• Progress in Superconductivity
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.61-67
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• 1999

We evaluated the effect of alloying element additions to Ag sheath on mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of Bi-2223. Additions of Au, Pd and Mg to Ag sheath increased hardness and strength, while reduced elongation and electrical and thermal conductivity. In addition, microstructural investigation showed that the grain size of Ag significantly decreased with increasing content of alloying elements. The improvements in strength and hardness are believed to be due to the presence of alloying elements that lead to strengthen materials by combined effects of solid-solution, dispersion hardening and grain size hardening. Thermal conductivity of Ag and Ag alloys was evaluated in the temperature range from 77 K to 300 K, and com-pared to calculated value obtained by Wiedermann-Franz law. It was observed that the thermal conductivity decreased with increasing the content of alloying elements. Specifically, the thermal conductivity of $Ag_{0.92}Pd_{0.06}Mg_{0.02}$ alloy was measured to be $48.2W/(m{\cdot}K)$ at 77 K, which is about 6 times lower than that of $Ag(302.6W/(m{\cdot}K))$.

• International Journal of Korean Welding Society
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.26-31
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• 2002

Considering the fuel consumption of car, a light structure of aluminum alloys is desired fer car body nowadays. However, fusion welding of aluminum alloys has some problems of reduction of joint efficiency, porosity formation and hot cracking. In the present work, investigation to improve the joint performance of laser welded joint has been carried out by addition of Cu, Ni, and Zr to A6NO 1 alloy welds. Aluminum alloy plate of 2.Omm in thickness with filler metal bar was welded by twin beam Nd: YAG laser facility (total power: 5kW). The filler metals were prepared by changing the chemical compositions for adding the elements into the weld metal. Thirteen filler metal bars were prepared and pre-placed into the base metal before welding. Ar gas shielding with a flow rate of 10 1/min was used. The defocusing distance is kept at 0 mm. At travel speeds off 3 to 9 and at laser power of 5kW (front beam 2kW rear beam 3kW), full penetration welds were obtained, whereas at travel speeds of 12 to 18 m/min and same power, partial penetration was observed. The joint efficiency of laser-welded joint was improved by the addition of Cu, Ni, and Zr due to the solid solution hardening, grain refining and precipitation hardening. The type of hardening has been further considered by metallurgical examination.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.134-147
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• 2001

Laser cladding process accompanies phase transformations from melting (on heating) through solidifying (on cooling) at the same time within a small material volume and to final solid phase. The phase transformations are not reversible, but an irreversible thermodynamic process; they accompany either absorption or release of thermal energy (referred to latent heat) during transformation. Yet, most analyses on materials processed by laser as a heat source have been performed on models of neglecting the latent heat in the process and those did not Justify the simplification. With literatures on the laser material process, we have not place an answer to how little the assumption affects on analyses. This led us to our current study: the effects of latent heat on thermo-mechanical analysis. To this end, we developed a fairly accurate program accommodating an algorithm for enforcing the latent heat whenever necessary and ran it combining with ABAQUS$^{TM}$. The simulation techniques we used in this study were verified by directly comparing our prediction with experimental publications elsewhere; our numerical results agreed accurately with the experiments. On the effects of the latent heat, we performed two alternatives about considering the latent heat in analysis, and compared each other. As a result, we found that more accurate conclusions might come out when considering the latent heat in process analyses.s.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.87-94
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• 2003

Recent advancements of permanent magnet (PM) materials and solid-state devices have contributed to a substantial performance improvement of permanent magnet machines. Owing to the rare-earth PMs, these motors have higher efficiency, power factor, output power per mass and volume, and better dynamic performance than induction motors without sacrificing reliability. Not surprisingly, they are continuously receiving serious considerations for a variety of automotive and propulsion applications. An electric vehicle (EV) requires a high-effficient propulsion system having a wide operating range and a capability of generating a high peak torque for short durations. The improvement of torque-speed performance for these systems is consequently very important, and researches in various aspects are therefore being actively pursued. A great emphasis has been placed on the efficiency and optimal utilization of PM machines. This requires attention to many aspects related to the machine design and overall performance. In this respect, the prediction of iron losses is particularly indispensable and challenging, especially for drives with a deep field-weakening range. The objective of this paper is to present iron loss estimations of a PM motor over a wide speed range. As aforementioned, in EV applications core losses can be significant during high-speed operation and it is imperative to evaluate these losses accurately and take them into consideration during the motor design stage. In this investigation, the losses are predicted by using an analytical model and a 2D time-stepped finite element method (FEM). The results from different analytical approaches are compared with the FEM computations. The validity of each model is then evaluated by these comparisons.

