• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.604-615
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• 2015

The objectives of this study were to investigate whether heel height changes in the U.S. market occur in a cyclical pattern and heel heights show greater within-year variability over time. Heel height data from U.S. Vogue's spring and fall editions were analyzed over the time period 1950~2014. A total of 1581 pieces of data were measured in millimeter units using Adobe Illustrator and standardized by dividing the height of the heel by the shoe length through the curved sole line. To analyze the cycle pattern of heel heights, the yearly averages were standardized by using three-year moving average technique to average out the irregular components of time series data and give a better indication of the long-term fluctuation of heel height. To identify the degree of within-year variability of heel height, the standard deviation of the average measurements for a year was calculated, and then decade averages were drawn from the yearly averaged standard deviation. One-way ANOVA was conducted to compare the within-year variability of data in heel height over the time period studied by decade. The results showed: First, there was a trend toward higher heels from the early 1950s to 2011. Second, four cyclical movements of heel height were observed from 1950 to 2007, and heel heights gradually decreased after 2008. Third, the within-year variability significantly increased over time, especially after the 1980s.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.53-60
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• 2003

CCD(Charge-Coupled Device) wafers, with a layer of micro lenses on top, usually are not passivated with dielectric films. Micro lenses, in general, are made of polymer material, which usually has a large affinity for particles generated in the various chip fabrication processes, most notably the wafer sawing for chip-dicing. The particles deposited on the micro lens layer either seriously attenuate or deflect the incoming light and often lead to CCD failure. In this study we introduce new type of saws which would significantly reduce the particle-related problems found in conventional type of saws. In the new saws, the positions and diverging angles of side and center nozzles have been optimized so as to flush the particles effectively. In addition, an independent nozzle is added for the sole purpose of flushing the generated particles. The test results show that, with the new saws. the ratio of the particle-related CCD chip failures has been dropped drastically from 9.1% to 0.63%.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.487-493
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• 2013

The effects of long-term fertilization on soil biological properties and microbial community structure in the plough layer in a rice paddy soil in southern Korea were investigated in relation to the continuous application of chemical fertilizers (NPK), straw based compost (Compost), combination these two (NPK + Compost) for last 40 years. No fertilization plot (Control) was installed for comparison. Though fertilization significantly improved rice productivity over control, the long-term fertilization of NPK and compost combination was more effective on increasing rice productivity and soil nutrient status than single application of compost or chemical fertilizer. All fertilization treatments had shown significant improvement in soil microbial properties, however, continuous compost fertilization markedly increased soil enzyme and microbial activities as compared to sole chemical fertilization. Results of microbial community structure, evaluated by EL-FAME (ester-linked fatty acid methyl esters) method, revealed big difference among Control, NPK, and Compost. However, both Compost and Compost+NPK treatments belonged to the same cluster after statistical analysis. The combined application of chemical fertilizer and organic amendments could be more rational strategy to improve soil nutrient status and promote soil microbial communities than the single chemical fertilizer or compost application.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.146-150
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• 1994

Production of poly-$\beta$-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) in fed-batch fermentation was studied. Utilization of carbon for PHB biosynthesis was investigated by using feeding solutions with different ratios of carbon to nitrogen (C/N). It was observed that at a high C/N ratio carbon source was more preferably utilized for PHB accumulation while its consumption for cellular metabolism appeared to be more favored at a low C/N value. A high cell concentration (184 g/l) was achieved when ammonium hydroxide solution was fed to control the pH, which was also utilized as the sole nitrogen source. For the mass production of PHB, two-stage fed-batch operations were carried out where PHB accumulation was observed to be stimulated by switching the ammonium feeding mode to the nitrogen limiting condition. A large amount of PHB (108 g/l) was obtained with cellular content of 80% within 50 hrs of operation.

