• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.360-363
• /
• 2008

Two barley malt samples were selected at two different stages of germination, a well-modified malt germinated for 96 hr and a poorly-modified malt for 60 hr, and were analyzed for total, insoluble, and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents. The total ${\beta}$-glucan content in raw barley was 3.96%, and the content was reduced during malting. The total ${\beta}$-glucan contents of the poorly- and well-modified malts were 1.02% and 0.18%, respectively. After 4 days of germination, approximately 95% of the ${\beta}$-glucan present in the barley was degraded. A significantly higher proportion of water-soluble ${\beta}$-glucan was found in the well-modified malt, suggesting that ${\beta}$-glucan solubility was dependent on cell wall modifications in the malt (${\beta}$-glucan breakdown). The proportion of water-soluble ${\beta}$-glucan was also affected by the extraction temperature. The two differently modified malts were mashed isothermally at 45, 55, 65, and 75oC for 2 hr. An increasing mashing temperature resulted in increased viscosity for the wort and the resulting beer. The viscosity of the wort from the well-modified malt was significantly low, due to its low initial malt ${\beta}$-glucan with increased solubility as well as a presumably sufficient ${\beta}$-glucanase activity during mashing.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.180-182
• /
• 1992

Three hull-less barleys and three covered barleys grown in Korea were pearled to give 0% and 60% yield, respectively. Whole barleys and pearled barleys were analyzed for total, insoluble, soluble dietary fiber and ${\beta}-glucan$ contents. Whole hull-less barleys contained average 17.1% total dietary fiber, and whole covered barleys contained average 23.9% total dietary fiber. Pearled hull-less barleys contained 9,2% total dietary fiber and 4.8% solule dietary fiber. Pearled covered barleys contained 11.9% total dietary fiber and 6.0% soluble dietary fiber. Whole barleys contained $3.2{\sim}3.9%$ (${\beta}-glucan$, and pearled barleys contained $3.5{\sim}5.4%$ (${\beta}-glucan$. Soluble dietary fiber and (${\beta}-glucan$ contents of barley were not affected by cooking, while insoluble dietary fiber content was increased by cooking.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.4
• /
• pp.610-616
• /
• 2003

Five oats and 17 barley cultivars were ground, sieved (105, 210, 300, 425, 600 ${\mu}m$) and we have analyzed the ${\beta}-glucan$ contents to obtain grain fractions. The milling yields ranged $65.1{\sim}89.7%$ for barley and $53.4{\sim}73.5%$ for oat cultivars. Total ${\beta}-glucan$ contents of barley and oats become higher than those of the flour increasing the particle size. The soluble and insoluble ${\beta}-glucan$ contents of them were especially higher in medium and coarse particle size fractions. The contents of total, soluble and insoluble ${\beta}-glucan$ of barley were 1.5, 1.7 and 2.0 times higher than the whole flour before sieving and these content of oats were 2.1, 1.6 and 2.0 times, respectively. In this study, larger particle size would enrich the ${\beta}-glucan$ and it is desirable to consider the best particle size range to enrich the ${\beta}-glucan$ level, the water-solubility of the ${\beta}-glucan$ as well as cereal varieties.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.23 no.6
• /
• pp.906-912
• /
• 2016

${\beta}$-Glucan is a natural compound contained in cell walls of yeast or fungi, and cereal's fiber. It is also known to boost the immune system in human. Aureobasidium is a producer of water-soluble ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. In this study, natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage activity were tested to investigate the effects of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan isolated from A. pullulans on immune activity. Activation of NK cell was increased about 63-39% by the treatment of $10-200{\mu}g/mL$ ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than control. Besides, only $10{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan was enough to boost activation of NK cell. Phagocytosis of macrophage was increased to 15~21% by the treatment of $10{\sim}200{\mu}g/mL$ of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan than zymosan-treatment. In LP-BM5 proliferating inhibition test, relative mRNA level of LP-BM5 virus was decreased in ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan-treated cell about 36~74% than control. The decline of LP-BM5 mRNA level appeared to depend on the concentration of ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan. These results suggest that pure ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan from A. pullulans might be contributing to enhancement of immune activity through the activation of NK cell and phagocytosis of macrophage. Moreover, treatment of the ${\beta}$-1,3/1,6-glucan could increase the resistance to virus infection such as LP-BM5 through the restraining of the multiplication.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.181-186
• /
• 1995