• 한국해안해양공학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.71-80
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• 1989

본 연구에서는 무한요소의 개념을 선형파의 회절 및 방사문제에 적용하는 방법에 대해서 연구하였다. 유체의 동압에 의한 하중은 관성력이 중요하다고 가정하여, 점성효과는 무시하였다. 물체 주변의 내부영역은 통상적인 유한요소를 사용하여 모형화하였으며, 외부영역은 특수한 형상함수를 갖는 무한요소로 모형화하였다. 본 연구에서 개발된 무한요소의 형상함수는, 외부영역의 속도포텐셜을 보다 잘 나타내기 위하여, 외부영역의 해를 해석적 고유함수로 표시하였을 때 나타나는 진행파항과 첫번째 산란파항의 점근적인 형태를 사용하여 결정하였으며, 수치해석상의 효율성을 증가시키기 위하여, 무한요소의 시스템행렬 구성시 나타나게 되는 무한방향으로의 적분을 해석적으로 수행하였다. 본 무한요소의 효율성 및 타당성을 입증하기 위하여, 실제 많이 응용되고 있는 연직 축대칭 구조물을 대상으로 수치해석을 수행하였다. 수치해석결과, 아주 적은 수의 요소로 유체영역을 분할했음에도 불구하고, 적분방정식을 이용한 기존의 여러결과들과 아주 잘 일치함을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 해석의 효율성과 해의 정확도에 직접적으로 영향을 주는 무한요소의 위치와 유한요소의 크기에 대한 기준설정을 위한 수치실험도 수행하였다.

• 에너지공학
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.346-352
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• 2011

본 연구의 목적은 한국화력발전소에서 사용되는 석탄의 촤 산화반응율을 연구하는 것이다. 석탄촤 산화반응율은 입자의 점화온도에 근거한 Semenov의 열착화이론을 활용하여 도출하였다. 석탄촤의 입자를 열전대를 통해 직접 가열 및 온도 측정을 할 수 있으며, 광각기 센서를 통해 석탄촤점화시 발생되는 빛의 강도를 계측함으로써 점화시점을 결정 할 수 있는 실험장치를 제안 하였다. 아역청탄인 Wira와 역청탄인 Yakutugol의 석탄촤 점화온도는 입자 직경의 변화에 따라 측정을했으며, 입자의 직경이 커질수록 석탄촤 점화온도는 상승하였다. 입자 직경에 따른 석탄촤 점화온도의 결과를 통해 활성화에너지 및 빈도인자를 도출하였다. 본 연구를 통해 도출한 석탄촤 산화반응율 값을 기존의 연구 데이터와 비교한 결과 유사함도 확인할 수 있었다.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.249-260
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• 2000

한국 남부에서 섭입 해구의 방향과 나란히 쌍으로 발달한 화산대가 발견된다. 경상분지와 영동-광주 함몰대의 화산암류는 거의 나란한 양상을 보이며, 이들은 각각 동일한 섭입 체계에 따르는 첫 번째 화산대, 두 번째 화산대이다. 경상분지와 영동-광주 함몰대 화산암류의 불호정성 원소 함량은 호를 가로지르는 변화를 뚜렷하게 보인다. 즉, 첫 번째 화산대 (경상분지 및 남해안 도서지역)용암들의 불호정성 원소 함량은 두 번째 화산대 (영동-광주 함몰대)에 비해 더욱 결핍되며 두 번째 화산대에서 더욱 증가하는 경향을 보인다. 이와 같이 호를 가로지르는 변화를 보이는 것은, 탈수과정 동안 유체상과 공존하는 고체상의 차이에 기인한 것으로 보인다. 두 번째 화산대의 불호정성 원소의 함량, Zr/Y 비, Rb/K 비는 첫 번째 화산대에 비해 더 깊은 깊이에서 더 적은 정도의 부분 용융, 그리고 용융 과정에서의 잔류 석류석에 기인할 것이다.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.139-154
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• 2016

