• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.231-242
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• 2011

Recently, the green spaces in the urban areas were greatly reduced due to urbanization and industrialization. As urban structures such as roads and buildings are built, the amount of impervious area within a watershed increases. High impervious surfaces are the common causes of high runoff volumes as the soil infiltration capacity decreases and the volume and rate of runoff increase thereby decreasing the groundwater recharge. These effects are causing many environmental problems, such as floods and droughts, climate change, heat island phenomenon, drying streams, etc. Most cities attempted to reduce sewer overflows by separating combined sewers, expanding treatment capacity or storage within the sewer system, or by replacing broken or decaying pipes. However, these practices can be enormously expensive than combined sewer overflows. Therefore, in order to improve these practices, alternative methods should be undertaken. A new approach termed as "Low Impact Development (LID)" technology is currently applied in developed countries around the world. The purpose of this study was to effectively manage runoff by adopting the LID techniques. Small Constructed Wetland(Horizontal Subsurface Flow, HSSF) Pilot-scale reactors were made in which monitoring and experiments were performed to investigate the efficiency of the system in removing pollutants from runoff. Based on the results of the Pilot-plant experiments, TSS, $COD_{Cr}$, TN, TP, Total Pb removal efficiency were 95, 82, 35, 91 and 57%, respectively. Most of the pollutants were reduced after passing the settling tank and the vertical filter media. The results of this study can contribute to the conservation of aquatic ecosystems and restoration of natural water cycle in the urban areas.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.49-63
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• 1981

본 연구는 3개의 서로 다른 농지보전처리를 가진 시험구 및 테라스처리가 없는 목초용 Bromegrass 시험구에 있어서의 강우, 유출현상과 토양유실 관계를 규명함으로써 합리적인 농지보전 대책과 작부체계를 제시코저 하는데 그 목적이 있다. 강우, 유출 및 토양유실에 관한 분석고찰은 3개의 농지보전 시험구에서는 5년간(1972-1976년)의 자료를 그리고 Bromegrass 목초시험구에서는 3년간(1972-1974년)의 자료를 대상으로 하였다. 3개의 농지보전처리구는 첫째로 Non-terrace에 추경 춘조파형식의 관행법에 의한 비처리구와 둘째로 급역구배 테라스를 가진 초생수로에 가을 수확시 crop residue를 남겨두고 봄에 경작조파하는 Till plant system을 가진 초생수로구 그리고 마지막으로 지하배수와 함께 역구배 Terrace를 구비한 조파의 Till plant system 을 채용한 배수구를 나누어진다. Bromegrass 처리구는 Terrace나 기타 농지보전책이 없는 목초용 시험구이다. 이상의 연구에서 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 시험기간대의 평균강수량은 네브라스카 링컨 지방의 76년간의 평균치, 728mm보다 66mm가 적은 662mm이였고 1974년과 1975년은 평균치보다. 300mm나 적은 극히 건조한 해 이였으며 1972년과 1976년은 거의 평균강수량에 가까웠고 1973년만은 평균치보다. 240mm나 더 많은 다우년 이었다. 2. 관행의 작부체계를 가진 비처리구에서의 연평균 유출고(2.44cm)는 역구배의 Terrace를 가지고 Till plant system을 채택한 초생수로구의 유출고(2.42cm)와 거의 유사하나 치였다. 3. 배수처리구로부터의 유출은 3개의 농지보전 처리구 중에서 5년간의 평균치가 1.57cm/year로 초생수로구와 비처리구의 유출보다 35%나 적은 가장 낮은 결과를 나타내었다. 4. Bromegrass 목초처리구에서의 유출은 방목정도에 따라서 영향되었다. 1972년의 무방축시 유출은 다른 3개 추리구로 부터의 유출으 7 내지 19%내인 0.07cm 정도였으나 1973년과 1974년의 방축년에는 조차 3개 처리구(3.4-5.18cm)에 필적되는 연평균 4.16cm로 나타났다. 5. 전체 시험구로부터으 연평균 토양유실량은 Sharpsburg 점질양토에 대한 S.C.S 한계허용치 10ton/ha/year 이내로 나타났다. 비처리구에서의 토양유실량은 평균 2.56ton/ha/year로 높게 나타난 반면 3개의 서로 다른 추리구인 비수구, 초생수로구 및 Bromegrass구에서는 각각 0.152, 0.192 및 0.290ton/ha/year로 낮은 결과를 가져왔다. 6. 평균 침전량에 대한 L.S.D. 검정 걸과 전시험구중 비처리구가 고도의 유의차를 나타낸 반면 비수구, 초생수로구 및 Bromegrass 목초구 간에는 아무런 유의차가 인정되지 않았다. 7. 농지보전 처리구인 배수구와 초생수로구는 비처리구에 비해 낮은 침두 유출량과 낮은 토양유실량을 나타내었다.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.273-282
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• 2009

