• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.54 no.5
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• pp.1560-1569
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• 2022

Liquid fueled molten salt reactors (MSRs) have seen renewed interest because of their inherent safety features, higher thermal efficiency and potential for efficient thorium utilisation for power generation. Thorium fluoride is one of the salts used in liquid fueled MSRs employing Th-U cycle. In the present study, ThF₄ was prepared by hydro-fluorination of ThO₂ using anhydrous HF gas. Process parameters viz. bed depth, hydrofluorination time and hydrofluorination temperature, were optimized for the preparation of ThF₄ in a static bed reactor setup. The products were characterized with X-Ray diffraction and experimental conditions for complete conversion to ThF₄ were established which also corroborated with the yield values. Hydrofluorination of ThO₂ at 450 ℃ for half an hour at a bed depth of 6 mm gave the best result, with a yield of about 99.36% ThF₄. No unconverted oxide or any other impurity was observed. Rietveld refinement was performed on the XRD data of this ThF₄, and Chi2 value of 3.54 indicated good agreement between observed and calculated profiles.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.23-33
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• 1993

The anaerobic digestion of organic synthetic wastewater in anaerobic fluidized bed bioreactor (AFBBR) and anaerobic fluidized packed bed bioreactor (AFPBBR) was studied. This study was conducted to evaluate efficiency and reliability of two reactor. Experiment was performed to find the effect of upflow rate with AFBBR and the height of packed bed with AFPBBR. As a result, this program obtained several conclusion. These are given as follows: As applied the upflow rate increased in AFBBR the produced volume of biogas increased, while the gas production and COD removal decreased at above 0.3 m$^3$/h. When a upflow rate is 0.4 m$^3$/h in AFBBR the volatile suspended solid (VSS) became significantly increased. At an organic loading rate from 0.1 to 0.4 of upflow rate in AFBBR, the methane yield was 1.5584 m$^3$CH$_4$/kgCOD removed, and the observed cell yield coefficient was 0.0933 gVSS/gCOD. In case of AFPBBR, the results showed also that 20 cm of height of packed bed was superior to other in the aspect ot biogas production, the content of methane and COD removal. At 20 cm of height, the profile of microorganisms was stable, while at 30 cm the VSS of effluent became higher than AFBBR. Though COD removal of AFPBBR increased with packed bed, COD removal deteriorate with over packing because the loss of pressure became higher in the reactor. At an organic loading rate from 20 to 40 cm of packed bed in-AFPBBR, the methane yield was 2.5649 m$^3$CH$_4$/kgCOD removed, and the observed cell yield coefficient was 0.0506 gVSS/gCOD. Based upon the results obtained, it is suggested that AFBBR and AFPBBR is the most effective conditions at 0.3 m3/h of upflow rate, the 20cm of packed bed, respectively. The rate constant are summarized as follow:

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.142-152
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• 2001

Three Lab-scale combustors of different types were made to observe some basic phenomena of fuel combustion in the combustors ; grate type combustor, rotary kiln and FBC. The aims were to introduce how to simulate the combustion behaviors in the real plants by utilizing the reduced apparatuses and characterize the combustors relating to some important parameters such as fuel size, water contents, bed temperature, rotating speed of kiln, flow rate. The mean carbon conversion time and the flame propagation rate were adopted for the quantitative analysis.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1999.10a
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• pp.81-91
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• 1999

Fuel characteristics of sewage sludge as required for the fluidized bed incinerators have been evaluated. Sewage sludge is basically a solid fuel with high percentage of moisture. Moisture content of the fuel directly affects the heating value of the fuel and the exhaust gas composition. When the sludge of transported into the incinerator, sludge cake is subject to the mixing, break-up and heat-up. Fluidization process would enhance these physical processes. The sludge fuel could then undergo the moisture evaporation and devolatilization process. Subsequent oxidation of volatiles as well as the remaining char would then follow. Sludge samples are characterized with high percentage of volatiles out of total combustibles. Quantitative understanding of above listed subprocesses would certainly help in the utilization of fluidized bed incinerators. A limited set of fuel characterization tests including calorimetric analysis, proximate analysis, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis were conducted for the selected sludge samples. The measurement reasults of sludge samples were reported along with some published data. Limited experience in the actual incinerator plant is also presented.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2002.08a
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• pp.311-312
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• 2002

