of pork sausages containing TP were lower than that of the control during refrigerated storage, regardless of the TP level. These results indicated that TP could be used as a natural color agent and antioxidant in meat products without defects.