• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Emotion and Sensibility Conference
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• 2008.10a
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• pp.122-125
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• 2008

Even though many researchers studied the foot shape and dimension, those applications lacked. The purpose of this study was to develop insole pattern of elderly women according to footprint. Discrepancy in the classification criteria among of foot parameters complicates attempts for elderly women classification of foot sole. To develop a footprint-based classification technique for the classification of foot sole types by allowing simultaneous use of several parameters. Foot sole data from static standing footprints were recorded from 48 elderly women. The factors of footprint shape were determined. Cluster analysis was applied to obtain individual foot sole classifications. The classification model of foot insole is proposed for a classification of footprint in elderly women. An application of ANOVA, Duncan's analysis, frequency analysis, factor analysis, and cluster analysis have been made to footprint data. In order to make clear foot sole characteristics, the factors of footprint shape have been discussed. The results are as follows. The factors of footprint shape have been classified into four types: foot length, sole slope, outside sole slope, and foot width. The types of foot sole shape have been classified into four types: longed, shortened, outside sloped, and toes sloped.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.5 s.142
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• pp.595-606
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to identify foot shapes of elderly women by classifying their foot types according to the shapes of sole (plantar view) of foot and analyzing the characteristics of each type. The subjects were 321 elderly women over 60 years of age. Their right feet were measured indirectly by using .scanner. The anthropometric measurements consist of 32 items. They were measured during the months of July and August in 2001. The results and discussions of this study are as follows. First, in analyzing sole of the foot of elderly women, the shapes of sole were classified as W-type (wider width for its length and severe alteration), A-type (similar to W-type but with narrower width), D-type (protruded outside) and H-type (even foot width). Second, the most characteristic sole type in elderly women was W-type. In this type, the width was wider for its length, the first metatarsophalangeal protrusion was severe and the toes were gathered at the center. Hopefully, understanding the shapes of sole and characteristics of each sole type will help to develop suitable shoes for elderly women.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.315-323
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• 2016

The present study is intended to study sole types necessary for shoe designs for elementary school students that are in age groups in growth periods, and 3D midsole design utilizing 3D printing technology. This study analyzed data from the 3D measurement of the feet of 1,227 elementary school students aged 7-13 years residing in the capital region conducted as part of the 6th Anthropometry of Size Korea. In addition, 3D midsoles by sole type were designed utilizing a Rhino CAD, and midsole prototypes were output utilizing a Zortrax-M200 3D Printer. Through a cluster analysis of sole shapes by type, sole shapes were classified into three types. Type 1 has small values of foot lengths and foot breadths, with large toe 1 angles and high arch heights. Type 2 has intermediate values of foot lengths and foot breadths, with small toe 1 angles and high arch heights. Type 3 has large values of foot lengths and foot breadths with small toe 1 angles and low arch heights. On reviewing the results of design of 3D midsoles by sole type, it can be seen that the midsoles were designed according to characteristics by sole type. The results of the sole type analysis in the present study are expected to be meaningful as basic data for the development of shoe insoles for elementary school students.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.977-984
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• 2013

This study classified the type of sole for female high school students and analyzed the characteristics of each type by the shape of the sole (plantar view) using 2D scan data. The data were collected from a foot anthropometry of 310 female high school students in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do. Left feet and right feet were measured indirectly by using flatbed scanner. The sole anthropometric measurements consisted of 24 items. The results of the investigation into the differences between left and right feet soles by the 2D measurements data indicated that there was no significant statistical differences in the length of items. The left sole had higher values than right sole in the width items and angle items; however, the lateral side of the right feet projected to the outside more often than left feet. In analyzing foot sole of female high school students, the shapes of sole were classified into three types. Type 1(41.94%), Type 2(36.77%), Type 3(21.29%). The most characteristic sole type for female high school students was Type 1. Type 1 referred to a narrow foot width with little or no curvature of the toe. Type 2 represented the longest foot, with foot width shown as a spacious and distinctive feature in width at the medial area of the foot. Type 3 represented the shortest and widest of ball width, gathered inside toe 5, and lateral side as the most projected among the three types.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.306-317
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• 2002

The Sample was consist of 216 female adults who were selected with my convenience from residing women in and around Seoul, Korea. The result were as fellowing; According to the factor analysis of their foot discomfort, it is divided into 3 factors: the discomfort of whole body (factor 1), the discomfort of foot sole (factor 2), and the discomfort of toes (factor 3). And the foot part of discomfort is more frequent in the order of the big toe, 2·3 metatarsal bones, and the little toe. As the age gets older, the discomfort of foot sole and toes are reported more frequently, and, particularly, more student and office employees have the discomfort of whole body while more sales women and housewives have the discomfort of foot sole. In terms of the shoe types, the higher the hill height, the more the discomfort of foot sole with wearing the sharp toe. As the wearing time is longer, the discomfort of foot sole increases. Being related to the from patterns, the broad and short type has more of the discomfort of foot sole, the flat foot feel more discomfort from the entire body and the sole. Walking with leaning toward the frontal the discomfort on toes and sole increases.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.7 no.5
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• pp.535-541
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• 2005