As a result of investigating research papers concerning the metal bound rim decoration on four pieces of 'Bowl, white porcelain with impressed floral design and sliver bound rim' and one piece of 'Bowl, white porcelain with sliver bound rim' from among the Jingdezhen white porcelain, which are Sinan remains that are kept in a National museum of Korea. It was found that the material of the bound rim was not silver but tin, and lacquer was used as glue. Based on such a scientific analysis, this study conducted a reproduction test of the manufacturing technique and the bonding method of the metal bound rim attached to the upper tip of the china ware. As a way of reproducing the bound rim, the study was able to discover the best method in terms of the avoidance of loss of materials and the workability out of various cutting methods for tin plates, and it also discovered that the use of lacquer in mixture with soil showed a better workability than the use only of a lacquer ingredient in a test of the bonding method of a metal bound rim using lacquer. Also, in the test of a drying method, a bonding method after drying within a short time at a relatively high temperature was found to be more effective than the drying method after humidifying at a normal temperature, which is used in traditional lacquer ware preservation treatment.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2007

Barley S-adenosylmethionine synthetase1 gene, which was differentially expressed in seed development of extra early barley, was regulated by the phytohormones and abiotic stresses. In order to identify the regulation regions which were involved in transcriptional control of the phytohormones and abiotic stresses, we isolated 1459 bp fragment of HvSAMS1 gene promoter using genome walking strategy and deletion series were constructed. Deleted upstream fragments(-1459, -1223, -999, -766, -545, -301 bp) were fused to the GUS reporter gene and evaluated via Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression assay. Increased GUS activity of HvSMAS1 promoter -301/GUS construct under each of NaCl, $GA_3$, ABA and ethylene application was found. However, GUS activity was negligible in the leaves transformed with the HvSMAS1 promoter(-1459, -1223, -999, -766 and -545)/GUS constructs. No significant induction of GUS activity was observed for the ethionine and spermidine treatments. In order to locate promoter sequence of the HvSAMS1 gene that was critical for the activation of gene expression, deletion and addition promoter derivatives(+, includes 43 bp of 5' ORF) of the HvSAMS1 gene fused to the GUS reporter gene were applied. The tobacco leaves which harbored the additional HvSAMS1 promoter(-1459+, -1459 to -546, -545+ and -301+)/GUS construct did not significantly induce GUS activity as compared to the HvSAMS1 promoter(-1459, -545 and -301)/GUS constructs under each of NaCl, ABA and $GA_3$ treatment. However, the GUS activity was high in the tobacco leaves which harboring the -211 to -141 regions of the HvSAMS1 promoter. This result suggested that HvSAMS1 gene expression might be regulated by this region(from -211 to -141).

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.563-573
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• 2017

Coal ash is generated from coal-fired thermal power plants every year. The remaining quantity of coal ash ends up in the landfills except for the recycled portion, and the existing ash pond capacity is limited almost. Currently, the difficulties are faced in building a new ash treatment plant because of the concerns about the environmental impacts of landfills at individual plant facilities. In terms of minimizing the environmental impact, the recycling and effective uses of coal ash are recognized as urgent issues to be challenged. Accordingly, this study examines the obstacles in expanding the recycling of the coal ash in South Korea and proposes solutions based on the case study analysis. The analysis results are as follows: 1) specific recycling guidelines and standards are required to be established in accordance with the contact medium (soil, ground water, surface water and sea water) and the chemical. 2) by providing the recognition environmentally safe in recycling the coal ash, transparency in establishing the planning stages and active communication with the community through promotion and research are essentially needed. 3) practical support system is required to encourage the power plant companies to use the coal ash as beneficial use.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.75-84
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• 2009

This study was carried out to determine the effect of swine liquid manure on the rice growth and yield in 2006. Field experiment was conducted under variable application rates; 100%, 120%, 150%, 180% N level of slurry based on 11 kg N 10a recommended amount of nitrogen. The experimental sites were located at Cheorwon in Gangwondo area. The results were summerized as follows; In the plot treated with swine liquid manure of 150% and 180% N levels, the plant height and tillers were higher, and the color of leaf was darker than that of 100% N level of swine liquid manure. Rice yield in the plot applied with 120% N slurry level was increased at 11%, but those of 150%, 180% N-level application plots were reduced 10, 19% compared to 100% N level, respectively. Rice quality of the 100 and 120% application plots of swine liquid manure was significantly better than those of 150 and 180% levels of application plots. Total nitrogen content in rice plant after harvesting was increased with increasing levels of swine liquid manure. The content of K in the soil was accumulated in plot treated with 150%, 180% slurry compared to control plot. The heavy metal contents in soils were not increased treated with swine liquid manure. The density of bacteria was low in the application plot of 180%N of liquid swine manure. The bacteria/fungi ratio was highest in 120% N level of liquid manure treatment.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.478-487
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• 2013