This study was carried out to know the proper pearling ratio for maximum utilizatio of barley diet fiber, especially bata-glucan. Beta-glucan content were 2.35%, 2.72% and 3.24% in pearling ratio of 75%, 70% and 65%, respectively, which means the lower of pearling ratio, the more chance for use of beta-glucan. The embryo was completely removed from barley grain in 65% pearling but it was partially removed or not removed in pearling ratio of 70% and 75%, respectively. Total diet fiber content was higher at 75% pearling ratio while beta-glucan content was the lowest. The higher level of total diet fiber in lower pearling ratio was due to relatively higher content of insoluble diet fiber. The difference of soluble fiber due to pearling ratio was negligible diet fiber. The difference of soluble fiber due to pearling ratio was negligible, however, bata-glucan content was higher in higher pearling ratio. The results implied that it is better way to lowering perling ratio for miximum use of bata-glucan in barley.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.41 no.12
• /
• pp.1764-1770
• /
• 2012

This study was performed to investigate the changes of total and soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents, purity, and physical characteristics of three heated barley varieties: Saessalbori (SSB), Saechalssalbori (SCSB), and Hinchalssalbori (HCSB). The barleys were heated at different temperatures of 110, 120, 130, 140 and $150^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. The total ${\beta}$-glucan contents of raw SSB, SCSB, and HCSB were 8.40, 7.77 and 8.28%, and the soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents were 4.79, 4.14, and 4.61%, respectively. After heating at $130^{\circ}C$, the total ${\beta}$-glucan contents increased to 11.59, 14.6, and 13.36%, as did the soluble ${\beta}$-glucan contents to 4.21, 7.96, and 7.23%, respectively. The purities of soluble ${\beta}$-glucan of the raw barleys were 35.11, 32.74 and 25.62%, but after heating at $150^{\circ}C$, it increased to 83.43, 91.02, and 88.01%, respectively. The molecular weight and viscosity of the ${\beta}$-glucan solution decreased with increasing heating temperature. The re-solubility of raw barley ${\beta}$-glucan was about 50%, but it was increased to 97% with increasing heating temperature. These results suggest that heating of ${\beta}$-glucan can improve the utilization of barley ${\beta}$-glucan.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.156-163
• /
• 2003

Background: $\beta$-1,3-glucans are well known to enhance the immune reactions, resulting in antitumor, antibacterial, antiviral, anticoagulatory and wound healing activities. $\beta$-1, 3-glucans have various activities depending on molecular weight, degree of branching, conformation, water-solubility and intermolecular association. However, the $\beta$-1,3-glucan linked backbone structure is essential and $\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl units are required for immuno-potentiating activities. Result: In this study, we tested the immunophamacological activities of soluble $\beta$-1,3-glucans and confirmed the following activities: (1) $IFN-{\gamma}$ production in PBMCs in the presence or the absence of PHA, LPS, or IL-18; (2) induction of various cytokines in the spleen and thymus; (3) adjuvant effect on the antibody production; (4) nitrogen oxide synthesis in macrophages; (5) the cytotoxic and antitumor effects on cell lines and ICR mice. Conclusion: These results strongly suggested that $\beta$-1,3-glucans possessed various immuno-pharmacological activities.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.888-894
• /
• 1997