This paper is concerned with the dynamics of hyperelastic solids and structures. We seek for a smart control actuation that produces a desired (prescribed) displacement field in the presence of transient imposed forces. In the literature, this problem is denoted as displacement tracking, or also as shape morphing problem. One talks about shape control, when the displacements to be tracked do vanish. In the present paper, it is assumed that the control actuation is provided by imposed eigenstrains, e.g., by the electric field in piezoelectric actuators, or by thermal actuators, or via analogous physical effects, such as magneto-striction or pre-stress. Structures with a controlled eigenstrain-type actuation belong to the class of smart structures. The action of the eigenstrains can be conveniently characterized by actuation stresses. Our theoretical derivations are performed in the framework of the theory of small incremental dynamic deformations superimposed upon a statically pre-deformed configuration of a hyperelastic solid or structure. We particularly ask for a distribution of incremental actuation stresses, such that the incremental displacements follow exactly a prescribed trajectory field, despite the imposed incremental forces are present. An exact solution of this problem is presented under the assumption that the actuation stresses can be tailored freely and applied everywhere within the body. Extending a Neumann-type solution strategy, it is shown that the actuation stresses due to the distributed control eigenstrains must satisfy certain quasi-static equilibrium conditions, where auxiliary body-forces and auxiliary surface tractions are to be taken into account. The latter auxiliary loading can be directly computed from the imposed forces and from the desired displacement field to be tracked. Hence, despite the problem is a dynamic one, a straightforward computation of proper actuator distributions can be obtained in the framework of quasi-static equilibrium conditions. Necessary conditions for the functioning of this concept are presented. Particularly, it must be required that the intermediate configuration is infinitesimally superstable. Previous results of our group for the case of shape control and displacement tracking in linear elastic structures are included as special cases. The high potential of the solution is demonstrated via Finite Element computations for an irregularly shaped four-corner plate in a state of plain strain.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.45-59
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• 1999

The objectives of this study were to identify fashion trend in the late 1990's by using content analysis of the design elements of wedding dresses in wedding magazine photographs. The data were selected among the wedding dress photographs in 1997 issues of two wedding's magazines, 'My wedding'and 'She's Bride'. The identified 455 photographs were classified into 15 major-categories of silhouettes, necklines, sleeves, materials, and trimmings, etc. 15 major-categories were consisted of 232 sub-categories. In the late 1990's, fashion trends of wedding dresses have mixed mainly dome silhouettes(56.0%), bell silhouettes, and tubular silhouettes. One-piece forms(90.8%) were familar more than two-piece forms. Necklines were used mainly such as square neckline(14.0%), high necklines(13.0) blended with other off-shoulder necklines, heart-shape necklines, and sweet-heart necklines, etc. Also camisole and strapless were added in neckline. Long-tight sleeves dominated at the late 1990's because that were used most (21.1%) among 22 sleeves sub-categories. And short sleeve, ruffled below-elbow length sleeves, and french sleeves were also used with the other sleeves. Long length in skirts(98.4%) were common but mini length were used rarely. Satin, lace, and solid cloth were the main materials in wedding dresses, however, spandex and velvet were also used. Various trimmings such as flowers(corsages), ribbons blended with embroidery, small flowers, buttons, frills, strings, and fur trimming are used. Especially, flowers used most(11.8%) among 61 trimmings sub-categories. But simplicity was shown in trimmings because there were dresses not having any decorations(14.3%). The wedding dress of the late 1990's has become more varied in design due to the reflection of changes in society and fashion of everyday garments while the traditional design of the wedding dress has been preserved.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.203-209
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• 2012

본 논문에서는 상온 및 방사선 경화 복합재 풍력 블레이드의 구조성능을 비교하기 위하여 단면 강성, 정적응력 및 동적 고유 진동수를 해석하였다. 먼저 상온 및 방사선 경화공정에 의한 복합재료 시편의 탄성계수 등 물성 값을 적용하였다. 블레이드의 단면 강성 값은 고형 복합재료 보 이론을 적용하여 유한요소 적분법으로 계산하였다. 허브 체결부위를 포함한 소형 풍력 블레이드를 상용 유한요소 프로그램으로 모델링하여 최대 변위와 응력분포 등을 확인하였다. 또한, 풍력 블레이드의 회전속도에 따른 원심력 효과를 고려하여 고유 진동수 해석을 병행하였다. 이와 같은 일련의 해석결과를 상호 비교함으로써, 상온 및 방사선 경화 복합재료의 물성 값 차이에서 기인하는 풍력 블레이드의 구조성능 변화를 정량적으로 분석하였다.