Onions were treated with different amounts of sulfur (S) during cultivation and examined for their physicochemical properties and flavor. Onions cultivated without S application were the control group; the treatment groups were grown in soil that had been pretreated with S and received additional S applications or four times before harvest. As the number of S applications increased, the levels of crude protein, quantified with total nitrogen; ash, approximating total amounts of minerals; and dietary fiber of the onions tended to increase. The mineral compositions also improved, with noticeable increases in the levels of Mg, K, Fe, and Zn. In particular, the reducing capacity of the onions increased appreciably (p<0.05), without increases in the levels of S-containing compounds such as thiosulfinate or S-containing amino acids. Nevertheless, the spicy hot taste and flavor, which is generated mainly from S-containing compounds, were perceived more strongly in the onions that had received more S applications.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.75-79
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• 2001

Stem firmness and flowering response of cut lily as influenced by medium composition (Control; Upland soil, Pt; Peatmoss, Pe; Perilite, Ve; Vermiculite, Rrh; Rotted rice-hull, RPt: Russian Peatmoss) were studied. For 'Casa Blanca', plant height and length of flower stalk increased when bulbs were planted in Pt:Rrh:Ve (1:1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ), and dried leaves of lower part plants decreased in RPt:Pe:Rrh (1:1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ). In case of 'Marco Polo', plant height and length of lower stalk increased in Pt:Rrh (1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ) as compared to other treatment, number of leaves and dried leaves increased when bulbs were planted in RPt:Pe:Rrh (1:1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ) as compared to the control. Flowering of 'Casa Blanca' increased in RPt:Pe:Rrh (1:1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ) as compared to the control and that o 'Marco Polo' increased when bulbs planted in Pt:Rrh(1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ). Flower-bud blasting of both cultivars increased with Pt as compared. Stem firmness of 'Casa Blanca' increased in Pt:Pe:Ve (1:1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ), and especially stem firmness of upper part plant of 'Marco Polo' increased in Pt:Rrh (1:1, v.v$^{-1}$ ) as compared to the control. Generally, stem firmness of 'Casa Blanca' was not influenced by the culture medium.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.187-196
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• 2001

Asparagus varieties popular in the foreign countries were collected and tested on their productivities and qualities for five years under rain shelter and open field conditions. Among the tested varieties, cultivars of UC309 and Excel showed superior productivity to the others in spear weight but the initial growth was not different among the tested varieties. However, the growth index was higher than the other varieties. According to the result from eight-year experiment, the best variety in productivity and quality were UC309 and Excel both for rain shelter and open field cultivations. To avoid the damage caused by stem blight, rain shelter and soil surface mulching treatments were tested with var. Excel. The spear sprouting and first harvesting date were a few days earlier in rain shelter cultivation than in open field, but there were no differences among the mulching materials. The number of spears and the spear weight per plant were increased in rain shelter cultivation, especially with rice straw and black P.E. mulching treatments. Marketable yield also increased by 253% in black P.E film mulching in rain shelter cultivation compared to non-mulching in open field. The stem blight examined in the autumn, 1997 was not observed under rain shelter treatment, but severe damage was observed in the open field regardless of the mulching materials. In the experiments, high asparagus yield could be achieved by black P.E. film mulching in rain shelter cultivation without the occurrence of stem blight.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.156-161
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• 2006

Overhead and sub-irrigation of deep sea water to tomato seedlings reduced the height as 50% and 58% than control plants. In the same treatment with surface sea water and NaCl water, the reduced rate in tomato seedlings' height were 49% and 56% in overhead irrigation, and 47% and 57% in sub-irrigation, respectively. Most effective method for the inhibition of the growth of the seedling was sub-irrigation method, which supplied water through the roots. No significant difference was observed on fresh weight of the upper part of tomato and cucumber seedlings, though the sub-irrigation reduced the fresh weight than the overhead irrigation. The reduced rate of fresh weight of seedlings by overhead irrigation was by 38% and sub-irrigation by 49% as compared to control. Similarly dry weight of upper and under soil parts of seedlings showed same trend of results thereof as fresh weight. This result can be traced to reduction of growth caused by salts in the water. In stem diameter of seedlings no significant difference was observed between two irrigation methods, even though both deep sea and NaCl water reduced stem diameter, as compared to control water. Overhead irrigation can be chosen by seedling producers because of better seedling quality by using TH ratio. Seedling compactness were not noticed in both the overhead and sub-irrigation. Sub-irrigation was found more effective method far the inhibition of height and compactness of tomato seedlings. Higher the concentration of NaCl, deep sea, and surface sea water, lesser the growth in height, fresh and dry weight, stem diameter, and leaf area was obtained. No significant difference was found, though sub-irrigation suppress the growth of seedlings.