Two hulled and two hull-less barley varieties were investigated for ${\beta}-glucan$ enrichment. Hull-less barleys contained higher levels of total ${\beta}-glucan$ than hulled barleys, and were thus suitable as starting materials for preparing ${\beta}-glucan-rich$ fractions. Particularly, a waxy type (Suweon-291) of hull-less barley was found to have high soluble dietary fiber content containing primarily ${\beta}-glucan$, compared to the other non-waxy barley varieties. ${\beta}-Glucan$ content of barley during pearling process was measured, and the highest value was observed at the pearling yield of approximately $70{\sim}75%$. The pearled barley grains were ground and sieved to yield ${\beta}-Glucan$ enriched fractions containing up to 22% ${\beta}-glucan$. In the meanwhile, whole barley samples were directly milled by $B{\ddot{u}}hler$ mill to produce bran, shorts, break flour and reduction flour. ${\beta}-Glucan$ contents in the bran and shorts from the milled stream were relatively high, and further concentration of ${\beta}-glucan$ could be accomplished by successive sieving of the bran and shorts fractions. Pearled barley and milled stream could be used to prepare barley fractions with ${\beta}-glucan$ concentrations $2.4{\sim}3.1$ times those of the original barley grain. Water solubility of barley ${\beta}-glucan$ from pearled barley and the milled stream was in the range of $40{\sim}81%$.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.345-351
• /
• 2009

The $\beta$-glucans derived from yeast cell walls have been reported for having many immunomodulatory activities in vivo and in vitro. In this study, Aureobasidium-derived soluble branched (1,3-1,6) $\beta$-glucan (Sophy $\beta$-glucan) was checked for natural killer (NK) activity and for the production of IFN-$\gamma$ and IL-4 in Leishmania amazonensis infection. The main experiment was performed with a group of female C57BL/6 and BALB/c mice, orally supplemented with 5% of Sophy $\beta$-glucan and infected with promastogotes of L. amazonensis ($1\;{\times}\;10^7$) into the footpad. Increase in the footpad thickness with time was observed in BALB/c mice in spite of the oral Sophy $\beta$-glucan supplement, but it was less in C57BL/6 mice. The difference in overall mean footpad thickness between 'infection only' versus 'infection + glucan' groups was statistically significant (P < 0.001). High NK activity in C57BL/6 than BALB/c mice was observed in 'glucan only' group compared to the control group and also in 'infection + glucan' group compared to 'infection only' group. The difference in the NK activity among these groups was significant (P < 0.05). The IFN-$\gamma$ level increased at weeks 7 and 8 post-infection in C57BL/6 mice and was significantly high in 'infection + glucan' group compared to the 'infection only' group (P < 0.05). IL-4 levels did not increase up to detectable levels throughout the study. The results led a conclusion that Sophy $\beta$-glucan enhances NK activity and cellular immunity in L. amazonensis-infected mice.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.10 no.4
• /
• pp.547-553
• /
• 2003

To develop the health and functional food material from oats, this study was conducted to determine the biologiral activities(antibacterial, antioxidative and mtltmor effects) of oat bran's soluble ${\beta}$-glucans obtained from oat bran concentrate(OBC) by central composite experimental design. The antibacterial effect of oat's ${\beta}$-glucans in the concentration of 250, 500$\mu\textrm{g}$/disc was not detected by paper disc method, and no antioxidative effect of them in the concentration of 5％ by electron donating ability. The growth inhibition on tumor cell lines of oat's soluble ${\beta}$ -glucans was significantly higher in the experimental fraction of No. 7(temperature 45$^{\circ}C$, ethanol 15%, pH 6) than the other fractions(p<0.05). The maximal values of growth inhibitions on AGS, Hep3B and A549 cell lines in the cancentration of 1mg/ml are 59%, 58% and 54% respectively. In addition, the inhibition effect on three tumor cell lines of No. 1(temperature 5$^{\circ}C$, ethanol 5%, pH 6) was relatively high. From the results of response surface methodology, as the values of independent variables changed, they influenced the growth inhibition effect on this cell lines. With this on work further research is required to clarify antitumor effects.