The health of feet is connected with individual's health and affects a man's activity. Shoes need to be designed to protect feet and to absorb the impact of land. In order to choose suitable shoes for feet, the foot size and shape must be considered, so it is essential to grasp the exact size and shape of the foot. This study aims to present fundamental data on shoes' easy order prototype development for choosing shoes of good wearing comfort, by classifying feet size and shape junior high school boys in the early adolescent period. The subject were 234 Korean junior high school boys age from 14 to 16 years old. The subjects were directly measured anthropometrically and indirectly analyzed photographically. 6 factors were extracted through factor analysis and those factors comprised 79.42% of total variance. The factors characterizing foot girth and width, foot length, foot height, foot shape around the fifth toes, angle of foot breadth and foot shape around the first toes. 3 clusters as their foot shape were categorized using 6 factor scores by cluster analysis. Type 1 was characterized by long large foot with deformed first toe. Type 2 had smaller in foot girth, width and length than other types and with deformed fifth toe. Type 3 had average size and high foot shape. Shoes prototype which is to be developed later on will be able to generate 2D flattening in the foot sole form. Therefore, it would be a great support in producing and choosing appropriate shoes if forms are classified by subdividing foot form classification and extract a factor which shows only the foot sole shape.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers A
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• v.36 no.8
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• pp.913-920
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• 2012

An efficient 3D finite element walking model that considers the detailed shapes of muscles, ligaments, bones, skin, and soles was developed based on a real computed tomography (CT) scan image of a foot, and nonlinear contact analyses were performed to investigate pressure changes. The highest pressure occurs at the rear bottom of the foot when standing and walking. The pressure on the outsole with a curved foot bottom surface is lessened and distributed over a wider area than in the case of a flat outsole. The result shows that a shoe sole shape optimized for diabetes patients can relieve the foot pressure concentration and prevent further worsening of symptoms.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.305-320
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• 2014

This study identifies the foot shapes of elderly women by classifying foot type according to the 3D shape of the foot and 2D sole type analyzing individual characteristics. The subjects were 295 elderly women over 60 years of age who live in Gwangju. A foot scanner (K&I Technology $Nexcan^{(R)}$) was used to obtain three-dimensional shapes of feet and a flat bad scanner (HP Scanjet G2410) was used to obtain the two-dimensional shapes of soles. The anthropometric measuring items consisted of 59 items estimated on the right foot of each subject. Data were analyzed by various statistical methods such as factor analysis, ANOVA and cluster analysis using the SPSS 19.0 statistical program. To classify the side type of elderly women's feet, three-dimensional measurement data were analyzed for the 27 measurement items using factor analysis and 6 factors were extracted (inside height and side gradient, ankle thickness, toe height and midfoot size, lateral malleolus height, instep, and heel height and gradient). A cluster analysis resulted in three types: 36.5% belonged to Type 1 (high forefoot and high midfoot), 31.1% belonged to Type 2 (high forefoot and low midfoot), and 32.4% belonged to Type 3 (low forefoot and high midfoot). The distribution was relatively even. For the sole, 8 factors were extracted (ball width and medial foot protrusion, lateral foot protrusion, forefoot and hindfoot length ratio, ball gradient, heel size, toe breadth, lateral ball length, and foot length) and a cluster analysis resulted in three Types (Type H, Type D, and Type A). The largest proportion (42.7%) belonged to Type H, which is the same as the elderly men's case.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.81-84
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• 2020

An eumenid subspecies Pararrhynchium paradoxum koreanum Giordani Soika, 1986 is newly combined to the genus Pseudepipona de Saussure, 1856. Although tegula of this subspecies is similar to one of Allodynerus, shape of scutellar crest and related structures in both sexes and peculiar shape of mandible in male are critically justifiable for the genus Pseudepipona. This form is a discrete species in the genus, thus named as Pseudepipona koreanum (Giordani Soika, 1986) n. comb. The original description of this species was based on the sole male specimen and hardly diagnostic, just providing coloration compared with the nominotypical subspecies of P. paradoxum. A redescription of males and description of the hitherto unknown female are provided.

• Journal of ILASS-Korea
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.1-8
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• 2002

This paper investigates the spray angle and the outline shape of the liquid sheet discharged from a simplex swirl nozzle. A theoretical model was proposed and the corresponding experimental data were presented for comparison. Axial and tangential velocities and thickness of the liquid sheet at the nozzle exit were also predicted. The liquid sheet thickness at nozzle exit, as well as the discharge coefficient, turned out to be a sole function of the swirl Reynolds number. However, the axial and tangential velocities at nozzle exit and the spray angle could not be expressed only with the swirl Reynolds number. The predicted outline shape and spray angle of the liquid sheet agreed reasonably with the measured data.