In this paper a systematic design approach to determine the optimum size (height) of circulating fluidized bed heat exchanger for exhaust gas heat recovery is prososed. Unlike the convensional heat exchangers where the length of the heat exchanger section is not very much emphasized, the vertical length of heat exchanger tube in the case of fluidized bed heat exchangers is important because this length determines the time interval during which particles reside and transfer heat in the heat exchanger section. For particles initial conditions are nearly stationary, accelerating particles motion should be considered rather than simply assuming fully developed condition. A way to estimate optimum tube length at different fluid velocity and particle sizes is suggested based on the required conditioning time for heat transfer from the flue gas to solid particles.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.85-93
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• 1990

A numerical study on the cylindrical packed bed sensible heat storage unit was accomplished by finite difference method. Relation between the heat storage rate and the mechanical pumping energy and the characteristics of the heat storage were investigated for various in let velocities and porosities. In this study, the numerical results are as follows: 1) The temperature distributions of solid and fluid rapidly reached the steady state as the heat capacity ratio was increased. 2) The efficiency of the heat storage was increased as the heat capacity ratio was decreased. For constant heat capacity ratio, however, the efficiency of the heat storage was increased at lower porosity. 3) It is very profitable to design the heat storage system such that the porosity is larger for the large flow rate and samller for small flow rate.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.235-235
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• 1990

A numerical study on the cylindrical packed bed sensible heat storage unit was accomplished by finite difference method. Relation between the heat storage rate and the mechanical pumping energy and the characteristics of the heat storage were investigated for various in let velocities and porosities. In this study, the numerical results are as follows: 1) The temperature distributions of solid and fluid rapidly reached the steady state as the heat capacity ratio was increased. 2) The efficiency of the heat storage was increased as the heat capacity ratio was decreased. For constant heat capacity ratio, however, the efficiency of the heat storage was increased at lower porosity. 3) It is very profitable to design the heat storage system such that the porosity is larger for the large flow rate and samller for small flow rate.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.193-200
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• 2004

A study of the treatment of piggery wastes using a multilayered metal-activated carbon system followed by carbon bed filtration was carried out at bench scale. From the physicochemical properties obtained from samples treated with aqueous solutions containing metallic ions such as Ag$^+$, Cu$^{2+}$, Na$^{-}$, K$^+$ and Mn$^{2+}$, main inspections are subjected to isothem shape, pore distribution with micropore, SEM and EDX. Multilayered metal-activated carbons were contacted to waste water to inwestigate the simultaneous catalytic effect for the COD, BOD, T-N and T-P removal. From these removal performance was achieved. The high efficiency of the multilayered metal-activated carbon bed, satisfactory removal performance was achieved. The high efficiency of the multilayered metal-activated carbon bed was derermined by the properties of this material for trapping, catalytic effect and adsorption of organic solid particles.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.168-175
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• 1991

Experiments have been conducted to measure the overall heat transfer coefficient for gas-solid fluidized double pipe heat exchanger with finned tube. The average particle diameters of alumina are used in 0.4, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.9mm. And the effects of average particle diameter, static bed height and flow velocity on overall heat transfer coefficient have been investigated. Also the heat transfer effect of fluidized bed was compared with that of single phase forced convection and that of heat exchanger with smooth tube.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.2088-2093
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• 2008

In this study, flow field measurement of the Pebble Bed Reactor(PBR) for the High Temperature Gas-cooled Reactor(HTGR) was performed. Large number of pebbles in the core of PBR provides complicated flow channel. Due to the complicated geometries, numerical analysis has been intensively made rather than experimental observation. However, the justification of computational simulation by the experimental study is crucial to develop solid analysis of design method. In the present study, a wind tunnel installed with pebbles stacked was constructed and equipped with the Particle Image Velocimetry(PIV). We designed the system scaled up to realize the room temperature condition according to the similarity. The PIV observation gave us stagnation points, low speed region so that the suspected high temperature region can be identified. With the further supplementary experimental works, the present system may produce valuable data to justify the Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD) simulation method.