• Journal of Korea Spatial Information System Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.21-26
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• 2008

A method for processing huge airborne laser scanned data using parallel computing and virtual grid is proposed and the method is tested by generating raster DSM(Digital Surface Model) with IDW(Inverse Distance Weighting). Parallelism is involved for fast interpolation of huge point data and virtual grid is adopted for enhancing searching efficiency of irregularly distributed point data. Processing time was checked for the method using cluster constituted of one master node and six slave nodes, resulting in efficiency near to 1 and load scalability property. Also large data which cannot be processed with a sole system was processed with cluster system.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.560-563
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• 2001

Geotrichum sp. MF01, isolated from oil-contaminated soil, utilized methyl ethyl ketone(MEK) as the sole source of carbon and energy. The strain MF01 showed a Michaelis-Menten kinetics on MEK, and the kinetic parameters determined for MEK degradation were; specific removal rate, $r_{max}$ = 0.14 $h^{-1}$; half-saturation constant, $K_m$ = 5.88 mM. The adsorption of MEK by heat-killed strain was 0.62 mg at 8.07 mg MEK indicating that the degradation was the primary removal mechanism over adsorption. Biodegradation of MEK was studied in a biofilter using perlite, vermiculite 0:1, v/v) as supporting material. During 57 days of biofilter operation, $^3h^{-1}$.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.197-207
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• 1994

Microorganisms capable of utilizing 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4,5-T) as sole carbon source were isolated from soil by enrichment culture. Among these strains, EL-O7IP had the highest biodegradability of 2,4,5-7, and according to its morphological and physiological characteristics, it was identified as Pseudomonas sp. This strain was resistant to rifampicin, streptomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin and such metal ions as $Zn^{2+}$, $Cu^{2+}$ Various compounds of chlorinated phenol and substrate analogs were more easily utilized than 2,4,5-7, but biodegradation rate for each compound was different. The strain easily utilized the compounds of chlorinated substituents on phenol in the order of ortho-, para-, and meta- position. The biodegradability of this strain was very stable. Key words : 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Pseudomonas sp .

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Sericultural Science Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.136-137
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• 2003

Fireflies, the luminescent insect, have species specific flash patterns, being recognized as sexual communication. The lucifrrase gene is sole enzyme responsible for bioluminescence. The firefly luciferase gene is widely used as a genetic marker or as a reporter gene in a variety of organism including bacteria, plants and animals. In this study, we illustrate the complete organization of the genomic structure of the luciferase gene from L. lateralis sampled in Boun and Muju, Korea. (omitted)

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.175-180
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• 2005

In this study, we investigated the optimal medium composition for bacterial cellulose (BC) production by Gluconacetobacter sp. RKY5. Among the various kinds of carbon sources, glycerol was the most efficient as a sole carbon source and its optimal concentration for BC production was 15 g/L. The optimal concentration of yeast extract as a nitrogen source for BC production was found to be 8 g/L. $K_{2}HPO_{4}$ and acetic acid were selected respectively as a phosphate source and a secondary substrate, and both optimal concentrations were 3 g/L. The amount of produced BC was 4.59 g/L in a static culture and 6.5 g/L in a shaking culture condition with 150 rpm. These values were 2.1 and 2.7 times higher than those in a static (2.16 g/L) and a shaking (2.41 g/L) cultures using HS medium generally used for BC production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Environmental Sciences Society Conference
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• 2002.05b
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• pp.209-212
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• 2002

The heavy use of petroleum products in modern livings has brought ubiquitous environmental contaminants of aromatic compounds, which persist in aquatic and geo-environment without the substantial degradation. The persistence and accumulation of the aromatic compounds, which include xylene, phenol, toluene, phthalate, and so on are known to cause serious problems in our environments. Some of soil and aquatic microorganisms facilitate their growth by degrading aromatic compounds and utilizing degrading products as growth substrates, the biodegradation helps the reentry of carbons of aromatic compounds, preventing their accumulation in our environments. The metabolic studies on the degradation of aromatic compounds by microoganlsms were extensively carried out along with their genetic studies. A Rhodococcus sp. isolated in activated sludges has shown the excellent ability to grow on phenol as a sole carbon source. In the present study investigated a gene encoding phenol-degrading enzymes from a Rhodococcus sp.